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EMERGING TRENDS IN CONSTRUCTION1
EMERGING TRENDS IN
CONSTRUCTION
ByEr. Verghese N.I
MD, FORMS Consultants, Designers & Engineers
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EMERGING TRENDS IN CONSTRUCTION
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 3
3. EMERGING TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRUCTION 4
3.1 Pre Engineered Buildings: 4
3.2 Precast / Tilt Up Concrete Construction 6
3.3 Tensile and Fabric Structures 7
4. NEW AGE BUILDINGS 10
4.1 Autonomous Buildings 10
4.2 Green Buildings 10
4.3 Intelligent Buildings 10
4.4 Benefits of New Age Buildings 12
5. EMERGING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 12
5.1 Trends in Cement Concrete 13
5.2 Trends in Reinforcement 14
5.3Trends in aggregates 15
5.4 Application of Nano Technology 15
6. EMERGING TRENDS IN CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIES 16
7. THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 17
8. CONCLUSION 19
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1. INTRODUCTION
Innovations and new methods in construction abound and they help reduce cost, time and
improve quality. Adopting new technologies is important as they bring in a systematic way of
working, maximize output in a short time and make projects cost effective,
On an average 20 per cent of the cost and 25 per cent of time can be reduced when new
methods are adopted. In the last two years larger developments are increasingly looking for
innovations to improve quality, profits and brand value
Construction techniques need to keep pace with the rapid expansion of infrastructure and
construction.
Demands must be met with speed without compromising quality. Many more firms will
sooner than later shift to new practices to gain and share the benefits with the users.
2. CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Site planning and analysis: - involve study of soil conditions, existing structures and
preparation of detailed site drawings.
2. Detailed scheme drawings are prepared and approved from the government. The final
architectural presentation drawing is prepared. The drawings are detailed out with all
floor plans, elevations and sections. These drawings will be sent to the structural
engineer for structural design. The site could be cleared simultaneously.
3. The structural grid is marked on site, followed by excavation and laying of foundation
concrete.
4. Once the foundation is complete, structural members like the column and lintel beams
for continuous lintels are built.
5. Next, the ground floor walls, lintel beams, window openings, sunshades, sill plate
details are done.
6. Electrical conduits have to be planned and laid in place before the roof slab and the
lintel beams are cast.
7. Elevation features such as the parapets and the fins, and brackets details. All inner
wall plastering and fixing of the doors and window frames are taken up.
8. For the final and finishing stage, the most important works would be the plumbing
and electrical wiring. Additional elevation features like the plaster bands and grooves,
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entrance step details, exterior and interior final colors could be sorted out. All wood
works like the door and window shutters, hand rails could be fixed in place.
3. EMERGING TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Pre Engineered Buildings:This is very versatile buildings systems and can be finished internally to serve any functions
and accessorized externally to achieve attractive and unique designing styles.
A pre-engineered building is a metal building that consists of light gauge metal standing
seam roof panels on steel purloins spanning between rigid frames with light gauge metal wall
cladding.Buildings are tailor made based on clients requirement & actual designcalculations using tapered sections. A combination of built up section, hot rolled section, coldformed elements and profiled sheets is used in the design. Designing and casting is done in
factory and building components are brought up and built in the site.
Pre engineered steel buildings can be fitted with different structural accessories including
mezzanine floors, canopies, fascias, interior partitions etc. and the building is made water
proof by use of special mastic beads, filler strips and trims.
Pre engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings however the maximum eave height
can go up to 25 to 30 meters. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices, houses, showrooms,
shop fronts etc.
It can be built in any type of geographical location like extreme cold hilly areas, high rain
prone areas, plain land obviously and extreme hot climatic zones as well.
3.1.1 Design and Construction of Pre Engineered Buildings
The main framing of PEB systems is analyzed by the
stiffness matrix method.
The strain energy method is adopted to calculate the
fixed end moments, stiffness and carry over factors.
Numerical integration is used.
The primary framing structure of a pre-engineered
building is an assembly of I-shaped members, often
referred as I beam. In pre-engineered buildings, the I beams used are usually formed by
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Fig 1. I section
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welding together steel plates to form the I section. The I beams are then field-assembled (e.g.
bolted connections) to form the entire frame of the pre-engineered building. Some
manufacturers taper the framing members (varying in web depth) according to the local
loading effects. Larger plate dimensions are used in areas of higher load effects.
Other forms of primary framing can include trusses, mill sections rather than 3-plate welded,
castellated beams, etc. The choice of economic
form can vary depending on factors such as local
capabilities (e.g. manufacturing, transportation,
construction) and variations in material vs. labour
costs.
Typically, primary frames are 2D type frames (i.e.may be analyzed using 2-Dimensional techniques).
Advances in computer aided design technology,
materials and manufacturing capabilities have assisted a growth in alternate forms of Pre-
engineered building such as the Tension fabric building and more sophisticated analysis (e.g.
3-Dimensional) as is required by some building codes.
Cold formed Z and C-shaped members may be used as secondary structural elements to
fasten and support the external cladding.
Roll-formed profiled steel sheet, wood, tensioned fabric, precast concrete, masonry block,
glass curtain wall or other materials may be used for the external cladding of the building.
3.1.2 Advantages
REDUCED CONSTRUCTION TIME:
LOWER SITE COST:
FLEXIBILTY OF EXPANSION:
LARGE CLEAR SPANS:
QUALITY CONTROL:
LOW MAINTENANCE:
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFING AND WALL SYSTEMS:
ARCHITECTURAL VERSTALITY:
SINGLE SOURCE RESPONSIBILTY
3.2 Precast / Tilt Up Concrete Construction
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Fig 2. Z and C sections
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A tilt-up building's walls are created horizontally in large slabs of concrete called panels. The
panels are then lifted, or tilted up, into position around the building's slab. Tilt Up
construction done in a factory setting is called Pre Casted Construction.
The fact that precast concrete walls are formed at a manufacturing facility resolves the
weather issue, but presents a different limitation not found in tilt-up construction. Because the
panels must be transported - sometimes over long distances - places a substantial limitation
on how wide or tall each panel can be. It would be impossible to load precast panels that were
60 feet wide or 90 feet long onto trucks and transport them any distance. For a precast
construction project, the panels must be smaller and more manageable to allow trucks to haul
them over the road to their final destination. This places greater design restrictions on
architects and limits the applications where precast construction can be used.
Clearly, tilt-up concrete construction and precast concrete are similar processes. Because tilt-
up affords more flexibility, it is the method of choice in locations where the weather allows
it. Precast concrete is a suitable choice in circumstances where environmental factors and the
construction schedule preclude tilt-up as a viable option.
A tilt-up construction project begins with job site preparation and pouring the slab. During
this phase of the project, workers install footings around the slab in preparation for the
panels. The crew then assembles the panel forms on the slab. Normally, the form is created
with wooden pieces that are joined together. The forms act like a mold for the cement panels.
They provide the panels' exact shape and size, doorways and window openings, and ensure
the panels meet the design specifications and fit together properly.
Next, workers tie in the steel grid of reinforcing bars into the form. They install inserts and
embed for lifting the panels and attaching them to the footing, the roof system, and to each
other. The slab beneath the forms is then cleaned of any debris or standing water, and
workers pour concrete into the forms to create the panels.
Once the concrete panels have solidified and the forms have been removed, the crew
connects the first panel to a large crane with cables that hook into the inserts.
The size of the crane depends on the height and weight of the cement panels, but it is
typically two to three times the size of the largest panel. The crew also attaches braces to the
tilt-up panel. The crane lifts, or "tilts up," the panel from the slab into a vertical position
above the footings. Workers help to guide the concrete panel into position and the crane sets
it into place. They connect the braces from the tilt-up panel to the slab, attach the panel's
embeds to the footing, and disconnect the cables from the crane. The crew then moves to the
next panel and repeats this process.
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Once all the tilt-up construction panels are erected, the crew applies finishes to the walls with
sandblasting or painting. They also caulk joints and patch any imperfections in the walls.
From this point the crew moves to the installation of the roof system and the trades begin
their work inside the building.
3.2.1 Advantages of tilt-up load bearing wall panels:
1. Speed of getting the wall panels placed as compared to masonry
2. Architectural freedom for pattern design on the finished wall and exterior wall finish
3. Fire resistance, durability, low maintenance, lower insurance rates.
4. Insulation for tilt up concrete exceeds masonry and wood frame construction
5. Tilt up building are easily expandable
3.2.2Disadvantages:
1. Complicated reinforcing patterns and layout of openings
2. Lifting panels requires specialized equipment and third party engineering to calculate the
lifting loads
3. Connections between the panels for the resistance of lateral forces are somewhat unwieldy
at times
4. Having to cast a separate concrete pad for the casting of the panels themselves.
5. Roof connections require third party trades for chemical anchor bolts.
5. Bracing the panels back to the concrete floor until the roof is attached - have to plug holes
in the floor.
3.3 Tensile and Fabric Structures
A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or
bending. Most tensile structures are supported by some form of compression or bending
elements, such as masts (as in The O2, formerly the Millennium Dome), compression rings or
beams.
Tensile membrane structures are most often used as roofs as they can economically and
attractively span large distances
Tensile fabric structures are an environmentally sensitive medium and an inexpensive way to
create an organic form. The biggest performance advantage is its strength to weight ratio,
which saves on materials (most fabrics can be recycled). Being lightweight and flexible;
fabric interacts better with natural forces than a rigid material, this combined with its daytime
translucency and night-time luminosity gives a magical feeling of being outdoors, combined
with the security and comfort of indoors.
3.3.1 Classification
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Membrane structures rely on double curvature to resist imposed loads efficiently. Imagine a
flat piece of fabric. An imposed download of snow can only be resisted by tension in the
horizontal fibers a bit like making the catenery cables on a suspension bridge horizontal and
expecting them to still carry the weight of the road deck
In Fig 1, a classic Hyperbolic Paraboloid, any point on the membrane surface can be
restrained by the corner points. The two high points pick up any downloads and the two low
points resist the wind uplift.
The flatter the fabric, i.e. the smaller height difference between the high and low points, the
greater the resultant loads will be at the corners.
Inflatable fabric structures are synclastic forms where constant air pressure balloons the
fabric into shapes also exhibiting double curvature. Anticlastic forms like the Hyperbolic
Paraboloid have opposing curvatures.
Other common anticlastic forms are the cone (fig 4) and the arch form (fig 5)
It is also possible to create a 'hybrid' form by combining these 2 or 3 geometric shapes
creating a simplistic and dynamic design.
In simple terms, these forms have internal membrane support structures (rigid, soft, curved or
straight) and perimeter boundaries consisting of curved edge cables or straight beams,masts/columns with guy cables. In the example of a conical, the central mast provides the
internal rigid support (balering) and the catenary edge cables with masts/cables to the
perimeter.
3.3.2 Construction
The shape of a membrane surface is determined by the ratio of prestress in the two principal
directions of curvature. These are established in the computer form generation process. The
absolute values of prestress are calculated to be sufficient to keep all parts of the membrane
in tension under any load case.
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Fig 3 HyperbolicParaboloid
Fig 4Cone Fig 5Arch
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The form is generated by breaking up the surface into individual panels that will be cut out of
a roll of fabric (typically 1.5 - 4m wide). These panels will have curved edges that when
matched to an adjacent panel edge will produce the curvature of the surface. When joined
together and stressed in a structure, these panels need to distort within the body of the panelto form the final shape. If it distorts too much it may result in "wrinkling" or unintended
stresses within the membrane surface. This can have a negative impact on the structure both
esthetically and structurally. Using more seams to achieve the shape can be used to alleviate
this situation however this can increase fabrication time and fabric "wastage" (the amount of
fabric discarded after plotting the individual cutting panels). Efficient "nesting" (alignment of
the panels on the roll) of the panels can minimize the wastage, but fabrication time is difficult
to minimize if there is a high density of seams within the surface.
3.3.4 Implementation in India
Lot of cities in India have really high temperatures in summer reaching up to 45oCelsius and
above. In such conditions glass or polycarbonate transmit tremendous amount of heat and
affect the Air conditioning performance adversely, contributing to extremely high energy
bills. With solar protection fabrics we can substantially reduce the heat transmission levels
which would result in a better environment and reduced energy consumption.
High SPM (Suspended Particular Matter) levels in Indian cities result in a lot of dust settling
of any surface, be it glass, polycarbonate or fabric. Thus maintenance is required for all
surfaces, to keep them good looking and clean. However roofing fabrics have a high
concentration PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride), which makes the surface non-stick, and thus
making them easily cleanable without much effort, as the dust can be just washed off with a
spray of water. In a worst case scenario if no maintenance is done, at least during the
monsoons the dust will be washed off naturally due to heavy rains, as the dust would not
adhere to the fabric because of the non stick surface.
Another advantage is the amount and quality of natural light that comes through roofing
fabrics. The light transmission levels are just right so as to be not too high to create glare as
in case of transparent materials like glass/polycarbonate. The quality of light coming through
is also excellent, eliminating the need of artificial lights during daytime, also contributes to
lower energy bills.
4. NEW AGE BUILDINGS
4.1 Autonomous Buildings
An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from
infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water
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systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some
cases, public roads.
As an architect or engineer becomes more concerned with the disadvantages of transportation
networks, and dependence on distant resources, their designs tend to include more
autonomous elements.
4.2 Green Buildings
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a
structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the
classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
4.3 Intelligent Buildings
An `intelligent building' employs many tightly integrated mechanical and electrical systems
that do everything from controlling the building's environment, lighting, and security to
maintaining high-speed data networks and emergency backup power generators.
These systems incorporated in a building save energy while increasing reliability, security
and efficiency. They can detect and repair a malfunctioning part of the building or its
services, avoid serious consequences including a fire.
Central to an `intelligent building' is a Building Management System which can control,
monitor and optimize services such as lights, heating, security, alarms, access control,
ventilation, air-conditioning, and in modern buildings that extensively use computer systems,
secure the networks and databanks.
The best way to explain
the concept would be to
take a peep into the
`intelligent building
management system' in
place at the Techno-
campus of Cognizant
Technology Solutions,
Thoraipakkam, on OldMamallapuram Road. It
took 14 months to evolve a fully integrated design plan and arrive at the IBMS solution that
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Fig 6: Cognizant Info Park
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covers security, safety and automation, and since January 2004 the concept has been
functional in the 400,000-sqft complex.
Some of the features of the IBMS at Cognizant are: A very early smoke detection system
used in the data centre for tracing fire during the incipient stages itself; a common fire
detection and suppression system for both smoldering and fast flaming fire; a gas suppression
system using an environmentally safe and clean agent; biometric finger print based access
control for the data centre; a common monitoring system for all points of the building, from
different angles both inside and outside.
The system can also handle air-conditioning, electrical generators, and utilities, including
water levels in the overhead tanks. The lighting system is occupancy-based wherein lights for
a bay go up automatically when the first person enters it and switches off when the lastperson leaves it. By far the most advanced security features are at the data centre: a proximity
card for primary access, a biometric authorization using fingerprint and a third level security
in the form of infra-red sensors. Besides this, roving cameras pan 360 degrees to monitor the
entire data centre 24 x 7 hours, 365 days. Movement detectors also sweep the centre. There
are separate access cards for different user groups for the switch rooms, electrical rooms and
the library.
4.4 Benefits of New Age Buildings
4.4.1 Environmental benefits
Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems
Improve air and water quality
Reduce waste streams
Conserve and restore natural resources
4.4.2 Economic benefits
Reduce operating costs
Create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services
Improve occupant productivity
Optimize life-cycle economic performance
4.4.3 Social benefits
Enhance occupant comfort and health
Heighten aesthetic qualities
Minimize strain on local infrastructure
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Improve overall quality of life
4.4.4 Security Benefits
Interfacing occupancy information
Common monitoring centers
Safety measures
24hr monitoring
5. EMERGING TRENDS IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
India is witnessing construction of very interesting projects in all sectors of Infrastructure.
High rise structures, under construction, include residential/commercial blocks up to a height
of 320 m and RC chimneys for thermal power stations extending upwards up to 275m.
Majority of the structures are in structural concrete. The functional demands of such high rise
structures include the use of durable materials. High Strength Concrete, Selfcompacting
Concrete are gaining widespread acceptance. Apart from the basic structural materials,
modern projects require a variety of secondary materials for a variety of purposes such as
construction chemicals, waterproofing materials, durability aids etc. These are some of the
recent developments.
5.1 Trends in Cement Concrete
Apart from the traditional concrete mixes, for more testing situations concrete mixes are now
being designed to provide certain specific characteristics. The ordinary concrete mixes wont
provide the expected results or may cause technical difficulties in these situations. So it was
necessary for the construction society to develop new concrete mixes for the demanding
situations. Some of the newly developed mixes are explained below.
5.1.1 Durable Concrete
Durable concrete is the one that will retain its original form, quality, and serviceabilityfor a
long time when exposed to its environment. The fundamental factor in creating durable
concrete is the use of pozzolans and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and
chemical admixturesin combination with Portland cement, and the proper selection of
aggregate (proportion, hardness, grading, shape, size, and phase composition). In addition,
available materials must be selected to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-silica
reaction (ASR), alkali-carbonate rock reaction, and thermal gradients.
5.1.2 High Performance Concrete
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In the United States, in response to widespread cracking of concrete bridge decks, the
construction process moved towards the use of High Performance Concrete (HPC) mixes.
Four types of HPC were developed:
Very High Early Strength Concrete 17.5 mPa in 6 hours
High Early Strength Concrete 42.5 mPa in 24 hours
A Very High Strength 86 mPa in 28 days
High Early Strength with Fibre Reinforcement
High Performance Concrete was introduced in India initially for the reconstruction of the pre-
stressed concrete dome of the Kaiga Atomic Power Project, followed for parts of the Reactors
at Tarapur and Rajasthan. Subsequently, a number of bridges and flyovers have introduced
HPC up to M75 grade in different parts of India.
5.1.3 Selfcompacting Concrete (SCC)
SCC was developed by the Japanese initially as a Quality Assurance measure, but now is
being widely used for concrete structures worldwide. In India, one of the earliest uses of SCC
was for some components of structures at Kaiga Atomic Power Project. Many components of
the structures were very heavily reinforced and the field engineers found it difficult to place
and compact normal concrete without honeycombs and weaker concrete, SCC was
successfully used.
Due to its fluidity, SCC is able to find its way into the formwork and in between the
reinforcement and gets self-compacted in the process. The fluidity is realized by modifying
the normal mix components. In addition to cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, special
new generation polymer based admixtures are used to increase the fluidity of the concrete
without increasing the water content.Sdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsds
5.1.4 High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFA)
The high volume fly ash concrete (HVFA) represents an emerging technology for highly
durable and resource efficient concrete structures. Laboratory and field experience have
shown that fly ash from modern coal-fired thermal power plants, when used in large volume
(typically 50 - 60% by mass of the total cementitious materials content, is able to impart
excellent workability in fresh concrete at a water content that is 15 20% less than without
fly ash. To obtain adequate strength at early age, further reductions in the mixing water
content can be achieved with better aggregate grading and use of super plasticizers.
5.3 Trends in Reinforcement
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The revised BIS Code 1786 provides for four grades of reinforcement characterized by the
yield strength Fe 415, Fe 500, Fe 550 and Fe 600. Each of the first three grades is also
available with superior ductile properties and a nomenclature is Fe 415D, Fe500D and
Fe550D. Primarily the ductile grades specify a higher elongation value. Use of higher gradesreduces the tonnage of steel in compression members e.g. columns substantially, results in
decongested reinforcement and facilitates easy placement and vibration of concrete. Lapping
of bars results in congestion of steel creates difficulties in proper placement and compaction
of concrete and of course more expensive for large diameter bars. Couplers are now preferred
instead of lapping.
5.4 Trends in aggregates
5.4.1 Recycled Aggregates
With continuous development activity worldwide, the availability of coarse aggregates from
natural sources or crushed rock are dwindling; at the same time, due to demolition of old
structures, roads etc., a large amount of debris is generated annually and their disposal poses
problems for the individuals and the Governments.
Extensive research has now established that the debris can be crushed, processed andrecycled as coarse aggregate for fresh concrete. Such recycling solves the above mentioned
problems of disposal, and also more economical. Many national codes in the developed world
permit the use of recycled aggregates in concrete, subject to safeguards.
5.4.2 Lightweight Aggregates
These are manufactured products and are extensively used in all types of structures involving
longer spans where the dead-load forms a major component of the loads involved in the
design. Such lightweight aggregates are manufactured products using expanded clay, sinteredfly ash etc. Their contribution to strength depends on the type and quality of the lightweight
aggregate, the size fraction used and the amount of aggregate used as well as the type and
quality of binder in concrete. However, the addition of lightweight aggregate in concrete
reduces the modulus of elasticity.
5.5 Application of Nano Technology
Reducing particle size of a material to nanoscale often imparts new properties or enhances
existing ones. This is typical of nano particles of titanium dioxide, which maintains its photo
catalytic activity even when mixed with cement. External cement based surfaces become
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strongly photo catalytic, leading to a much better appearance and a significant reduction in
concentration of pollutants in the surrounding air.
The photoactive titanium dioxide was found to be a more powerful photo catalytic agentwhen its particle size decreased to non size. A cement binder containing about 5% of active
titanium dioxide produces concrete with a smooth surface and also converts the pollutants,
removes them from the surrounding air.
6. EMERGING TRENDS IN CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIES
These equipments are used for the handling and processing different stages in the
construction site. Employing human labour for tasks such as rebar processing, concreting,
compacting etc can be seen as the current trend in construction industry where as
implementing these machineries will reduce the processing time considerably. A high degree
of perfection can be obtained in these works when compared to human labour, there by
increasing the overall quality of work.
These are automatic/semi automatic, durable fast and cost effective machine. These machines
can be operated by a layman with minimal experience. These are available in different
models suited for different worksite circumstances.
Some of machineries are as follows:-
Rebar Processing Machines
Bar Bending Machine
Stirrup Bending Machine
Bar Cutting Machine
Bar De Coiling and Straightening Machine
Bar Tying Machine
Scrap Bar Straightening Machine
Spiral Bender
Portable Cutting Machine
Concrete Processing Equipment:
Batching Plant
Batch Mix Plant
Reversible Drum Mixer
Hydraulic Mixer
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Vacuum Dewatering System
Needle Vibrator
Compaction Equipment:
Walk Behind Double Drum Vibratory Roller Double Drum Vibratory Roller
Plate Compactors
Reversible Plate Compactor
Trench Rammer
Man & Material Handling Equipment:
Tower Crane
Passenger Hoist
Builders Hoist
Mini Dumper
7. THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Over the last 20 years the concept of automating construction
and civil engineering operations has become a reality within
Japan, resulting in improvements in site safety, efficiency
and productivity. The Japanese construction and civilengineering sectors witnessed the development of more than
550 systems for unmanned operation and automation of
construction works.
Skilled labour shortages and an ageing workforce have
generated a real need for increased productivity through the
use of single-task, human-machine construction systems. The Japanese have found that these
systems appear to be the most economic and efficient means of introducing automation in
construction. Human operatives provide sensory abilities which are still proving too
technologically difficult for
successful automation. The
following sections review some of
the single-task automated
construction systems that have
been used on construction
projects.
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Fig 7: Honda Humanoid
Fig 8: Big Canopy System using Precasted concrete
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Integrated construction automated systems consist of four fundamental elements
a temporary covered working platform and jacking system
just-in-time delivery of structural members and sub-assembled components
an automated material handling system a centralized on-site integrated control centre.
A fully enclosed temporary working platform provides a factory type environment within
which all material manipulators and automated construction systems operate. The enclosed
working structure provides protection from
adverse weather conditions and reduces the
impact of the construction project upon the
surrounding environment. The entire platform is
constructed on hydraulic jacks and once each
floor is complete, these can be activated to raise
the working platform to a suitable level for
completion of the next floor.
Two of the most successful integrated
construction automation systems are theObayashi Corporations Automated Building
Construction System (ABCS) and the Big-
Canopy system.
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Fig 9: ABCS system
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8. CONCLUSION
The major trends and developments in construction help us in the reduction of cost, time and
improving quality. As we can see these innovative construction method and products, and the
innovative use of traditional, natural and recycled materials, increasingly offer new ways of
constructing sustainable, affordable homes and other buildings. The emerging construction
techniques, some of which we have discussed, when adopted in the Indian construction
sector, can make major consequences. Sustainable construction invites and compels us to
think creatively and engage our sense of beauty, science and history to find new ways of
building structures. To incorporate these emerging techniques we need rigor, partnerships and
excellence from everyone: from architects to designers, from construction firms and from city
planners.
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