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the thinking behind the book
Citation preview
A Surgically-Enhanced Guide to Typography
Dr. Type
Kristen YoungmanAcademy of Art University
San Francisco, CA
The Process to:
Design a book that demonstrates the
fundamental principles of typography
in a simple, powerful way.
Week 1: Select 3 “Fields of Study”
Create Mind Maps
Concept Selection
Mood Boards
Choose a Typeface
Sketches
Week 2: Define Message & Concept
Design a Grid
Collect Content
Present Design Directions
Week 3: Gather Content
Title Options
Week 4: Explore Cover Designs
Table of Contents
Collect More Content
Start Defining Spreads
Week 5: Refine Design
Refine Copy/Content
Color Study
Week 6: Rework Cover
Design In-Paper
Finalize Copy/Content
Refine Design
Week 7: Rework Copy/Content
Refine Design
Week 8: Finalize Copy/Content
Refine Design
Week 9: Last Sami Tweaks
Take to Bindery!
The Process
The Assignment
• Select 3 “Fields of Study”
• Create Mind Maps
• Concept Selection
• Mood Boards
• Choose a Typeface
• Sketches
Week 1 : October 19, 2010
2
1. Periodic table
2. lab equipment (lab coat, googles, gloves, etc.)
3. symbols for energy
4. measuring instruments (test tubes, beakers, etc.)
5. Molecular Structure
6. atoms
7. formulas
8. hazardous material/ haz mat symbols
9. models/diagrams (hot springs, valleys, mountains, grand canyons, etc.)
10. solid, liquid, gas
chemistry words 11. boiling/freezing point
12. Centrifuge
13. setup/clean up procedures
14. If/then statements
15. charts of reactions
16. Minerals
17. bunson burners
18. elements
19. acids and bases
20. experiment/ write up
Field of Study 1: CHEMISTRY
16
Chemistry - Mind MapMind Map
Mind Map Results
Week 1
4
chemistry
5
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + { }[]\|;:”’æ…®´∂ß÷?.,<>
scientific measurements - Bell CententialBell Centential - Name and Number 60pt.
Bell Centential - Address 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Bell Centential - Name & Number 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Bell Centential - Sub Caption 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Bell Centential - Bold Listing 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Bell Centential - Address 24pt.
Visual Research
Typeface Specimen: Bell Centenial
Concept> SCIEnTIFIC MEASuREMEnT
17
Chemistry - Sketches
Scientific Measurement Sketches
17
Chemistry - Sketches
Week 1
6
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Field of Study 2: AnATOMY
7
1. medicine/prescriptions
2. first aid kit
3. cellular structure
4. ways to stitch up the skin
5. vital organs & their purpose
6. bones
7. DNA
8. diseases
9. man vs. woman build
10. genes
11. cultural physical traits
anatomy words 12. range of motion
13. stretching/exercises
14. muscles
15. nutrients/vitamins
16. diagrams of the body
17. natural remedies
18. process of reproduction
19. hospital rooms
20. medical forms
20
Anatomy - Mind MapMind Map
Mind Map Results
9
first aid
10
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + { }[ ] \ | ; : ” ’ æ … ® ´ ∂ ß ÷ ? . , < >
first aid - Meta PlusMeta Plus Book - Roman 60pt.
Meta Plus Normal - Roman 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Meta Plus Bold - Roman 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Meta Plus Normal - Italic 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Meta Plus Black - Roman 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
Meta Plus Normal – Caps 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Visual Research
Typeface Specimen: Meta Plus
Concept> FIRST AId PROCEduRES
Week 1
8
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
21
Anatomy - Sketches
First Aid Procedure Sketches
21
Anatomy - Sketches Field of Study 3: ARCHITECTuRE
12
1. buildings
2. blueprints
3. columns
4. urban planning
5. construction
6. tools
7. drafting tools
8. electrical wiring
9. heating/AC/ventilation
10. floor materials
11. support systems
architecture words 12. foundations
13. tiles
14. plumbing
15. roofs
16. archways
17. windows
18. entrances
19. commercial architecture
20. residential architecture
18
Architecture - Mind MapMind Map
Mind Map Results
Week 1
10
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
19
Architecture - Sketches
Construction Sketches
19
Architecture - Sketches
14
architecture
15
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + { }[ ] \ | ; : ” ’ æ … ® ´ ∂ß ÷ ? . , < >
construction - PMN CaecilliaPMN Caecillia - Roman 60pt.
PMN Caecillia - Roman 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
PMN Caecillia - Light 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
PMN Caecillia - Italic 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
PMN Caecillia - Bold 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
PMN Caecillia – Light Small Caps & oldstyle 12pt.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Za b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
PMN Caecillia - Roman 24pt.
Visual Research
Typeface Specimen: Meta Plus
Concept> COnSTRuCTIOn
Week 1
12
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Define Message & Concept
• Design a Grid
• Collect Content
• Present Design Directions
Week 2 : October 26, 2010
8
Type Diagn
osis
The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.
This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
For example to type résumé:
1. Open Key Caps. Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).
2. Type r.
3. Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.
4. Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.
5. Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.
hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.
´ Option e
` Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)
¨ Option u
˜ Option n
ˆ Option i
This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the letter, there is no need to press twice:
ç Option c Ç Option Shift c
ACCENT MARKSWhere an accent mark is appropriate, use it.
10
Type Diagn
osis
Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.
On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).
Underlining in general should be avoided —the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).
If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.
Try bold type, larger type, or a different font.
Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.
UNDERLININGNever underline. Underlining is for typewriters; italic is for professional text.
This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.
This is an underlined phrase.
This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.
This phrase has an italic word.
2
Type Diagn
osis
DASHES
Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.
You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.
hyphen -
en dash –
em dash —
See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.
Never use two hyphens instead of a dash. Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.
To type a hyphen —
Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.
Hyphen -
A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.
There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.
6
Type Diagn
osis
Em dash –
The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a color or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak (check your punctuation style manual for the exact use of the dash).
Our equivalent on the typewriter was the double hyphen, but now we have a real em dash. Using two hyphens (or worse, one) where there should be an em dash makes your work look very unprofessional.
To type an em dash — Shift Option Hyphen hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
DASHES
Since you were properly taught, of course, you know that the double hyphen is not supposed to have a space on either side of it—neither is the em dash, as you can see right here in this sentence. There are six other examples of the em dash in this chapter.
Grid 1
Week 2
16
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
EmergencyType Kit
5
En dash –
An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
In a page layout application, the en dash can be used with a thin space on either side of it if you want a little room, but don’t use a full space. (Check your manual for how to set a thin space.)
Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”
October – December
6:30 – 8:45 a.m.
4 – 6 years of age
The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as:
Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “Fe-Chicago” flight)
pre – Gulf War period
high-stress – high-energy lifestyle
To type an en dash
en dash – Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key
DASHES DASHES
EmergencyType Kit
11
Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.
On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).
Underlining in general should be avoided —the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).
If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.
Try bold type, larger type, or a different font.
Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.
This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.
This is an underlined phrase.
This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.
This phrase has an italic word.
Nev
er u
nder
line.
Und
erlin
ing
is fo
r ty
pew
rite
rs; i
talic
is fo
r pro
fess
iona
l tex
t.
UNDERLINING UNDERLINING
EmergencyType Kit
3
DASHES
Dashes are used to stitch words, numbers and sentences together. It is important to know what kind of dash is needed in each situation so the thought you wish to communicate doesn’t fall apart.
Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.
You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.
hyphen -
en dash –
em dash —
See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.
Hyphen -
A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.
There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.
To type a hyphen
hyphen — Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.
Nev
er u
se tw
o hy
phen
s in
stea
d of
a d
ash.
U
se h
yphe
ns, e
n da
shes
, and
em
das
hes
appr
opri
atel
y.
DASHES
EmergencyType Kit
9
The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.
This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
For example to type résumé:
1. Open Key Caps (Or Keyboard Viewer if your on a MacBook Pro). Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).
2. Type r.
3. Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.
4. Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.
5. Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.
hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.
´ Option e
` Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)
¨ Option u
˜ Option n
ˆ Option i
This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the lette, there is no need to press twice:
ç Option c
Ç Option Shift c
Whe
re a
n ac
cent
mar
k is
app
ropr
iate
, use
it.
ACCENT MARKS ACCENT MARKS
Type Ofor Option
Grid 2
Week 2
18
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
6
Type Diagnosis
The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.
This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
For example to type résumé:
1. Open Key Caps (Or Keyboard Viewer if your on a MacBook Pro). Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).
2. Type r.
3. Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.
4. Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.
5. Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.
hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.
´ Option e
` Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)
¨ Option u
˜ Option n
ˆ Option i
This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the lette, there is no need to press twice:
ç Option c
Ç Option Shift c
ACCE
NT
MA
RKS
Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.
8
Type Diagnosis
Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.
On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).
Underlining in general should be avoided —the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).
If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.
Try bold type, larger type, or a different font.
Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.
This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.
This is an underlined phrase.
This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.
This phrase has an italic word.
UN
DER
LIN
ING Never underline. Underlining is for typewriters;
italic is for professional text.
2
Type Diagnosis
DA
SH
ES
Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.
You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.
hyphen -
en dash –
em dash —
See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.
Hyphen -
A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.
There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.
Never use two hyphens instead of a dash. Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.
To type a hyphen —
Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.
4
Type Diagnosis
En dash –
An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
In a page layout application, the en dash can be used with a thin space on either side of it if you want a little room, but don’t use a full space. (Check your manual for how to set a thin space.)
Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”
October – December
6:30 – 8:45 a.m.
4 – 6 years of age
The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as:
Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “Fe-Chicago” flight)
pre – Gulf War period
high-stress – high-energy lifestyle
Em dash –
The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a color or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak (check your punctuation style manual for the exact use of the dash).
Our equivalent on the typewriter was the double hyphen, but now we have a real em dash. Using two hyphens (or worse, one) where there should be an em dash makes your work look very unprofessional.
Since you were properly taught, of course, you know that the double hyphen is not supposed to have a space on either side of it—neither is the em dash, as you can see right here in this sentence. There are six other examples of the em dash in this chapter.
DA
SH
ES
To type an em dash — Shift Option Hyphen hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
To type an en dash —
Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key
Grid 3
Week 2
20
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
9
Type Diagn
osis
The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.
This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
For example to type résumé:
1. Open Key Caps. Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).
2. Type r.
3. Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.
4. Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.
5. Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.
hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.
´ Option e
` Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)
¨ Option u
˜ Option n
ˆ Option i
ACCENT MARKSWhere an accent mark is appropriate, use it.
11
Type Diagn
osis
Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.
On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).
Underlining in general should be avoided —the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).
If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.
Try bold type, larger type, or a different font.
Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.
This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.
This is an underlined phrase.
This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.
This phrase has an italic word.
UNDERLININGNever underline. Underlining is for typewriters; italic is for professional text.
3
Type Diagn
osis
DASHES
Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.
You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.
hyphen -
en dash –
em dash —
See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.
Hyphen -
A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.
There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.
Never use two hyphens instead of a dash. Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.
To type a hyphen —
Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.
5
Type Diagn
osis
En dash –
An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
In a page layout application, the en dash can be used with a thin space on either side of it if you want a little room, but don’t use a full space. (Check your manual for how to set a thin space.)
Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”
October – December
6:30 – 8:45 a.m.
4 – 6 years of age
To type an en dash —
Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key
DASHES
The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as:
Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “Fe-Chicago” flight)
pre – Gulf War period
high-stress – high-energy lifestyle
Grid 4
Week 2
22
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Gather Content
• Title Options
Week 3 : november 02, 2010
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ).[1][2] Let-ters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.
Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.
Type Anatomy
e oty
Indentification
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTIONRising Heights
X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.
Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).
Type Anatomy
Gather Content
Week 3
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
R
Unbandaging Sans & Serifs
Serif The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (also known as slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.R
Bracketed Serif
Unbracketed Serif
RSans Serif A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.
San Serif
Type Anatomy
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTIONExtracting Dashes
To type a hyphen —
Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.
Hyphen -
A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line.
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Keyboard Regimen
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Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
En dash –
An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”
October – December
6:30 – 8:45 a.m.
4 – 6 years of age
To type an en dash —
Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key
The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as:
Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “Fe-Chicago” flight)
pre – Gulf War period
high-stress – high-energy lifestyle
DASHES
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Extracting DashesKeyboard Regimen
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
Em dash –
The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a color or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak (check your punctuation style manual for the exact use of the dash).
To type an em dash — Shift Option Hyphen (hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key)
DASHES
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Extracting DashesKeyboard Regimen
Week 3
26
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
For example to type résumé:
1. Open Key Caps. Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).
2. Type r.
3. Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.
4. Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.
5. Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.
hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key
Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.
´ Option e
` Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)
¨ Option u
˜ Option n
ˆ Option i
This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the letter, there is no need to press twice:
ç Option c Ç Option Shift c
Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.
Accent Mark AversionsKeyboard Regimen
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTIONPiercing Bullets
Here are a few guidelines to making the most out of this simple yet strong element:
# Bullets should be centered on either the cap height or x-height, depending on the nature of your copy. If all of your items begin with a cap, center the bullet on the cap, or a bit lower so it balances with the negative spaces created by the lowercase. If your items all begin with lowercase characters, center the bullets on the x-height. Insert some space after the bullet to avoid crowding.
# The preferred way to align bullets is with the left margin. You can also have the bullets overhang the margin, and keep all your text aligned with the left margin. Whichever style you choose, your listing will look best if items that run more than one line are indented so that the copy aligns with itself, and not with the bullet on the first line.
# To be more creative, substitute symbols or dingbats for the actual bullets. Try squares, triangles or check marks (just not all at once, as shown in the illustra-tion!). Keep these simple and in proportion with the rest of your text.
# To save time and maintain consistency, copy and paste your perfectly styled and adjusted bullet for each usage. TIP: Remember to copy a bullet that is a dingbat or other decorative image before you make global font changes to your text, in order to simplify reinsertion.
Keyboard Regimen
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
“ OPTION [ ”OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT ] ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION HYPHEN
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
fl
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
Instant Special Character ReliefKeyboard Regimen
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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SECTION
41
www.agnthos.s
e
Splinte
r Forc
eps FORCEPS
cm:8
910,511
,51314
,5 Straig
ht
08-452-080
08-452-090
08-452-105
08-452-115
08-452-130
08-452-145
Curved
08-453-080
08-453-090
08-453-105
08-453-115
08-453-130
08-453-145
Straig
ht with
Pin
08-462-080
08-462-090
08-462-105
08-462-115
08-462-130
08-462-145
Curved w
ith Pin
08-463-080
08-463-090
08-463-105
08-463-115
08-463-130
08-463-145
cm:10
Straig
ht
08-438-100
Angled
08-439-100
Self-Clo
sing
08-440-100
1:1
1:1
1:1
SmoothTip
s
Chronic Kerning
Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.
Skeletal Type Structure
41www.agnthos.se
Splinter Forceps FORCEPS
cm:
8910,511,51314,5
Straight
08-452-08008-452-09008-452-10508-452-11508-452-13008-452-145
Curved
08-453-08008-453-09008-453-10508-453-11508-453-13008-453-145
Straight with Pin
08-462-08008-462-09008-462-10508-462-11508-462-13008-462-145
Curved with Pin
08-463-08008-463-09008-463-10508-463-11508-463-13008-463-145
cm:
10
Straight
08-438-100
Angled
08-439-100
Self-Closing
08-440-100
1:11:1 1:1
SmoothTips
One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down
Chronic
Chronic Chronic
41www.agnthos.se
Splinter Forceps FORCEPS
cm:
8910,511,51314,5
Straight
08-452-08008-452-09008-452-10508-452-11508-452-13008-452-145
Curved
08-453-08008-453-09008-453-10508-453-11508-453-13008-453-145
Straight with Pin
08-462-08008-462-09008-462-10508-462-11508-462-13008-462-145
Curved with Pin
08-463-08008-463-09008-463-10508-463-11508-463-13008-463-145
cm:
10
Straight
08-438-100
Angled
08-439-100
Self-Closing
08-440-100
1:11:1 1:1
SmoothTips
Week 3
28
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTIONTracking
Skeletal Type Structure
Will someone please call a surgeonWho can crack my ribs and repair this broken heartThat your’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeonWho can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear tThat your’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o nW h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r tT h a t y o u r ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTIONLeading
LeadingIn typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign
Skeletal Type Structure
On the day I was bornThe nurses all gathered ‘roundAnd they gazed in wide wonderAt the joy they had foundThe head nurse spoke upSaid “leave this one alone”She could tell right awayThat I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone8pt/9.6pt
8pt/14pt
8pt/18pt
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTIONProper Alignment
In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab. The type alignment set-ting is sometimes referred to as text alignment, text justification or type justification.
There are four basic typographic alignments:
* flush left—the text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right; * flush right—the text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned or ragged left; * justified—text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justifica-tion; * centered—text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line.
Note that alignment does not change the direction in which text is read; however text direc-tion may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.[edit] Flush leftAn example of flush left, ragged right alignment.
In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’, meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text [1]
Quotations are often indented.
[edit] Flush right
In other languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, flush-right alignment is used to set off special text in English, such as attributions to authors of quotes printed in books and magazines, and is often used when formatting tables of data.[edit] Justified
A common type of text alignment in print media is ‘justification’, where the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. When using justification, it is custom-ary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by simply left or right aligning it, depend-ing on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.
Some modern typesetting programs offer four justification options: left justify, right justify, center justify and full justify. These variants specify whether the last line is flushed left, flushed right, centered or fully justified (spread over the whole column width). In programs that do not offer this extra functionality, justify is equal to left justify.[edit] CenteredCentered text
Skeletal Type Structure
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTIONRagging
RagsIn typography, “rag” refers to the irregular or uneven vertical margin of a block of type. Usually it’s the right margin that’s ragged (as in the commonly seen flush left/rag right setting), but either or both margins can be ragged.
When setting type with a ragged margin, pay attention to the shape that the ragged line endings make. A good rag goes in and out from line to line in small increments. A poor rag creates distracting shapes of white space in the margin. Don’t rely on the line breaks generated by your software application; get in the habit of spotting and correcting poor rags by making manual line breaks or by editing your copy. Slight adjustments in point size or column width might work as well.
Skeletal Type Structure
Week 3
30
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
136 page book design
TITLE OPTIONS
1. Remedies to Healthy Typography
2. Diagnose your Type
3. Type Addict
4. Type Checkup
5. Type Emergency Kit
6. Dr. Type
7. Open up and Say “Tyyyyyyyyyyyyyype”
8. For Healthy Type
9. Type Surgery
10. Stitch Good Type Up
Title Options
• Explore Cover Designs
• Table of Contents
• Collect More Content
• Start Defining Spreads
Week 4 : november 09, 2010
32
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Dr. TypeType Check Ups and Remedies for Healthy Typography
Kristen Youngman
Publishing House
Dr. TypeRemedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography
Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here
Covers
Dr. TypeRemedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography
Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here
Remedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography
Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here
Dr. Type
Week 4
34
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
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-–
—-–
—-–
—-–
—
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TYPE ANATOMY
Internal Typesetting Logic
Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
X-height/Cap Height
How type is measured
Sans and Serifs
KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN
Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Marks
Special Characters
SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE
Uppercase vs Lowercase
Kerning
Tracking
Leading
Alignments
Ragging
Widows & Orphans
Hanging the Punctuation
CHECKUP - Quiz
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TYPE ANATOMY
Internal Typesetting Logic
Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
X-height/Cap Height
How type is measured
Sans and Serifs
KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN
Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Marks
Special Characters
SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE
Uppercase vs Lowercase
Kerning
Tracking
Leading
Alignments
Ragging
Widows & Orphans
Hanging the Punctuation
CHECKUP - Quiz
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TYPE ANATOMY
Internal Typesetting Logic
Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
X-height/Cap Height
How type is measured
Sans and Serifs
KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN
Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Marks
Special Characters
SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE
Uppercase vs Lowercase
Kerning
Tracking
Leading
Alignments
Ragging
Widows & Orphans
Hanging the Punctuation
CHECKUP - Quiz
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TYPE ANATOMY
Internal Typesetting Logic
Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
X-height/Cap Height
How type is measured
Sans and Serifs
KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN
Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Marks
Special Characters
SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE
Uppercase vs Lowercase
Kerning
Tracking
Leading
Alignments
Ragging
Widows & Orphans
Hanging the Punctuation
CHECKUP - Quiz
Week 4
36
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Internal LogicSkeletal Type Structure
Where do you start when connecting healthy typography to any piece of communication?
1. Read the text before designing it.
2. Discover the outer logic of the typography in the inner logic of the text.
3. Make the visible relationship between the text and the other elements (photographs, captions, tables, diagrams, notes) a reflection of their real relationship.
Typesetting Vitals:
1. Legibility
2. Logical Order
3. Evenness of Color
Like an IV drip rate, typography’s rhythm and proportion are vital to the overall life of the text.
1. Define the word space to suit the size and natural letterfit of the font.
2. Choose a comfortable measure.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
f ed gp
Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends
below the baseline.
Type Anatomy Indentification
In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ).[1][2] Let-ters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
Gathering More Contentdedication
for for Option
For all the Designers who bleed a bit more every day
for for Option
For all the Designers who bleed a bit more every day
Week 4
38
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Chronic Kerning
Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.
Skeletal Type Structure
HeartBreak
One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down
HeartBreak
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
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refill:
SECTION
TrackingSkeletal Type Structure
Will someone please call a surgeonWho can crack my ribs and repair this broken heartThat your’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeonWho can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear tThat your’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o nW h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r tT h a t y o u r ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
“ OPTION [ ”OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT ] ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION HYPHEN
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
fl
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
Instant Special Character ReliefKeyboard Regimen
An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
Accent Mark AversionsKeyboard Regimen
The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Week 4
40
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Proper AlignmentSkeletal Type Structure
In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab.
There are four basic typographic alignments:
• flush left—text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right
• flush right—text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned or ragged left
• justified—text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification
• centered—text is aligned to neither left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line
Note that alignment does not change the direction the text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.
Flush right alignment
In languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and
Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, it is used
to set off special text in English such as attributions to authors of
quotes in printed books and magazines, and common when
formatting tables of data.
Justified
A common type of text alignment in print media is ‘justification’, where the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.
Flush left alignment
In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’ —the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text.
Centered
Text can be ‘centered’, or symmetrically aligned
along an axis in the middle of a column. Common
uses are for the title of a work, poems, songs and to present data in tables. It is considered less readable
for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges
make it difficult for the reader to track from one
line to the next.
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Proper AlignmentSkeletal Type Structure
In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab.
There are four basic typographic alignments. Note that alignment does not change the direction the text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.
Flush right alignment
In languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, it is used to set off special text in English such as attributions to authors of quotes in printed books and magazines, and common when formatting tables of data.
Justified
Common in print media, ‘justification’ is where the spaces between words, and sometimes glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. It is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.
Flush left alignment
In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’ —the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text.
Centered
Text can be ‘centered’, or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. Common uses are for the title of a work, poems, songs and to present data in tables. It is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.
Flush LeftText is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right.
Flush RightText is aligned along the right
margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned or ragged left.
JustifiedText is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification.
Centeredtext is aligned to neither
left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Leading
LeadingIn typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign
Skeletal Type Structure
On the day I was bornThe nurses all gathered ‘roundAnd they gazed in wide wonderAt the joy they had foundThe head nurse spoke upSaid “leave this one alone”She could tell right awayThat I was bad to the bone
8pt/9.6pt
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
8pt/14pt
8pt/18pt
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTIONLeading
LeadingIn typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign
Skeletal Type Structure
On the day I was bornThe nurses all gathered ‘roundAnd they gazed in wide wonderAt the joy they had foundThe head nurse spoke upSaid “leave this one alone”She could tell right awayThat I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone8pt/9.6pt
8pt/14pt
8pt/18pt
Week 4
42
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Typography CheckupSkeletal Type Structure
Ems Picas PointsIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
hanging the punctuation
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
The case of Uppers and LowersSkeletal Type Structure
Uppercase VS. LowercaseIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
UPPERCASE VS LOWERCASE
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Test Lab DiagnosisSkeletal Type Structure
Diagnose the Type SymptomsIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Test Lab Diagnosis
Prescriptions for Type
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
Week 4
44
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Refine Design
• Refine Copy/Content
• Color Study
Week 5 : november 16, 2010
Transfusing Type into Design
How do you transfuse healthy typography in any piece of communication?
1. Read the text before designing it.
2. Discover the outer logic of the typography in the inner logic of the text.
3. Make the visible relationship between the text and the other elements (photographs, captions, tables, diagrams, notes) a reflection of their real relationship.
Typesetting Vitals:
1. Legibility
2. Logical Order
3. Evenness of Color
Like an IV drip rate, typography’s rhythm and proportion are vital to the overall life of the text.
1. Define the word space to suit the size and natural letterfit of the font.
2. Choose a comfortable measure—that means each line should give enough info but not be so long the user loses their place in the text.
Internal Logic Exam 2prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
f ed gp
Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends
below the baseline.
In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ).[1][2] Let-ters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.
1Indentifying Type Anatomyprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Refining Content
Week 5
How Type is measuredEms Picas PointsA pica (pronounced /ˈpaˈkˈ/) is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to 1/72nd of its respective foot, and therefore to 1/6th of an inch. The pica contains 12 point units of measure.
The pica originated around 1785, when François-Ambrose “L’éclat” Didot (1730–1804) refined the typographic measures system created by Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune (1712–1768). He replaced the traditional measures of cicéro, Petit-Roman, and Gros-Text with “ten-point”, “twelve-point”, et cetera.
To date, in printing these three pica measures are used:
* The French pica of 12 Didot points (also called cicéro) generally is: 12 ˈ 0.376 = 4.512mm (0.177in.)
* The American pica measure of 0.013837 ft. (1/72.27 ft.). Thus, a pica is 0.166044in. (4.2175mm)
1Indentifying Type Anatomyprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
RSans Serif A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.
San Serif
R
Serif The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (also known as slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.R
Bracketed Serif
Unbracketed Serif
Indentifying Type Anatomy 1
Unbandaging Sans and SerifsSerif typefaces evolved from handwritten fonts and they are known for setting copy better because the serifs act as a horizontal guide for the reader’s eye.
Sans Serif typefaces are more geometrically based and are commonly used for display text because they can be set tighter which makes the negative space look better.
There’s no rule, but pairing a Sans with a Serif typeface usually adds a nice contrast, versus using just Sans or just Serif for text and display on one piece of communication.
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
picture perfectCounter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender The part of a
character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.
Indentifying Type AnatomyIn typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ). Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.
ge1Indentifying Type Anatomy
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not
including ascenders and descenders.
Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).
1
Rising HeightsWhen choosing and identifying typefaces, one should always look at the symptoms of Cap Height and X-height. Cap height will give an idea of how tall a typeface reaches. A more generous x-height helps with legibility.
Indentifying Type Anatomyprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Week 5
48
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
“ OPTION [ ”OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT ] ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION HYPHEN
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
fl
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
2
Instant Special Character ReliefAn essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.
Daily Keyboard Regimenprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Chronic Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired. HeartBreak
One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down
HeartBreak
Space Resuscitation 3prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Section 2
KEYBOARD REGIMEN
Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Marks
Special Characters
cc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
cc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
cc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
To type an en dash
Option Hyphen
To type an em dash Shift Option Hyphen
To type a hyphen
Between the 0 and + at the top-right of the keyboard
Em dash —
Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.
Hyphen -
Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.
En dash –
Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
Administering DashesWhen people learn to type they learn where all the keys are, but not the punctuation nor how it should be used properly. Here are some tips for how and the correct use of dashes.
2Daily Keyboard Regimenprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Week 5
50
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Diagnose the Type SymptomsIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Type Check-Up 4prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Will someone please call a surgeonWho can crack my ribs and repair this broken heartThat your’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeonWho can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear tThat your’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o nW h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r tT h a t y o u r ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
Monitor the TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Space Resuscitation 3prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Lean on the LeadingIn typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign
On the day I was bornThe nurses all gathered ‘roundAnd they gazed in wide wonderAt the joy they had foundThe head nurse spoke upSaid “leave this one alone”She could tell right awayThat I was bad to the bone
8pt/9.6pt
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
8pt/14pt
8pt/18pt
The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually.
Space Resuscitation 3prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Week 5
52
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Will someone please call a surgeonWho can crack my ribs and repair this broken heartThat your’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeonWho can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear tThat your’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o nW h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r tT h a t y o u r ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Tracking:
0
Tracking:
100
Tracking:
200
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
How to type in an Accent
The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
HeartBreak
One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down
HeartBreak
Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
Color Study 1
Week 5
54
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Will someone please call a surgeonWho can crack my ribs and repair this broken heartThat your’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeonWho can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear tThat your’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o nW h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r tT h a t y o u r ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Tracking:
0
Tracking:
100
Tracking:
200
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
How to type in an Accent
The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
HeartBreak
One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down
HeartBreak
Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION 1
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. TypeSpace Resuscitation
Color Study 2
Week 5
56
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Will someone please call a surgeonWho can crack my ribs and repair this broken heartThat your’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeonWho can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear tThat your’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o nW h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r tT h a t y o u r ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
Monitor the TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Tracking:
0
Tracking:
100
Tracking:
200
SECTION 2Space Resuscitationprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
How to type in an Accent
The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
SECTION 3Daily Keyboard Regimenprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
prescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
HeartBreak
One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down
HeartBreak
Chronic Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.
SECTION 2Space Resuscitationprescribed by:
ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.
Dr. Type
Color Study 3
Week 5
58
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Rework Cover
• Design In-Paper
• Finalize Copy/Content
• Refine Design
Week 6 : november 23, 2010
Remedies and Regimens for
Healthy Typography
Kristen Youngman
Publishing House Here
Dr. Type
Cover
In-Paper
Week 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANATOMY of TYPE
Internal Typesetting Logic
Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
X-height/Cap Height
How type is measured
Sans and Serifs
KEYBOARD REGIMEN
Administering Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Mark Aversion
Instant Special Character Relief
RESUSCITATE THE SPACE
Uppercase vs Lowercase
Kerning
Tracking
Leading
Alignments
Ragging
Widows & Orphans
Hanging the Punctuation
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
SECTION 1 ANATOMY of TYPE
• Internal Typesetting Logic
• Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
• X-height/Cap Height
• How type is measured
• Sans and Serifs
Transfusing Type into Design
How do you transfuse healthy typography in any piece of communication?
1. Read the text before designing it.
2. Discover the outer logic of the typography in the inner logic of the text.
3. Make the visible relationship between the text and the other elements (photographs, captions, tables, diagrams, notes) a reflection of their real relationship.
Typesetting Vitals:
1. Legibility
2. Logical Order
3. Evenness of Color
Like an IV drip rate, typography’s rhythm and proportion are vital to the overall life of the text.
1. Define the word space to suit the size and natural letterfit of the font.
2. Choose a comfortable measure—that means each line should give enough info but not be so long the user loses their place in the text.
Anatomy of Type prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Counter
The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender
The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender
The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends
below the baseline.
Indentifying Type AnatomyIn typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ). Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.
Anatomy of Type prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Week 6
62
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
X-height
The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including
ascenders and descenders.
Cap Height
The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).
Rising HeightsWhen choosing and identifying typefaces, one should always look at the symptoms of Cap Height and X-height. Cap height will give an idea of how tall a typeface reaches. A more generous x-height helps with legibility.
Anatomy of Type prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1 8
1 9
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 8
2 9
3 0
3 1
3 2
3 3
3 4
How Type is measured
Ems Picas Points
A pica (pronounced /ˈpaˈkˈ/) is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to 1/72nd of its respective foot, and therefore to 1/6th of an inch. The pica contains 12 point units of measure.
Cascading Style Sheets defined by the World Wide Web use “pc’ for the abbreviation for pica.
pt: points -- the points used by Adobe CS are equal to 1/72nd of an inch.
pc: picas -- 1 pica is equal to 12 points.
Sans Serif
A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.
San Serif
Unbandaging Sans and SerifsSerif typefaces evolved from handwritten fonts and they are known for setting copy better because the serifs act as a horizontal guide for the reader’s eye.
Sans Serif typefaces are more geometrically based and are commonly used for display text because they can be set tighter which makes the negative space look better.
There’s no rule, but pairing a Sans with a Serif typeface usually adds a nice contrast, versus using just Sans or just Serif for text and display on one piece of communication.
Anatomy of Type prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Serif
The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (also known as slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.
Bracketed Serif
Unbracketed Serif
Anatomy of Type prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Week 6
64
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
EDGEedge
Uppercase VS. LowercaseUsing all Uppercase or Capitals orginated as a way to make words stand out on the typewriter. Since we have other options like making the text larger, bolder, etc using all caps isn’t needed to make something noticeable.
When making the choice stylistically you should know that many studies have shown that all caps are harder to read. We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, aka. their edge or “coastline.” When a word is all caps we have to read it letter by letter which takes longer.
To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.
What’s up doc?
prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. TypeAnatomy of Type
“ OPTION [ ”OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT ] ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION HYPHEN
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
fl
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
Instant Special Character ReliefAn essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.
Keyboard Regimenprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
To ty
pe a
hyp
hen
Bet
wee
n th
e 0
and
+ at
the
top-
righ
t of t
he k
eybo
ard
Hyphen -
Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.
Administering Hyphens and DashesWhen people learn to type they learn where all the keys are, but not the punctuation nor how it should be used properly. Here are some tips for how and the correct use of dashes.
Keyboard Regimenprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
To type an en dash
Option Hyphen
Em dash —
Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.
En dash –
Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
Keyboard Regimen
To type an em dash
Shift Option Hyphen
prescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Week 6
66
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTION i
Accent AversionsThe accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.
To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
Chronic Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually pleasing result is kerning. In a well-kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all visually have the same area. Use your eye to see what’s right instead of the computer.
Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.
WASH
Some guidelines for kerning:
HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.
HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.
OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.
OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.
AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a lot of white space around them.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Tracking:
100
Tracking:
200
Tracking:
0
Will someone please call a surgeon
Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart
That you’re deserting for better company?
Wil l someone please cal l a surgeon
Who can crack my r ibs and repair this broken hear t
That you’re deser t ing for better company?
W i l l s o m e o n e p l e a s e c a l l a s u r g e o n
W h o c a n c r a c k m y r i b s a n d r e p a i r t h i s b r o k e n h e a r t
T h a t y o u ’ r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?
Monitor the TrackingIn typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Lean on the LeadingIn typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign.
On the day I was bornThe nurses all gathered ‘roundAnd they gazed in wide wonderAt the joy they had foundThe head nurse spoke upSaid “leave this one alone”She could tell right awayThat I was bad to the bone
8pt/9.6pt
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
On the day I was born
The nurses all gathered ‘round
And they gazed in wide wonder
At the joy they had found
The head nurse spoke up
Said “leave this one alone”
She could tell right away
That I was bad to the bone
8pt/14pt
8pt/18pt
The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Week 6
68
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Flush Left
Text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right.
Flush Right
Text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as
right-aligned or ragged left.
Justified
Text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins
Centered
text is aligned to neither left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each
side of each line
Proper AlignmentIn typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab.
There are four basic typographic alignments. Note that alignment does not change the direction the text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Flush right alignment
In languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, it is used to set off special text in English such as attributions to authors of quotes in printed books and magazines, and common when formatting tables of data.
Justified
Common in print media, ‘justification’ is where the spaces between words, and sometimes glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. It is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.
Flush left alignment
In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’ —the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text.
Centered
Text can be ‘centered’, or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. Common uses are for the title of a work, poems, songs and to present data in tables. It is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Softer Rag
Harder Rag
RagsIn typography, “rag” refers to the irregular or uneven vertical margin of a block of type. Usually it’s the right margin that’s ragged (as in the commonly seen flush left/rag right setting), but either or both margins can be ragged.
When setting type with a ragged margin, pay attention to the shape that the ragged line endings make. A good rag goes in and out from line to line in small increments. A poor rag creates distracting shapes of white space in the margin. Don’t rely on the line breaks generated by your software application; get in the habit of spotting and correcting poor rags by making manual line breaks or by editing your copy. Slight adjustments in point size or column width might work as well.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
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refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Hanging the punctuation
In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.
Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.
Space Resuscitationprescribed by: ailment:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
refill:
SECTION Dr. Type
Week 6
70
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Rework Copy/Content
• Refine Design
Week 7 : december 02, 2010
Kristen Youngman
Type has no beauty on the inside so the outside better be damn perfect.
The doctor will see you now.
Show stitched up Type here
Week 7
THE GUTS
TYPE ANATOMY
Internal Typesetting Logic
Counters/Ascenders/Descenders
X-height/Cap Height
How type is measured
Sans and Serifs
KEYBOARD REGIMEN
Administering Hyphens and Dashes
Accent Mark Aversion
Instant Special Character Relief
RESUSCITATING SPACE
Uppercase vs Lowercase
Kerning
Tracking
Leading
Alignments
Ragging
Widows & Orphans
Hanging the Punctuation
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
SECTION 1 Type Anatomy
• Identifying Type
• Rising Heights
• How type is measured
• Sheering Sans
• Shaving Serifs
Counter
The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender
The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender
The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.
Indentifying TypeKnowing how to identify the parts of letters is essential because it is these parts that change and identify each typeface. Counters may be large or small, while ascenders and descenders can be tall or short.
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10
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
X-height
The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.
Cap Height
The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).
Rising HeightsWhen choosing and identifying typefaces,diagnose the Cap Height and X-height. Cap height will give an idea of how tall a typeface reaches. A more generous x-height helps with legibility, but may take up more room per line.
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12
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
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Week 7
74
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
How Type is measuredType is measured in points but what you really need to learn is how different weights and sizes give different emphasis to what you are trying to say. A fat typeface will appear solid but heavy while a light typeface seems slender and nimble.
CATWALK WIDELOAD
Sans Serif
A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.
Sheering SansSans Serif typefaces are more geometrically based and are commonly used for display text because they can be set tighter which makes the negative space look better. They tend to be sleeker and more modern-looking than serifs.
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16
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Bracketed Serif
Unbracketed Serif
Serif
The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (aka. slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.
Shaving SerifsSerif typefaces can be very elegant or more formal. They are known for setting copy better because the serifs act as a horizontal guide for the reader. Pairing a Sans with a Serif typeface adds a nice contrast, versus using just one.
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18
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.
What’s up doc?
Uppercase VS. LowercaseUsing all caps can look great but it is slightly harder to read because your eye reads groups of letters faster than each letter alone. Like trying to figure out if a flat-chested person is male or female, a busty woman is obvious.
We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, aka. their edge or “coastline.”
When a word is all caps we have to read it letter by letter which takes longer.
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20
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Week 7
76
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
SECTION 2 Keyboard Regimen
• Dash Injections
• Instant Character Poppers
• Accent Addiction
To ty
pe a
hyp
hen
Bet
wee
n th
e 0
and
+ at
the
top-
righ
t of t
he k
eybo
ard
Hyphen -
Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.
Dash InjectionsLike a face without Botox, misplaced dashes are unsightly and will give the wrong impression. Here are some tips for how to type and correctly use dashes. Injecting the right line makes your text mean the right thing and is easy on the eye.
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24
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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To type an en dash Option Hyphen
Em dash —
Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.
En dash –
Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
To type an em dash Shift Option Hyphen
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26
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
“ OPTION [ ”OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT 5 ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION SHIFT 6
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
Instant Character PoppersAn essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.
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28
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Week 7
78
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
Accent AddictionThe accent marks are hidden on the Option keyboard. But once you start using them you’ll never go back. They make your text sexier, more cultured and well-spoken. Don’t be bum, everyone is doing it. Hit Option E - the first one is free.
To type an accent over a letter, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
SECTION 3 Space Resuscitation
• Kern out the Fat
• Loose Leading
• Proper Alignment
• Hanging the Punctuation
Kern out the Fat The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually pleasing result is kerning. Like Lipo, removing extra space between letters that are open makes the shape the of word fit better and appear tighter.
Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.
Some guidelines for kerning: HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the
most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.
HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.
OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.
OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.
AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a lot of white space around them.
Space Resuscitation1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
34
Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Week 7
80
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Finalize Copy/Content
• Refine Design
Week 8 : december 09, 2010
“Type has no beauty on the inside so the outside better be damn perfect.
The doctor will see you now.”
Week 8
A surgically-enhanced guide to typography.
Dr. Type
Kristen YoungmanAcademy of Art University
San Francisco, CA
Copyright © 2010 by Kristen Youngman All rights reserved.
Content and research gathered from the following sources: The Mac is not a Typewriter, Robin Williams The Elements of Typographic Style, Robert Bringhurst The Complete Manual of Typography, Frank Romano
For my parentswho always taught me to love beyond the surface
level and feel what’s inherently right in your heart.
THE GUTS
TYPE ANATOMYIdentifying Type
Rising Heights
How type is measured
Shaving Serifs
Sheering Sans
KEYBOARD REGIMENDash Injections
Accent Addiction
Instant Character Poppers
RESUSCITATING SPACEUppercase vs Lowercase
Kern Out the Fat
Stitching Up Leading
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
SECTION 1 Type Anatomy
• Identifying Type
• Rising Heights
• How Type is Measured
• Shaving Serifs
• Sheering Sans
Week 8
84
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.
Indentifying TypeLike features on a face, each part of a letter contributes to its overall appearance. Small counters may be considered undesirable as beedy eyes because it may be difficult to read on smaller type. But when line space is tight, smaller counters help.
Ascenders and descenders are as distinguishing as someone’s nose. Small, short lengths are like tight noses —popular because they allow other features to be noticed and don’t stick out. Yet others consider big noses and tall letters a sign of success.
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8
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.
Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).
Rising HeightsWhen choosing and identifying typefaces, diagnose the Cap Height and X-height. Cap height shows how tall a typeface reaches from the baseline (the invisible line letters sit on). It also acts as a ceiling for top-aligned characters such as footnotes.
X-height is the distance from the baseline to the mean line and is used as a gauge because it has both a flat top and bottom. A more generous x-height helps with legibility so type with larger x-heights are preferred for text set for the computer screen.
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10
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
How Type is MeasuredType is measured in points but what you really need to learn is how different weights and sizes give different emphasis to what you are trying to say. A fat typeface will appear solid but heavy while a light typeface seems slender and nimble.
Typefaces range from Very Light to Regular to Black: Very Light being the sleek model who under the wrong light appears anorexic and practically disappears; Black being the large loud person that can’t be ignored because they’ve blocked the door.
How Type is measuredEms Picas Points
A pica (pronounced /ˈpaˈkˈ/) is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to 1/72nd of its respective foot, and therefore to 1/6th of an inch. The pica contains 12 point units of measure.
Cascading Style Sheets defined by the World Wide Web use “pc’ for the abbreviation for pica.
CATWALK WIDELOAD
Bracketed Serif
Unbracketed Serif
Serif The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (aka. slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.
Shaving SerifsSerifs are the marks at the end of strokes. When figuring out which typeface is best cut out for the job at hand consider the function of the text. Many studies have shown serif type is more readable in extended text than sans serif.
A suggestion for this readability conclusion is that serifs act as a horizontal guide that leads the reader’s eye along the line of text. Serif can also handle more words per line (about ten to twelve) so it is the preferred choice for setting main body copy.
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14
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
Week 8
86
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Sans Serif A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.
Sheering SansSans serif typefaces have no marks at the end of each stroke and are commonly used for display or headline text because they have been shown to be more legible. Legibility has to do with character recognition instead of reading large blocks of text.
When using sans serif in text, slice the line to a shorter length with no more than seven to eight words per line. Avoid manipulating the type style in ways that would make it less readable (few uses of bold, italic, outlined or shadowed).
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16
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCESOnce exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.
SECTION 2 Keyboard Regimen
• Dash Injections
• Instant Character Poppers
• Accent Addiction
To ty
pe a
hyp
hen
B
etw
een
the
0 an
d +
at th
e to
p-ri
ght o
f the
key
boar
d
Hyphen -Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.
Dash InjectionsLike a face without Botox, misplaced dashes are unsightly and will give the wrong impression. Here are some tips for how to type and correctly use dashes. Injecting the right line makes your text mean the right thing and is easy on the eye.
If you have the bad habit of using a double hyphen to indicate a dash these injections will cure you of having to do so. That habit must be eradicated. It is a typewriter convention where there were no em and en dashes available. There’s no excuse on a mac.
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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20
To type an en dash Option Hyphen
Em dash — Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.
En dash – Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
To type an em dash Shift Option Hyphen
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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22
Week 8
88
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
“ OPTION [ ” OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’ OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT 5 ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION SHIFT 6
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
Instant Character PoppersAn essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.
Keyboard Viewer and Character DosesMacs help the professional typesetter by making it easy to access a visual representation of the keyboard (Keyboard viewer)to show the characters loaded with each typeface and through the Characters Palette. Find them in Preferences > International.
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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24
OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
Accent AddictionThe accent marks seem elusive at first because they are hidden on the Option keyboard. But once you start using them you’ll never go back. They make your text sexier, more cultured, well-spoken and most importantly spelled correctly.
The trick is to first find out which key supplies the accent mark. Typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used. Don’t be a bum, everyone is doing it. Hit Option E and then E again for a taste, the first one is free.
To type an accent over a letterFirst hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE:Once exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.
CONSULT A DESIGNER if you experience discomfort or pain from bad typography. To alleviate, discontinue reading until corrections can be made.
SECTION 3 Space Resuscitation
• Uppercase vs Lowercase
• Kern Out the Fat
• Stitching Up Leading
To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.
What’s up doc?
Uppercase VS. LowercaseUsing all caps can look great but many studies have shown that they are harder to read because your eye reads groups of letters faster than each letter alone. Like trying to figure out if a flat-chested person is male or female, a busty woman is obvious.
Other things to consider when choosing all caps for the sake of the design: They take up more space compared to achieving the same emphasis by bolding or increasing the size of lowercase. Some typefaces look terrible set in all caps like cursive italics.
We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, aka. their edge or “coastline.”
When a word is written in all caps we have to read it letter by letter instead of by groups which takes longer.
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Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
Week 8
90
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
COLOPHON:
This book is set in Meta Plus and designed
in Adobe InDesign. All illustrations are
originals by Kristen Youngman, executed in
Adobe Illustrator. Published on Julia Press. Bound by Herring & Robinson Bookbinders.
Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA 94105
Kern Out the Fat The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually consisent, pleasing result is kerning. Like Lipo, removing extra space between letters makes the shape the of word appear balanced and fit together better overall.
Some spaces appear larger as the computer distributes the same space between round or angled letters. These are target areas for undergoing the kerning procedure. The secret to kerning is that it must be performed to be visually pleasing to the eye.
Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.
Some guidelines for kerning: HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the
most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.
HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.
OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.
OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.
AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a lot of white space around them.
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Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
Stitching Up LeadingThe space between baselines of type is what holds a paragraph together like stitches sealing a wound. Called leading (rhymes with heading), it’s based on hand-set type days when thin strips of lead were inserted to create space between each line of text.
No one wants visual scaring when looking at a block of text so consider this: Proper leading is barely noticeable, holding the text together nicely. Leading that is too loose can feel like each line of type will break away. Too tight leading just looks messy.
I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie worldLife in plastic, it’s fantasticYou can brush my hair, undress me everywhereImagination, life is your creation
I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy worldDress me up, take your time, I’m your dollieYou’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and painKiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky
I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie worldLife in plastic, it’s fantasticYou can brush my hair, undress me everywhereImagination, life is your creation
I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy worldDress me up, take your time, I’m your dollieYou’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and painKiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky
The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually, but be careful your text doesn’t come apart.
6pt/7.2 (20% is auto-leading)
(negative leading can lead to ascenders and descenders crashing into each other)
I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world
Life in plastic, it’s fantastic
You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere
Imagination, life is your creation
I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world
Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie
You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain
Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky
8pt/18pt
6pt/5pt
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Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
Week 8
92
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
• Last Sami Tweaks
• Take to Bindery!
Week 9 : december 16, 2010
“Type has no beauty on the inside so the outside better be damn perfect.
The doctor will see you now.”
Dr. Type
Week 9
A Surgically-Enhanced Guide to Typography
Dr. Type
Kristen YoungmanAcademy of Art University
San Francisco, CA
Copyright © 2010 by Kristen Youngman All rights reserved.
Content and research gathered from the following sources: The Mac is Not a Typewriter, Robin Williams The Elements of Typographic Style, Robert Bringhurst The Complete Manual of Typography, Frank Romano
For My Parents
who always taught me to love beyond the surface and feel what’s right in your heart
THE GUTS
Type AnatomyIdentifying Type
Rising Heights
How Type is Measured
Shaving Serifs
Sheering Sans
Keyboard RegimenDash Injections
Accent Addiction
Instant Character Poppers
Resuscitating SpaceUppercase vs. Lowercase
Kern Out the Fat
Stitching Up Leading
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
SECTION 1 Type Anatomy
• Identifying Type
• Rising Heights
• How Type is Measured
• Shaving Serifs
• Sheering Sans
Week 9
96
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
How Type is Measured
Type is measured in points but what you really need to learn is how different weights and sizes give different emphasis to what you are trying to say. A fat typeface will appear solid but heavy while a light typeface seems slender and nimble.
Typefaces range from Very Light to Regular to Black: Very Light being the sleek model who under the wrong light appears anorexic and practically disappears; Black being the large loud person that can’t be ignored because they’ve blocked the door.
CATWALK WIDELOAD
Bracketed Serif
Unbracketed Serif
Serif The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (aka. slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.
Shaving Serifs
Serifs are the marks at the end of strokes. When figuring out which typeface is best cut out for the job at hand consider the function of the text. Many studies have shown serif type is more readable in extended text than sans serif.
A suggestion for this readability conclusion is that serifs act as a horizontal guide that leads the reader’s eye along the line of text. Serif can also handle more words per line (about ten to twelve) so it is the preferred choice for setting main body copy.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
19 20
21 22
23 24
25 26
27 28
29 30
31 32
33 34
14
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.
Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.
Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.
Indentifying Type
Like features on a face, each part of a letter contributes to its overall appearance. Small counters may be considered undesirable as beedy eyes because it may be difficult to read on smaller type. But when line space is tight, smaller counters help.
Ascenders and descenders are as distinguishing as someone’s nose. Small, short lengths are like tight noses—popular because they allow other features to be noticed and don’t stick out. Yet others consider big noses and tall letters a sign of success.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
19 20
21 22
23 24
25 26
27 28
29 30
31 32
33 34
8
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.
Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).
Rising Heights
When choosing and identifying typefaces, diagnose the Cap Height and X-height. Cap height shows how tall a typeface reaches from the baseline (the invisible line letters sit on). It also acts as a ceiling for top-aligned characters such as footnotes.
X-height is the distance from the baseline to the mean line and is used as a gauge because it has both a flat top and bottom. A more generous x-height helps with legibility so type with larger x-heights are preferred for text set for the computer screen.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
19 20
21 22
23 24
25 26
27 28
29 30
31 32
33 34
10
Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
Week 9
98
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
To T
ype
a H
yphe
n
Bet
wee
n th
e 0
and
+ at
the
top
-rig
ht o
f the
key
boar
d
Hyphen -Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.
Dash Injections
Like a face without Botox, misplaced dashes are unsightly and will give the wrong impression. Here are some tips for how to type and correctly use dashes. Injecting the right line makes your text mean the right thing and is easy on the eye.
If you have the bad habit of using a double hyphen to indicate a dash these injections will cure you of having to do so. That habit must be eradicated. It is a typewriter convention from when there were no em and en dashes available. There’s no excuse on a mac.
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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To Type an En Dash Option Hyphen
Em Dash — Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.
En Dash – Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”
To Type an Em Dash Shift Option Hyphen
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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Sans Serif A typeface that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without.”
Sheering Sans
Sans serif typefaces have no marks at the end of each stroke and are commonly used for display or headline text because they have been shown to be more legible. Legibility has to do with character recognition instead of reading large blocks of text.
When using sans serif in text, slice the line to a shorter length with no more than seven to eight words per line. Avoid manipulating the type style in ways that would make it less readable (few uses of bold, italic, outlined or shadowed).
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Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCESOnce exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.
SECTION 2 Keyboard Regimen
• Dash Injections
• Instant Character Poppers
• Accent Addiction
Week 9
100
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
WARNING:
Failure to use good typography may result
in dizziness, nausea or even death.
HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE:Once exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.
CONSULT A DESIGNER if you experience discomfort or pain from bad typography. To alleviate, discontinue reading until corrections can be made.
SECTION 3 Resuscitating Space
• Uppercase vs Lowercase
• Kern Out the Fat
• Stitching Up Leading
To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.
What’s up doc?
Uppercase vs. Lowercase
Using all caps can look great but many studies have shown that they are harder to read because your eye reads groups of letters faster than each letter alone. Like trying to figure out if a flat-chested person is male or female, a busty woman is obvious.
Other things to consider when choosing all caps for the sake of the design: They take up more space compared to achieving the same emphasis by bolding or increasing the size of lowercase. Some typefaces look terrible set in all caps, like cursive italics.
We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, (aka. their edge or “coastline”).
When a word is written in all caps we have to read it letter by letter instead of by groups which takes longer.
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Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
“ OPTION [ ” OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’ OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT 5 ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION SHIFT 6
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
“ OPTION [ ” OPTION SHIFT [ ‘ OPTION ]
’ OPTION
SHIFT ] — OPTION
SHIFT HYPHEN
– OPTION HYPHEN
OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE OPENING SINGLE QUOTE
CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE EN DASH EM DASH
… OPTION ; • OPTION 8
fi OPTION
SHIFT 5 ⁄ OPTION
SHIFT 1OPTION SHIFT 6
ELLIPSIS BULLET
LIGATURE OF f AND i LIGATURE OF f AND l FRACTION BAR
® OPTION r
¢ £€ OPTION SHIFT 2
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION MARK
CENTS EURO POUNDS
¡ OPTION 1 ¿ OPTION SHIFT ?
ç Ç OPTION SHIFT C
INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED QUESTION MARK
© OPTION g
COPYRIGHT
° OPTION SHIFT 8
DEGREE SYMBOL
™ OPTION 2
OPTION 4 OPTION 3
OPTION C
Instant Character Poppers
An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief. Repeat as often as needed.
Keyboard Viewer and Character Doses
Macs help the professional typesetter by making it easy to access a visual representation of the keyboard (Keyboard Viewer)to show the characters loaded with each typeface and through the Characters Palette. Find them in Preferences > International.
Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN
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OPTION e
OPT
ION ~
OPTION u
OPTION n
OPTIO
N i
Accent Addiction
The accent marks seem elusive at first because they are hidden on the Option keyboard. But once you start using them you’ll never go back. They make your text sexier, more cultured, well-spoken and most importantly spelled correctly.
The trick is to first find out which key supplies the accent mark. Typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used. Don’t be a bum, everyone is doing it. Hit Option E and then E again for a taste, the first one is free.
To Type an AccentFirst hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.
Week 9
102
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
Kern Out the Fat
The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually consisent, pleasing result is kerning. Like Lipo, removing extra space between letters makes the shape the of word appear balanced and fit together better overall.
Some spaces appear larger as the computer distributes the same space between round or angled letters. These are target areas for undergoing the kerning procedure. The secret to kerning is that it must be performed to be visually pleasing to the eye.
Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.
Some Guidelines for Kerning:
HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.
HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.
OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.
OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.
AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a lot of white space around them.
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Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
Stitching Up Leading
The space between baselines of type is what holds a paragraph together like stitches sealing a wound. Called leading (rhymes with heading), it’s from hand-set type days when thin strips of lead were inserted to create space between each line of text.
No one wants visual scaring when looking at a block of text so consider this: Proper leading is barely noticeable, holding the text together nicely. Leading that is too loose can feel like each line of type will break away. Too tight leading just looks messy.
I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie worldLife in plastic, it’s fantasticYou can brush my hair, undress me everywhereImagination, life is your creation
I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy worldDress me up, take your time, I’m your dollieYou’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and painKiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky
I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie worldLife in plastic, it’s fantasticYou can brush my hair, undress me everywhereImagination, life is your creation
I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy worldDress me up, take your time, I’m your dollieYou’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and painKiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky
The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually, but be careful your text doesn’t come apart.
6pt/7.2 (20% is auto-leading)
(negative leading can lead to ascenders and descenders crashing into each other)
I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world
Life in plastic, it’s fantastic
You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere
Imagination, life is your creation
I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world
Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie
You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain
Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky
8pt/18pt
6pt/5pt
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Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE
Colophon:
This book is set in Meta Plus and designed
in Adobe InDesign. All illustrations are
originals by Kristen Youngman, executed in
Adobe Illustrator. Published on Julia Press. Bound by Herring & Robinson Bookbinders.
Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA 94105
Week 9
104
Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design
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