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This forms the main axisor core of the skeletonsystem
60 bones in upper limbs
60 bones in lower limbs
There are a total of 206 bones in
body
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There are 5 regions
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Axial is for ProtectionAppendicular is to help Movement
Red blood cells B lood cells are produced by the marrowlocated in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red blood cells areproduced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out
and destroyed by the liver.
Store of minerals B ones serve as a storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When an excess is presentin the blood, build up will occur within the bones. When the supply of these minerals within the blood is low, it will be withdrawn from thebones to replenish the supply.
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Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Tarsals
Metartarsals
Carpals
Metarcarpals
Sternum
Scapula
Cranium
Pelvis
Vertebral column
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Fibrous (fixed)
Cartilagenous (slightly moveable)
Synovial (freely moveable)
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F ibrous joints are fixed, andthe only type of fibrous joint isfound in the skull (cranium).
Cartilagenous joints are
slightly moveable and foundin such places as ;
Sternum
Vertebral column.
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There are 6 main types of synovial joint;
E .g E lbow, Knee
E.g Shoulder, Hip
E .g Ankle
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E.g Atlas & Axis
E.g Thumb
E.g Wrist, Ankle
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B ALL & SOCK E T
ABDUCTIONADDUCTIONLATERAL & MEDIAL
ROTATIONELEVATION, D EPR ESSIONFLEXIONEXTENSION
HING E
FLEXIONEXTENSION
GLIDING
EXTENSION
PIVOT
FLEXIONEXTENSIONROTATION
HYPER-EXTENSION
CONDYLOID
DORSI-FL EXIONPLANTAR-FL EXIONINVERSION
EVERSION
RADIO-ULNAR
PRONATIONSUPINATION
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ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
FLEXIONEXTENSION
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ROTATION
PRO-NATION SUPINATION
DORSI-FL EXION & PLANTAR FL EXION
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Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Deltoid
Anterior Upper B ody Muscles
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Abdomin
Rectusabdominis
External oblique
Transversusabdominis
Internal oblique
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Back
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major
Erector spinae
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Triceps B rachii
B iceps B rachii
B rachialis
Pronator teres
B rachioradialis
Arm Muscles
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Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Addcutor magnus
B iceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Back of Le g
Hamstring
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FRONT OF L EG
Adductor longus
Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis
QUADRIC E P
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Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Soleus
Achilles Tendon
Lower Leg Muscles
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Examples of muscle
functions;Muscle F unction
Location
Origin Insertion E xercise
B iceps Flexles
lower arm
Inside
upper arm
scapula Radius Arm
curls
Triceps Extendslower
arm
Outsideupper
arm
Humerusand
scapula
Olecranonprocess
Tri dips
Deltoids Adducts,flexesand
extendsu er
Formscap of shoulder
Clavicle&scapula
Humerus Latraises
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Pectoral Flexes&adducts upper arm
Lar gechestmuscle
Sternum, clavicleand ribs
Humerus Allpressin g movements
Rectusabdominis
Flexion&rotationof
lumbar re gion
Musclerunnin g downabdome
n
Pubiccrest
Xiphoidprocess
Sit ups
Quadriceps
Extendslower le g & flexes
thigh
Front of thigh
Ilium andfemur
Tibia andfibula
squats
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Agonist & Anta gonist
Agonist- This is the muscle that shortensto move a joint . Prime Mover . (Example)
Antagonist- This is the muscle whichrelaxes in opposition to the a gonist
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Syner gist & Fixator
Syner gist - Muscles that work to gether toenable a gonists to operate moreeffectively . Control and direct movement .
Fixator- These muscles stop anyunwanted movement . Stabilise the ori ginso that the a gonist can achieve maximumand effective contraction .
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Types of contraction
Isometric - Length of muscle does not changeand joint angle doesn t alter.
C oncentric - Length of muscle shortens against resistance. bicep curl.
Eccentric - Muscles returns to its normal lengthafter shortening against resistance.
Isokentic - Muscles contracts and shortens at aconstant speed. Specialised equipment isneeded for this.
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Muscle fibre types
Type 1, Slow Twitch- Fibres contractslowly with little force . They are suited for
Aerobic activities, slow to fati gue . Containlots of mitochondria . They have a hi ghcapacity of for aerobic respiration . Example . Lon g duration
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Type 2a . Fast-oxidative fibres
These are none as Fast twitch musclefibres . These are fast contractin g and areable to produce a great force, and they arealso resistant to fati gue . Example . Mediumduration
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Type 2b- Fast Glycolytic fibres
These are also none as Fast twitch fibresbut they contract rapidly and produce lar geamounts of force, resultin g in quicker fatigue . These are more suited to
Anaerobic activity . These are suited for short duration .
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