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An Introduction to
Freudian Psychoanalysis
What is Personality?
Personality an individual’s characteristic
pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
two basic perspectivesPsychoanalytic (Freud)Humanistic (post-Freudian)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
It has greatly shaped how we understand human identity.
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality
that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
involves techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious current awareness of internal and
external reality (ego)
Preconscious not aware of material but it’s retrievable
via ordinary methods, such as memory and by using learned skills (ego)
Unconscious not aware of material and it’s not
retrievable via ordinary methods (ego, id, and superego)
The Psychoanalytic PerspectiveUnconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of fears,
bad feelings, unacceptable thoughts, shameful desires, and traumatic memories
where the forces of the id and superego are at large
where ego negotiations between the id and superego are automatic, like reflexes
contemporary viewpoint after Freud—information processing of which we are unaware
Levels of Consciousness
I DI D
SSUUPPEERREEGGOO
EE
GG
OO
Freud’s elements of the mind and the levels they govern
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
The Unconscious Ego The ego’s job is to satisfy the id
without attracting the judgment of the superego.
Sometimes the urges of the id cannot be reconciled with the superego.
Some memories are too traumatic for the ego.
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
The Unconscious Ego The ego uses unconscious mechanisms
to protect itself from anxiety-producing urges and memories.
When these mechanisms do not work effectively, they become problems—neuroses or psychoses.
Becoming conscious of them allows the ego to create better strategies for dealing with the anxiety or trauma.
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious
Free Association Dream Analysis Projective Techniques Recovered Memories
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Free Association in psychoanalysis, a method of
exploring the unconscious person relaxes and says whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Dream Analysis interpret dreams as symbols of
unconscious forces
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Projective Techniques inkblot test, where unconscious
forces are called upon to interpret “meaningless” images
Recovered Memories using hypnosis, traumatic
memories are brought into the ego’s awareness so the ego can find healthier ways of coping with them
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Example of a Rorschach Inkblot
Conflict Model
The self is not unified. There are competing elements within ourselves.
Freud identified these competing elements as the id, superego, and ego.
No one element can win. The only way to stay healthy is not to let any one element get the upper hand, otherwise mental illness (neurosis or psychosis) can occur.
Personality Structure
Id contains a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energy is irrational, emotional, and
demanding strives to satisfy basic bodily,
sexual, and aggressive drives does not care about others or the
reality of the situation
Personality Structure
Id operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification represented as a devil sitting on
someone’s shoulder. As this devil sits there, he tells the ego to behave in ways that bring pleasure to the self.
Personality Structure
Superego Works mostly in the unconscious
level of the mind the part of the personality that
presents internalized ideals represents social and parental values
and steps in when mom or the cops aren’t around
Personality Structure
Superego provides standards for judgment (the
conscience) and for future aspirations sometimes is represented as an angel
sitting on someone’s shoulder, telling the ego to behave according to the rules or according to social or cultural definitions of right and wrong
Personality Structure
Ego works mostly but not entirely at the
conscious level “executive” part of the personality
that mediates between the demands of the id, superego, and reality
operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Personality Structure
Ego must appease the id’s desires,
but negotiates with the superego to find socially acceptable ways of doing so
represented as a person, with a devil (the id) on one shoulder and an angel (the superego) on the other
Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structureId
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Personality Development
Psychosexual Stages the childhood stages of development
during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus Complex a boy’s sexual desires toward his
mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality DevelopmentFreud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for
control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)
Personality Development
Identification the process by which children
incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking
energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms the ego’s protective methods of
reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression the basic defense mechanism that
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Defense Mechanisms
Regression
defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Defense Mechanisms
Projection defense mechanism by which people
disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-
justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Defense Mechanisms
Displacement defense mechanism that shifts
sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach
or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which people express
their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Assessing the Unconscious--TAT
Assessing the Unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective
test a set of 10 inkblots designed by
Hermann Rorschach seeks to identify people’s inner
feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach
Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler importance of childhood social tensionKaren Horney sought to balance Freud’s masculine
biasesCarl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of
memory traces from our species’ history
Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Humanistic Perspective
Self-Actualization the ultimate psychological need
that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) focused on growth and fulfillment
of individuals genuineness acceptance empathy
Humanistic Perspective
Unconditional Positive Regard an attitude of total acceptance
toward another personSelf-Concept all our thoughts and feelings
about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?”