Personality. Defining and Measuring Personality “Who am I?” – what makes a personal quality...

Personality

Defining and Measuring Personality

• “Who am I?” – what makes a personal quality part of your personality?– characteristic, enduring pattern of thinking,

feeling, and acting

My observations of you

Results from personality testing

Assessing Personality

Rorschach Inkblot Test TAT

Assessing Personality

Objective measures (examples from your text?)

Different perspectives on personality

• psychoanalytic

• biological / trait

• humanistic

• social-cognitive

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Psychoanalysis– Background

– Freud’s theory in a nutshell -- thoughts and actions are driven by unconscious motives and conflicts

Psychoanalysis

• Free Association

• Interpretation of dreams and “slips”

Freud’s Personality Theories

1. Personality Structure

2. Personality Development

Personality Structure

Mediator: Ego

Unconsciouspsychic energy: Id

Internalized ideals: Superego

Personality Development

• Psychosexual Stages– stages of development: pleasure-seeking

energies focus on erogenous zones (i.e., oral, anal, phallic…)

• Oedipus Complex

Fixation

• Freud’s belief that we can get “stuck” at an earlier stage (where conflicts were unresolved)…

• Nail-biting, etc.?

• Don’t be so “anal”

Defense Mechanisms

• The Ego’s methods of reducing anxiety – by unconsciously distorting reality– Repression – Regression– Displacement

(“mechanisms of defense” exercise)

What can we say about Freud?

•Scientific?•Impact

•Psychology & madness•Everyday language

•Why?•Sex•Turn-of-the-century science •Applicable

Biological / Trait perspective

We’ve discussed this perspective a lot already this semester… Examples…?

Humanistic Perspective• Background

• Major theorists:– Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) -- self-actualization (the

motivation to fulfill one’s potential)

– Carl Rogers (1902-1987) -- growth and fulfillment of individuals -- requires:

– genuineness

– acceptance - unconditional positive regard

– empathy

Humanistic Perspective

• Recognizes the impact of culture on personality– Individualism vs. Collectivism

Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Reciprocal Determinism – the interacting

influences between personality, behavioral, & environmental factors

Internal personal/cognitive factors

(enjoy high-riskactivities)

Behavior(learning to rock climb)

Environmentalfactors

(rock-climbingfriends)

Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Personal Control– our sense of how well we control our environments

• Locus of control scale (handout – if we have time)– External Locus of Control -- the perception that

chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

– Internal Locus of Control -- the perception that one controls one’s own fate

Social-Cognitive Perspective – Learned Helplessness

• Learned Helplessness

Uncontrollablebad events

Perceivedlack of control

Generalizedhelpless behavior

Personality- SummaryThe Four Perspectives on Personality

Perspective Behavior Springs From Assessment Techniques Evaluation

Psychoanalytic Unconscious conflicts Projective tests aimed at A speculative, hard-to-test between pleasure-seeking revealing unconscious theory with enormous cul-

impulses and social restraints motivations tural impactTrait Expressing biologically (a)Personality inventories A descriptive approach crit- influenced dispositions, such that assess the strengths icized as sometimes under-

as extraversion or introversion of different traits estimating the variability (b)Peer ratings of behavior of behavior from situation patterns to situation

Humanistic Processing conscious feelings (a)Questionnaire A humane theory that about oneself in the light of assessments reinvigorated contemporary

one’s experiences (b)Empathic interviews interest in the self; criticized as subjective and sometimes naively self-centered and

optimistic

Social-cognitive Reciprocal influences between (a)Questionnaire assessments Art interactive theory that in- people and their situation, of people’s feelings of control tegrates research on learning,

colored by perceptions of (b) Observations of people’s cognition, and social behavior, control behavior in particular criticized as underestimating

situations the importance of emotions and enduring traits