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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION

TOURISM MANAGEMENT ON SAMCHUK OLD MARKET

TUMBON SAMCHUK SAMCHUK DISTRIK SUPHANBURI PROVINCE

Prapassorn Chaengpho

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

MASTER OF EDUCATION

Department of Education Foundations

Graduate School

SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY

……...........................................................

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( . ) ( . )

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( . ) ( . )

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50260403 :

: / / 100

. : . . , . . . .

. 282 .

100 2)

(Simple Random Sampling) 180 1

. . 2554 1 2555 (Quantitative Research)

(f) (%)

( X ) (S.D.) (t- test) (Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis )

(Qualitative Research) (In- depth Interview)

(focus group) (Key informants) 100

(Content Analysis) (Typological Analysis)

(Triangulation Method)

1. 100

2. 100

ˆ = -.473 +.601 ( ) +.373( )

ˆ = .594 Z ( )+.275 Z ( )

4. 100

3. “ ” “

” 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

........................................

1. ....................... 2. ....................... 3. .......................

50260403 : MAJOR : DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION

KEY WORD : PUBLIC PARTICIPATION / COMMUNITY CONSERVATION TOURISM / SAMCHUK OLD MARKET

PRAPASSORN CHAENGPHO : PUBLIC PARTICIPATION OF COMMUNITY CONSERVATION TOURISM

MANAGEMENT ON SAMCHUK OLD MARKET TUMBON SAMCHUK SAMCHUK DISTRIC SUPHANBURI PROVINCE.

THESIS ADVISORS : ASST. PROF. NARIN SUNKRUKSA Ph.D., ASSOC.PROF. KHANIT KHEAWWICHAI AND ASST. PROF.

THIRASAK UNAROMLERT, Ph.D. 282 pp.

The purposes of this research were to : 1) to determine in the level’s public participation of community conservation tourism

management Samchuk old market Tumbon Samchuk Samchuk district Suphanburi province and compare public participation on the personal

appearance . 2) to determine in the factors that affect and the best practice of the community conservation tourism management Samchuk old

market Tumbon Samchuk Samchuk district Suphanburi province .This research made a study of a sample of community leader by selection of

a specific ,the tourism management supporters, the travel operators on Samchuk old market in simple random sampling were 180 person . The

data was collected during October to April 2012. This research study based on the methodologies of quantitative research .The data-gathering

instruments used in the research were a questionnaire about personal factors, supporting factors , public participation of community

conservation tourism management and open ended in problems and obstacles of public participation of community conservation tourism

management The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, stepwise multiple regression and content

analysis. After that study in qualitative research are participation observation, in-depth interviewing and focus group with key informants

about best practice in the Samchuk old market conservation tourism management .The data were analyzed by content , typological and

triangulation method.

The results of research revealed that : 1) the level’s public participation of community conservation tourism management : case

study Samchuk old market Tumbon Samchuk Samchuk distric Suphanburi province in sharing of benefits, operation and decision are medium

level . The joint monitoring and evaluation is a low level.

2) the factor’s compare public participation of community conservation tourism management Samchuk old market Tumbon

Samchuk Samchuk district Suphanburi province on the personal appearance that the average value of the operation between the variables

were not significantly different. Decision the average male than female . Sharing of benefits is a average female than male and the

monitoring and evaluation are average female than male in significant at the .05 level and classified by age on decision, operation, monitoring

and evaluation had significance differences at the .05. In sharing of benefits had no differences. Classified by occupations , education. time for

participation and distance involved had significance differences at the .05 .

3) the factors that affect on public participation of community conservation tourism management ’s person in Samchuk old

market area had public consciousness is the first expectation on the merits of the two following equations.

ˆ = -.473 +.601 ( )public consciousness +.373( )expectation on the merits

= .594 Z ˆ( )public consciousness +.275 Z ( )expectation on the merits

4) The practice of the community conservation tourism management of the Samchuk Old Market, Tumbon Samchuk, Samchuk

District, Suphanburi Province, which is considered one of the best, has the following components: 1. The community members are attached to

the mother land and their participation is valued; 2. Participation of local communities is aimed to resolve community problems; 3. The

Board of Samchuk Market Development is established with the target: "The economic growth of the Samchuk market is to be revived”; 4.

The museum for learning of community and local history is established; 5. Social capital; 6. Activities for conservation; 7. Communication

within the community 8. Support from external organizations; 9. Cooperation between the government and local people sectors; 10. Public

Relations.

Department of Education Foundations Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2011

Student’s signature ……….……….…….….….…….….…….……….……….…….….…….….….….………….….

Thesis Advisors’ signature 1. ……….…….…….….…….……………..….….…..…2. ……….…………….….….…….………………….….3. …………..…….….….….…….………………….….

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2. …………………………………………….. 15

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100 ………………… 101

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…...……………………………………………… 119

3. …...…………………………………………………………… 120

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4. ………..……………………………………… 131

100 ……………….. 132

100 ………. 135

100 ………………….. 140

100 …….. 141

100 …………….…….. 143

100 …..….. 144

100 ……..……..……..……..… 151

100 …….. 194

5. ……....…………………….……..……..… 199

…….……………..… 199

.... 217

…………….……..……………………..…..… 222

6. …………….………….……..… 225

……....…………………………………….……..……..… 226

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... 254

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.............. 280

……....…………………………………….…………..……..………..…… 282

1 100 56

2. . . 2548 – 2550......................... 108

100 .................................... 131

4. (Frequency) (Percentage)

100 ................... 134

100 .. 137

100 .... 139

7. ( X ) (S.D.)

................................................... 140

8. ( X ) (S.D.)

.................... 142

9. ( X ) (S.D.)

.............................. 143

10. ( X ) (S.D.)

............................................................................... 144

11. ( X ) (S.D.)

....... 146

12. ( X ) (S.D.)

……………………………………………………… 148

13. ( X ) (S.D.)

............................................................................ 150

14. ( X ) (S.D.)

(t-test) 131

15. ( X ) (S.D.)

................... 152

....................... 154

................................................ 155

.............................................................................. 158

..................................... 160

...................................................................... 161

21. ( X ) (S.D.)

...................................... 164

................................. 167

24. ( X ) (S.D.)

....................... 171

........ 173

.................................. 174

27. ( X ) (S.D.)

................ 177

............................................................................... 179

................ 180

30. ( X ) (S.D.)

(t-test)..................................................... 186

31. ( X ) (S.D.)

(t-test).......................................................... 187

32. ( X ) (S.D.)

100 ................................................................ 188

................ 190

…………………………….. 191

100 ................................... 195

................................................................. 196

................. 197

............................ 198

1. .................................................................... 30

2. 5As .................................... 42

3. ................................. 46

……………………………………….. 48

5. ........................................ 59

6. ................................................................................... 76

.......................................................................................... 96

9. …………………………………………… 118

100 ...................................................................... 220

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2. 202

3. 100 ………… 203

…………………………………………..…… 204

5. 2 210

100 .. …………………………………………… 212

. . 2525 . . 2545

( :2545)

( : . . .)

( 2543 : 38)

. . 2519

( . . 2520 - 2524)

2536 : 3 ) 8 ( . . 2540 -

9( . . 2545 - 2549)

( . .2544-

( . . . : 2 - 6)

2540:1-2)

. . 2550 ( 5) . . 2545

. . 2546

10 2552 : )

8 ( . . 2540-2544)

“ ”

“ ” “ ”

3 ) . .2542 . . 2537

( Human Rights) (Traditional Local Community ) (

2541:46) 3

( 2541:41)

7 . . 2548 - 2551

. . 2546-2550

2548:49 -50)

. . 2437 5 “ ”

2457 6 “ ”

2481 8 “ ” “ ” ( )

“ ” 3 “ “

“ ” “ ” 100

( 2551:6)

” 3 4 5 9

. .2541

“ ”

( 2550:22-27)

2551:6)

“ ” “ ”

2552 (UNESCO)

“ ”

( . 2551:49-50)

“ ”

(UNESCO)

2. 100

3. 100

4. 100

2. 100

(Mixed Method Research)

Yamane’s

95% (Taro Yamane) 180

100 . . .

1 . . 2554 1 2555

6. 100

“ ” “Participation”

(United Nations 1981 : 5)

(2547 : 3 ) 4

/ (active) (passive)

(2540 : 93 )

(2541 : 10 )

(2543 : 36-37)

( 2543 : 22 )

(2543 : 19)

(group situation)

(2543 :7)

(involvement)

(Commitment)

(2545 : 14)

(Bryman 1986 :139)

(Chambers Pacay and Thrupp 1989 : 5-8 )

(Dale) ( 2544 : 8)

(participatory theory)

(2539 : 79-80)

1. (freedom to participate)

2. (ability to participate)

3. (willingness to participate)

(Oakley 1984 , 2542 : 21 )

(Cohen and Uphoff.1980: 213-218 .

2543 : 139-140 ;) 4

1. (Decision making) 3

2. (implementation)

3. (Benefits)

4. ( Evaluation )

(Anthony H. Birch 2001 : 105-106 )

( 2543 : 141)

1. (Planning )

2. (Implementation)

3. ( Utilization)

4. (Obtaining benefits )

(White. 1982 : 18 ) 3

(Yadav. 1979. P.3, .2545 : 13)

(Decision-Making)

(lmplementation)

(Evolution) (Benefit)

(1981 : 41-49 ,

2546 : 41 ) 3

(Macda 1982 : 8 , 2546 : 41 )

(2542 : 130-132)

3. –

(2545 : 23-24)

(2548 : 40-41)

(2540 : 94)

(Ramos and Fletcher 1982 , 2542 : 25)

(2543 : 9 )

Participative Management (PM)

(2544 : 10)

(2539:58-61)

1. (no participation at all)

2. (nominal participation)

3. (minimal participation)

4. (optimal participation)

5. (maximal participation)

6. (ideal participation)

1. (Join or Eiae) (threats)

(coercion)

2. (Push Cart Participation)

3. (Trick or Participation by Gimmickry

4. (Monologue) (one-way)

5. - (I ask-I decide)

6. (Peace Pipe)

7. (Handclasp)

8. (Vox Populi)

9. (Vox Populi Est Lex)

: , ,( :

,2539),58-61.

(2542 : 130-132)

3. –

(2541:113-114 ,

2545:118-119)

1. (Learning process)

(2540 : 3-50)

. . 2549)

1. (Decision Making Level)

2. (Planning Level)

3. (Implementation Level)

4. (Evaluation Level)

(World Tourism Organization : WTO) (n.p.,n.d.)

(2541:1)

3. (2547:1) “ ”

(Temporary) 2. (Voluntary) 3.

(2541: 10)

(2533 : 19-20, 2546 : 5)

1 24 60

( 2548 :

67-72)

(Valene Smith 1997, 2543 : 65 -66)

1. (Ethnic Tourism)

2. (Environmental Tourism)

(Attractions)

3. (Cultural Tourism)

4. (Historical Tourism)

5. (Business Tourism)

6. (Recreational Tourism)

( 2541,

2553: 3–1; 2554: 1-6-1-7) 5 As

1. (Attraction)

2. (Accessibility)

3. (Ancillary Service)

4. (Amenity)

5. (Activity)

. . ,2555),16-17

(Sustainable Tourism)

Activity

Amenity

Ancillary Service

Attraction

Accessibility

2548 : 57 - 58)

7 ( 2541 : 7 ,

2545 : 30 - 31)

(Resource management)

(Biological diversity)

(Life supporting systems)

21 (Agenda 21)

Agenda 21 (United Nations,1992) United Nations (1992)

(Cater Lowman 1994)

2548 : 58 - 60)

: , ( :

, 2548), 59.

( 2548 : 60 - 61)

(John Swarbrooke 2000: 150 ,

2545 : 32 - 33)

(Maximizing the impacts which are positive and minimizing the

negative ones)

Ecological Sustainable Tourism

Environmental

Sustainable Tourism Development

Economic Efficiency

Economic Sustainability of Tourism

Social Equity

,2545),32.

( 2546 : 5 - 6)

. ( , . . . 2546),6.

( 2545 : 67)

( 2548 : 179 - 182)

Ecotourism Ecology

( ) Tourism ( )

Hector Ceballs –

Lascurain (1990)

Elizabeth Boo (1991)

The Ecotourism Society (1991)

( ,2542 : 11)

“ ”

(2541)

. . Ecotourism

Ecotourism eco

tourism eco tourism

ecotourism

green tourism

biotourism

agrotourism

( 27:72)

Nature tourism Nature-based tourism Nature-oriented tourism

“ ” “Ecotourist”

“ ”

1980 “ ”

(Mass Tourism)

(Ecotourism)

(Accommodation) -

(Attractions) -

(Marketing) -

(Economic impact)

(Regulation) -

(No Carrying Capacity)

(Carrying Capacity)

: , “

”,2540.

(2547:89)

(2545)

(Raff Buckley) ( 2543:24) International

Centre of Ecotourism Research of Griffith University

(Ben Boer) ( 2543:24) Australia Centre

for Environmental Law of University of Sydney

(Castas Christ) ( 2543:24) Ecotourism

Society

(Identity or Authentic or Endemic or Unique)

(Eco-system)

(Nature - based tourism)

2. (Responsible travel)

(Sustainably managed

tourism) (Responsible travel)

(Learning process)

(Environmental education-based tourism)

(Involvement of local community or People participation)

(Grass root)

(Community participation-based

tourism)

: , ( :

,2544),3.

(2542:3-3-3-14, 2545:11)

2548:83-85)

(Reused/Recycle)

(Biogass)

(Board Walk) ( )

9. ISO 900 /

ISO 14000 / ISO 18000

(Physical Carrying Capacity)

(Environmental Carrying Capacity)

5. (Code of Conduct)

( 2548:107-108)

(2546:17-18)

2. (Awareness) (Understanding)

(Management Plan)

( 2539)

(Community –Based Tourism)

( , 2540)

Ecotourism ( ) “ ” “ ”

(Homestay) “ ”

CBT CBT

(2540 : 3-50)

( .) ( , 2546)

(Perception)

(2541 : 128 )

Stimulus Perception Response

( ) ( ) ( )

: , . ( : , 2541)

(2548 : 1)

(Concious)

(Sensation)

(2549 : 1)

(Selection) (Organization)

(Interpretation)

(Perception is learned)

(Perception is selective)

2533 : 43-45)

1. (Intensity and size)

2. (Contrast)

3. (Repetition)

4. (Movement)

1. (Interest)

2. (Expectancy)

3. (Need)

4. (Value)

(Bruner and Goodman 1947 : 33-44)

2.1 (Physiologial Factor)

2.2 (Phycological Factor)

( 2529 : 93-37)

( 2533 : 49)

(2542:25)

(Social Consciousness) (Public

Consciousness)

( ,2524:81 ,2541:8)

(2543:180)

(2544:20)

Civil Consciousness

(2544:20)

(Civic Mind )

“ ”

(2544:36) “ ”

, 2547: 10)

(2542:181-183)

(CIVICNET)

(TDRI) 1

“ ” .

“ ” “ ”

“ ”

( 2543:206-210)

( 2541)

(Primary

Socialization)

Interaction

Imitation

Observation

(2540 : 6)

(2540 : 8) (2540 :10)

(Finn 1962 : 390)

(Funk and Wagnalls 1963:239)

, (Getzels , James and Ronall 1964 :390-398)

(Reeder 1971 :157)

(Murray 2545 : 10 - 11)

(Role expectation)

“ ”

(Hurlock 1973 :184-

(Hurlock 1973 :185-186)

(Bandura 1997 : 84-85) 3

1 (Magnitude)

2 (Generality)

3 (Strengh)

(Lewin and Others 1944 : 133)

(Vroom 1964 : 91-103) 4

0 ( ) 1

Vroom +1.0

0 Vroom

( ) ( )

2. ( )

(Hurlock 1973 :191-194)

1. (Cultural Ideals)

2. (Kind of Family)

3. (Ordinal Position)

4. (Discipline)

5. (Group Status)

6. (Use of Escape Mechanisms)

7. (Verbalization of Aspirations)

8. (Past failures and Successes)

(Dececco. 1986, p. 167)

9. (Sex)

10. (Intelligence)

11. (Personality)

(Social support)

(Kahn 1979 : 85)

(Thoit 1982 : 147-148)

(2542 : 40 )

(Cobb 1976 : 300-301 )

(Kaplan, Cassel and Gore 1977 : 50-51

(Gottlieb 1982: 32 2543 : 98)

(Pilisuk 1982 : 20 2543 : 34)

(Maguire 1983 : 51 2543 : 41)

(Cobb 1976 : 300-301 2546 :19)

1. (Emotional support)

2. (Esteem support)

3. (Socially support or network)

(Kaplan 1977 2543: 36)

1. (Intrumental aid)

2. (Information aid)

3. (Socioemotional aid)

(Group Belonging)

(Kahn 1979 :85 ) 3

1. (Affection)

2. (Affirmation)

Jacobson 3 (Jacobson

2544 : 98)

1. (Emotional support)

2. (Cognitive Support)

3. (Materials Support)

(Lain) 1986, 2541 : 27 )

1. (Social integration)

2. (Social networks)

( Gottlieb 1994, 2531 : 101)

1. (Macro level)

2. ( Mezzo level )

3. (Micro level )

(American productivity & quality center :

(2545)

(best) “ ”

( 2545 : 10-12

2551:62 )

2 ( 2545 : 10-

1.1 (criterion reference) (attributes)

(check list)

1.2 (quantitative)

2545 : 29-31)

1. (performance benchmarking)

2. (process benchmarking)

3. (product benchmarking)

4. (strategy benchmarking)

2. (benchmark) (benchmarking)

(best practices) 7

. ( . , 2552),63.

( 2545 : 11-12

2551:64 )

(input) (process) (result)

. ( . , 2552),64.

( 2545 : 18-20

2551:65)

2544 : 12-17 2551:65)

1. (governance and leadership)

2. (university-wide planning)

3. (change & innovation)

4. (equity planning)

5. (clearly defined lines of

responsibility & decision making)

6. (core business system)

7. (risk management)

8. (teaching and research expenditure ratio)

9. (corporate information)

10. (organizational climate)

6. 100

:2548.38-39)

30 15 99 25

30 100 18 36

107 5,358.008

3,348,755 7

. . 2541 37.6

1305.4 ./ 104 /

250 130,000

376,250 11.24

863,404 420,807

442,497 161

“ ”

15,618 / /

2. 1 - 2

( :2548.50-52)

( .) “

” ”

1. ( )

- “ ”

3. ( )

(OTOP )

( 2552.5)

2 . . 2548 – 2550

(2005)

(2006)

(2007) Item

890,241 1,020,463 1,236,905 Number of visitors

867,476 990,52 1,221,082 Thai

22,765 29,942 15,877 Foreigner

890,241 1,020,463 1,236,905 Sex

X X X Male

X X X Female

( ) 890,241 1,020,463 1,236,905 Age group (year)

15-24 X X X 15-24

25-34 X X X 25-34

35-44 X X X 35-44

45-54 X X X 45-54

55-60 X X X 55-60

65 X X X 65 and over

890,241 1,020,463 1,236,905 Purpose of Visit

Holiday

Convention

X X X Business

X X X Official Visit

X X X Others

: 1, “

. . 2552 ” 2552.

. . 2385

( :2551.5)

. . 2437 5 “ ”

2457 6 “ ”

2481 8 “ ” “

” ( )

“ ”

. .2547

( :2548.99-100)

“ (Award of Merit)” 28 . . 2552

340 38.6

11 1 , 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6 1, 4, 6, 9

1 660 719 385

2 2,098 2,221 2,228

3 944 945 627

4 392 437 228

5 534 570 371

6 552 566 336

( .) . . 2550 52,651

1. 19,500

4. 100

2. " "

200 28

11 1 11

19 2550

3. 80 5 2550

(Thailand Tourism Awards) "

4. " "

29 2550

" 20 2551

6. ( )

2552 " (Award of Merit)"

28 2552 http://www.samchuk.in.th/flight-market.html 15

“ ”

( :2552. )

7. 7.1

(2546: )

(2548 : )

(2548)

(2549 : 216-217)

(2549: )

(2550:58) “

(2553 : )

3 1. 2.

(Kaufman : 528) “Participation in Organization Activities in

Selected Kentucky Localities”

(Wells 1993)

. . 1988-1989 27

(Celballos Lascurain. 1998: 111–112)

(Independent Variables) (Dependent Variables)

(Mixed Method Research)

100 4.

(Survey Research)

(In-depth interview)

(Key informant)

1. 100 3

30 2554 100

Yamane’s 95 %

(Yamane Taro, 1973)

n = 21 NeN

n = 205.03271327

= 179.92

0.05 95%

1 100 .

30 2554 179.92 180

(Simple Random Sampling)

2.1 (Independent Variables )

2.1.1.1

2.1.1.2

2.1.1.3

2.1.1.4

2.1.1.5

2.1.1.6

2.1.1.7

2.1.1.8

2.1.3.1

2.1.3.2

2.1.3.3

2.1.3.4

2.2 (Dependent Variables)

2.2.1 4

2.2.1.1

2.2.1.2

2.2.1.3

2.2.1.4

2.2.2.

(Documentary research )

(Survey research )

(In-depth interview)

(Focus Group Discussion)

1 (Check List)

(Forced Choice) 10

(Check List) 5 2 3

(Rating Scale) 24 5

100 (Rating

Scale) 46 5

(Open Ended) 1

2.1 (In depth Interview)

(Snowball Technique) (Saturate Data)

2.2 (Focus Group)

(stakeholders)

(Purposive Sampling)

2. 100

(Content Validity)

(Index of Item Objective Congruence : IOC )

(IOC) IOC = R

IOC 0.50

0.50 1

5 (Try-out)

100 30

6 (reliability)

(Rating Scale)

(Cronbarch’s alpha coefficient) ( - Coefficient)

( 2548 : 69 - 70 )

(Unstructured Interview)

(In – Depth Interview) (Key Informants)

1. (In – Depth Interview)

(Key Informants)

2. (Focus Group)

(Purposive Sampling)

(Snow Ball)

9 (Saturate Data)

(Frequency ) (Percentage)

2. 2 1

(Frequency ) (Percentage)

4 ( X ) (S.D.)

(Best 1981 : 179 – 187 )

4.50 – 5.00

3.50 – 4.49

2.50 – 3.49

1.50 – 2.49

1.00 – 1.49

(S.D.) (Best 1981 : 179 - 187)

4.50 – 5.00

3.50 – 4.49

2.50 – 3.49

1.50 – 2.49

1.00 – 1.49

(One- Way Analysis of Variance)

(Scheffe )

5. 100

(Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis)

(Open-ended) (Content Analysis)

(Triangulation)

2. (Content Analysis)

(Description)

100 ”

(Frequency) (Percentage)

53 29.40

127 70.60

180 100.00

30 80 44.40

31 – 40 50 27.80

41 – 50 18 10.00

51 32 17.80

180 100.00

/ 33 18.33

/ 21 11.67

26 14.44

/ 100 55.56

180 100.00

10 5.55

35 19.40

12 6.70

/ 37 20.55

74 41.10

12 6.70

180 100.00

10,000 58 32.22

10,001 – 20,000 47 26.11

20,001 – 30,000 44 24.45

30,001 31 17.22

180 100.00

45 25.00

47 26.11

22 12.23

24 13.33

42 23.33

180 100.00

7. 100

93 51.70

87 48.30

180 100.00

8. 100

5 100 55.56

6 80 44.44

180 100.00

9. 100

.500 74 41.11

.501 – 2 32 17.77

2.500 – 3 28 15.56

3 46 25.56

180 100.00

127 70.60 53

29.40 30 80 44.40

31 – 40 50 27.80 41 – 50

18 10.00 / 100

55.56 / 33 18.33

/ 21 11.67

74 41.10 / 37

20.55 10 5.55

10,000 58 32.22 10,001 –

20,000 47 30,001 31

47 26.11

45 25.00

22 12.23 100 93

51.70 87 48.33

100 5 100 55.60 6

80 44.40 100 .500

74 41.11 3

46 25.56 2.500 – 3 28

(S.D.)

4 (Frequency) (Percentage)

160 88.89

20 11.11

180 100.00

2. 100

94 52.2

86 47.8 1

180 100.00

124 68.90

56 31.10 6

180 100.00

152 84.40

28 15.60 10

180 100.00

145 80.60

35 19.40 8

180 100.00

150 83.30

30 16.70 9

180 100.00

108 60.00

72 40.00 3

180 100.00

97 53.90

83 46.10 2

180 100.00

121 67.20

59 32.80 4

180 100.00

136 75.60 136

44 24.40 7

180 100.00

123 68.30

57 31.70 5

180 100.00

2.12 /

153 85.00

27 15.00 11

180 100.00

164 91.10

16 8.90 12

180 100.00

160 88.89 20 11.11

86 47.80 83

46.10 72

40.00 59 32.80

57 31.70 56

31.10 44 24.40

35 19.40

30 16.70 / 28

15.60 / 27 15.00

16 8.90

3. 100

145 80.56

35 19.44

180 100.00

4. 100

4.1 2548

108 60.00

72 40.00 2

180 100.00

125 69.40

55 30.60 3

180 100.00

138 76.70

42 23.40 4

180 100.00

155 86.10

25 13.90 6

180 100.00

151 83.90

29 16.20 5

180 100.00

4.6 2552

96 53.30

84 46.70 1

180 100.00

145 100 80.56

2552 84 46.70

72 40.00 55

30.60 42

23.40 29 16.20

25 13.90

97 53.90

83 46.10 3

180 100.00

114 63.30

66 35.70 4

180 100.00

5.3 ( )

132 73.30

48 26.70 5

180 100.00

5.4 ( .)

68 38.80

112 62.20 2

180 100.00

68 38.80

112 62.20 2

180 100.00

41 22.80

139 77.30 1

180 100.00

100 112

62.20 ( .) 112

62.20 83 46.10

66 35.70 ( )

48 26.70

( X ) (S.D.)

7 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 2.84 1.098

100 3.07 1.136

100 3.10 1.154

100 3.33 1.205

100 2.71 1.222

( X ) (S.D.)

100 2.80 1.380

3.96 1.285 2

100 4.03 1.022 1

100 3.14 1.132

3.21 .899

( X =3.21, S.D. = .899)

( X = 4.03 , S.D. = 1.022)

( X =3.96 , S.D. = 1.285)

100 ( X = 3.33, S.D. =

1.205)

100 ( X = 2.71, S.D. = 1.222)

8 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 3.21 1.319 4

100 3.38 1.278 2

100 3.67 1.350 1

100 2.91 1.023

100 3.26 1.003 3

3.28 .793 -

( X =3.28, S.D. = .793)

100 ( X = 3.67 , S.D. = 1.350)

( X =3.38 , S.D. = 1.278) 3)

100 ( X = 3.21, S.D. = 1.319)

9 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 3.41 .920 4

100 3.65 .868 3

100 3.73 .883 2

100 4.19 .975 1

5. 100 3.22 1.028 5

6. 100

3.06 1.127 7

7. 100

3.08 .822 6

8. 100

2.91 .861 8

100 2.83 .920 10

100 2.86 1.278 9

3.29 .643 -

( X =3.29, S.D. = .643)

100 ( X = 4.19, S.D. = .975 )

X = 3.73 , S.D. = .883 )

( X = 2.83, S.D. = .920)

10 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 2.49 .948 8

100 2.55 1.058 6

2.58 1.062 4

100 2.90 1.149 1

100 2.79 1.093 2

2.56 .922 5

100 2.61 1.257 3

100 2.51 1.368 7

2.24 1.327 10

100 2.32 1.055 9

10 ( )

( X ) (S.D.)

2.19 1.056 11

2.52 .898

( X =2.52, S.D. = .898)

100 ( X = 2.90, S.D. =

1.149 ) 2)

100 ( X = 2.79 , S.D. = 1.093 ) 3)

100 ( X = 2.61 , S.D.

= 1.257 )

( X = 2.19, S.D. = 1.056)

11 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 2.76 1.021 3

100 2.60 1.122 7

2.31 1.026 17

100 2.27 1.098 18

100 2.40 1.071 12

2.51 1.198 9

100 2.33 1.056 15

2.94 1.190 1

2.61 1.116 6

2.37 1.143 14

2.44 1.069 10

100 2.87 1.239 2

2.76 1.043 4

11 ( )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 2.43 .992 11

2.73 1.060 5

2.38 .917 13

2.32 1.050 16

2.59 1.050 8

2.54 .879 -

( X =2.54, S.D. = .879)

( X = 2.94 , S.D. = 1.190)

100 ( X = 2.87 , S.D.

= 1.239)

100 ( X = 2.27, S.D. = 1.098)

12 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 3.15 1.466 7

100 3.21 1.199 4

3. 3.66 1.069 2

100 2.91 1.076 9

100 3.09 1.090 8

100 3.19 1.119 5

7.3.83 .902 1

8. 3.48 1.085 3

3.16 1.139 6

3.30 .786 -

( X =3.30, S.D. = .786)

( X =3.83, S.D. = .902)

( X =3.66, S.D. = 1.069)

100 ( X = 2.91, S.D. = 1.076)

13 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n = 180 )

( X ) (S.D.)

100 2.77 1.089 1

100 2.56 1.074 3

2.29 1.075 6

2.58 1.073 2

2.29 1.055 7

2.52 1.257 4

2.18 1.274 8

100 2.36 1.227 5

2.44 1.013 -

( X = 2.44, S.D. =

1.013)

100 ( X = 2.77,

S.D. = 1.089)

( X = 2.58, S.D. = 1.073 )

( X = 2.18, S.D. = 1.274)

100 100

100 (t-test)

(One – way ANOVA)

14 ( X ) (S.D.)

(t-test)

(n=180)

n X S.D. t

53 2.93 .791 4.115* .000

127 2.35 .888

53 2.52 .773 -1.05 .917

127 2.54 .923

53 3.08 .882 -2.445* .015

127 3.39 .727

53 2.18 .619 -2.242* .026

127 2.55 1.122

53 2.68 .654 -.240 .811

127 2.71 .859

( X = 2.93, X = 2.35 )

( X = 3.39, X = 3.08 )

( X = 2.55, X = 2.18 ) .05

15 ( X ) (S.D.)

(n=180)

n X S.D.

30 80 2.79 .738 1

31 – 40 50 2.17 .964 4

41 – 50 18 2.78 .397 2

51 32 2.27 1.105 3

30 80 2.64 .933 3

31 – 40 50 2.00 .669 4

41 – 50 18 2.96 .567 1

51 32 2.86 .810 2

30 80 3.22 .897 4

31 – 40 50 3.24 .685 3

41 – 50 18 3.65 .587 1

51 32 3.37 .698 2

30 80 2.56 .940 3

31 – 40 50 1.93 .861 4

41 – 50 18 3.10 .499 1

51 32 2.58 1.278 2

15 ( )

30 80 2.80 .794 2

31 – 40 50 2.33 .707 4

41 – 50 18 3.12 .459 1

51 32 2.77 .926 3

30 41 – 50

X = 2.79, X = 2.78 ) 51 31 – 40 ( X = 2.27, X

= 2.17 )

41 – 50 51

30 ( X = 2.96, X = 2.86 X = 2.64 ) 31 – 40

( X = 2.00)

41 – 50 ( X = 3.65)

51 31 – 40 30 ( X = 3.37, X = 3.24 X = 3.22

41 – 50 51 ( X =

3.10, X = 2.58 ) 30 ( X = 2.56) 31 – 40

41 – 50 30 51

( X = 3.12, X = 2.80 X = 2.77 ) 31 – 40 ( X = 2.33)

(n=180)

df SS MS F

3 15.285 5.095 6.945* .000

176 129.126 .734

179 144.411

3 21.945 7.315 11.053* .000

176 116.484 .662

179 138.430

3 3.113 1.038 1.699 .169

176 107.505 .611

179 110.617

3 22.594 7.531 8.231* .000

176 161.041 .915

179 183.635

3 10.881 3.627 6.108* .001

176 104.508 .594

179 115.389

(Scheff 's Method )

30 ( X =

31 – 40

( X =2.17)

41 – 50

( X =2.78)

( X =2.27)

( X =2.79) -

31 – 40

( X =2.17)

.6225*

41 – 50

( X =2.78)

-.6105

( X =2.27)

.5227*

-.0998

( X =2.64)

31 – 40

( X =2.00)

41 – 50

( X =2.96)

( X =2.86)

( X =2.64) -

31 – 40

( X =2.00)

.6451*

41 – 50

( X =2.96)

-.3178

-.9630*

( X =2.86)

-.2142

-.8594*

17 ( )

( X =2.56)

31 – 40

( X =1.93)

41 – 50

( X =3.10)

( X =2.58)

( X =2.56) -

31 – 40

( X =1.93)

.6309*

41 – 50

( X =3.10)

-.5363

-1.1672*

( X =2.58)

-.0211

-.6520*

( X =2.80)

31 – 40

( X =2.33)

41 – 50

( X =3.12)

( X =2.76)

( X =2.80) -

31 – 40

( X =2.33)

.4680*

41 – 50

( X =3.12)

-.3196

-.7876*

( X =2.76)

-.4346

31 – 40 ( X = 2.79, X = 2.17 )

51 ( X = 2.79, X = 2.27 )

31 – 40 ( X = 2.64, X = 2.00 ) 41 - 50

31 – 40 ( X = 2.96, X = 2.00 ) 51

31 – 40 ( X = 2.86, X = 2.00

31 – 40 ( X = 2.56 , X = 1.93 )

41 - 50

31 – (40 X = 3.10, X = 1.93 ) 51

31 – 40 ( X = 2.58,

X = 1.93 )

31 – 40 X = 2.80, X = 2.33 ) 41 - 50

31 – 40

( X = 3.12, X = 2.33 )

18 ( X ) (S.D.)

n X S.D.

/ 33 1.87 1.297 4

/ 21 2.63 .443 2

26 2.61 1.019 3

/ 100 2.69 .662 1

/ 33 2.04 1.123 3

/ 21 2.17 1.179 4

26 2.49 1.036 2

/ 100 2.79 .515 1

/ 33 2.96 .639 4

/ 21 3.43 .645 2

26 3.00 1.403 3

/ 100 3.46 .560 1

/ 33 1.47 .529 4

/ 21 2.55 .947 2

26 2.29 1.134 3

/ 100 2.78 .905 1

/ 33 2.08 .847 4

/ 21 2.70 .795 2

26 2.60 1.140 3

/ 100 2.93 .543 1

( X = 2.69, X = 2.63 X = 2.61 ) /

( X = 1.87)

/ ( X = 2.79)

/ / ( X = 2.49, X = 2.17

X = 2.04 )

/ / ( X = 3.46, X = 3.43, X = 3.00

X = 2.96 )

/ ( X = 2.78 X = 2.55) ( X = 2.29)

/ ( X = 1.47 )

( X = 2.93, X = 2.70 X = 2.60 ) /

( X = 2.08)

df SS MS F

3 17.354 5.785 8.013* .000

176 127.057 .722

179 144.411

3 17.299 5.766 8.378* .000

176 121.131 .688

179 138.430

3 8.973 2.991 5.179* .002

176 101.644 .578

179 110.617

3 43.516 14.505 18.220* .000

176 140.119 .796

179 183.635

3 18.054 6.018 10.882* .000

176 97.335 .553

179 115.389

(Scheff 's Method )

( X =1.87)

( X =2.63)

( X =2.61)

( X =2.69)

( X =1.87)

( X =2.63)

-.7615*

( X =2.61)

-.7414*

( X =2.69)

-.8213*

-.0598

-.0799

( X =2.04)

( X =2.17)

( X =2.45)

( X =2.79)

( X =2.04)

( X =2.17)

-.1359

( X =2.45)

-.4506

-.3147

20 ( )

( X =2.79)

-.7491*

-.6132*

-.2985

( X =2.96)

( X =3.43)

( X =3.00)

( X =2.96)

( X =3.43)

-.4723

-.0480

-.5004*

-.0281

-.4524

( X =1.47)

( X =2.55)

( X =2.29)

( X =2.78)

( X =1.47)

( X =2.55)

-1.0779*

( X =2.29)

-.8236*

20 ( )

( X =2.78)

-1.3116*

-.2336

-.4880

( X =2.08)

( X =2.70)

( X =2.60)

( X =2.93)

( X =2.08)

( X =2.70)

-.6119*

( X =2.60)

-.5159

( X =2.93)

-.8456*

-.2337

-.3297

/ ( X = 2.63, X = 2.61, X = 2.69 X = 1.87 )

/ ( X = 2.79, X

= 2.04 )

/ ( X = 3.46, X = 2.96)

/ ( X = 2.55, X = 2.29, X = 2.78 X = 1.47

( X = 2.70, X X = 2.93 = 2.08 )

( X ) (S.D.)

n X S.D.

10 3.80 .613 1

35 2.67 .298 3

12 1.86 .873 4

/ 37 2 2.73 .637

74 2.34 1.090 5

12 2.15 .224 6

10 3.66 .726 1

35 2.83 .479 2

12 1.67 .545 5

/ 37 2.44 .371 3

74 2.38 .108 4

12 2.83 .164 2

21 ( )

n X S.D.

10 3.98 .984 1

35 3.44 .423 4

12 2.00 .994 6

/ 37 3.57 .530 3

74 3.16 .726 5

12 3.59 .711 2

10 4.15 1.265 1

35 2.68 .566 3

12 1.71 .862 6

/ 37 4 2.59 .927

74 2.08 .914 5

2 12 2.83 .862

10 3.90 .897 1

35 2.90 .399 2

12 1.81 .782 6

/ 37 4 2.83 .496

74 2.49 .875 5

12 2.85 .408 3

( X = 3.80 ) /

( X = 2.73 X = 2.67)

( X = 1.86 )

( X = 3.66 )

( X = 2.83)

( X = 1.67 )

( X = 2.29, X = 2.78 X = 1.47 ) ( X =

( X = 4.15 )

/ ( X = 2.83,

X = 2.68 X = 2.59 ) ( X = 1.71 )

( X = 3.90 )

/ ( X = 2.90, X = 2.85 X = 2.83

) ( X = 1.81 )

df SS MS F

5 8.300* .000 27.811 5.562

.670 174 116.600

179 144.411

5 8.708* .000 27.707 5.541

.636 174 110.722

179 138.430

5 13.412* .000 30.772 6.154

.459 174 79.845

179 110.617

5 10.016 13.049* .000 50.079

.768 174 133.556

179 183.635

5 11.908* .000 29.418 5.884

.494 174 85.971

179 115.389

(Scheff 's M hod )

( X =3.80)

( X =2.67)

( X =1.86)

( X =2.72)

( X =2.34)

( X =2.15)

( X =3.80)

( X =2.67 )

1.1273*

( X =1.86)

1.9364*

( X =2.72)

1.0752*

-.0521

-.8612

( X =2.34)

1.4548*

-.4816

( X =2.15)

1.6485*

-.2879

23 ( )

( X =3.66)

( X =2.83)

( X =1.67)

( X =2.44)

( X =2.38)

( X =2.83)

( X =3.66)

( X =2.83 )

( X =1.67)

1.9889*

1.1635*

( X =2.44)

1.2141*

.3887 -.7748 -

( X =2.38)

1.2704*

-.7185

( X =2.83)

.8222 -.0032 -1.1667* -.3919 -.4482 -

( X =3.98)

( X =3.44)

( X =2.00)

( X =3.57)

( X =3.59)

( X =3.98)

( X =3.44 )

( X =2.00)

1.9778*

1.4381*

( X =3.57)

-.1355

-1.5736*

( X =3.57)

.8171*

-1.1607*

( X =3.59)

-.1545

-1.5926*

-.0190

-.4319

23 ( )

( X =4.15)

( X =3.44)

( X =1.71)

( X =2.59)

( X =2.08)

( X =2.83)

( X =4.15)

( X =3.44 )

1.4679 -

( X =1.71)

2.4417*

( X =2.59)

1.5554*

-.8863

( X =2.08)

2.0706*

-.3711

( X =2.83)

1.3167* -.1512 -1.1250 -.2387 -.7539 -

( X =3.90)

( X =2.91)

( X =1.81)

( X =2.83)

( X =2.49)

( X =2.85)

( X =3.90)

( X =2.91)

.9900* -

( X =1.81)

2.0862* 1.0961* -

( X =2.83)

1.0622*

-1.0239*

23 ( )

( X =4.15)

( X =3.44)

( X =1.71)

( X =2.59)

( X =2.08)

( X =2.83)

( X =2.49)

1.4032*

-.6829

=2.85)

1.0431* .0531 -1.0430* -.0191 -.3601 -

, ( X = 3.80, X = 2.67, X = 1.87, X = 2.72, X =

2.34 X = 2.15 )

( X = 3.66, X = 1.67, X = 2.44 X = 2.30 )

( X = 3.66 X = 1.67)

( X = 2.83 X = 1.67)

( X = 3.98, X = 3.44, X = 3.57, X = 3.57, X = 3.59

X = 2.00 )

( X = 3.98 X = 3.57)

/ , ( X = 4.15, X = 3.44, X = 1.71, X

= 2.59, X = 2.08 X = 2.83 )

, , / ,

( X = 3.90, X = 2.91, X = 1.81, X = 2.83, X = 2.49

X = 2.85 ) /,

( X = 2.91, X = 2.83, X = 2.85 X = 1.81 )

( X ) (S.D.)

n X S.D.

10,000 58 2.55 .818 3

10,001 – 20,000 47 2.77 .724 2

20,001 – 30,000 44 2.03 1.046 4

30,001 31 2.79 .803 1

10,000 58 2.65 .724 2

10,001 – 20,000 47 1 2.95 .586

20,001 – 30,000 44 1.99 1.156 4

30,001 31 2.46 .669 3

10,000 58 2.83 .706 4

10,001 – 20,000 47 3.78 .539 2

20,001 – 30,000 44 3.02 .863 3

30,001 31 3.82 .194 1

24 ( )

n X S.D.

10,000 58 2.18 .563 3

10,001 – 20,000 47 1 3.33 1.005

20,001 – 30,000 44 1.91 1.044 4

30,001 31 2.35 .780 2

10,000 58 2.55 .642 3

10,001 – 20,000 47 3.21 .630 1

20,001 – 30,000 44 2.24 .982 4

2 30,001 31 2.86 .537

10,000 , 10,001 – 20,000 30,001

( X = 2.55, X = 2.77 X = 2.79 ) 20,001 – 30,000

( X = 2.55)

10,000 10,001 – 20,000

X =( 2.65 X = 2.95) 20,001 – 30,000 30,001

( X = 1.99 X = 2.46)

10,001 – 20,000 30,001

X =( 3.78 X = 3.82) 10,000 20,001 – 30,000

( X = 2.83 X = 3.02)

10,001 – 20,000 ( X = 3.33 )

10,000 , 20,001 – 30,000 30,001 ( X = 2.18,

X = 1.91 X = 2.35)

10,000 , 10,001 – 20,000 30,001

( X = 2.55, X = 3.21 X = 2.86) 20,001 – 30,000

( X = 2.24 )

df SS F

3 15.768 5.256 7.191* .000

176 128.644 .731

179 144.411

3 21.892 7.297 11.021* .000

176 116.538 .662

179 138.430

3 35.739 11.913 28.001* .000

176 74.878 .425

179 110.617

3 54.058 18.019 24.475* .000

176 129.577 .736

179 183.635

3 23.484 7.828 14.991* .000

176 91.905 .522

179 115.389

(Scheff 's Method )

10,000

( X =2.55)

10,001 – 20,000

( X =2.77)

20,001 – 30,000

( X =2.03)

30,001

( X =2.79)

10,000

( X =2.55) -

10,001 – 20,000

( X =2.77)

-.2127

20,001 – 30,000

( X =2.03)

.5223*

.7350*

30,001

( X =2.79)

-.2414

-.0288

-.7637*

10,000

( X =2.65)

10,001 – 20,000

( X =2.95)

20,001 – 30,000

( X =1.99)

30,001

( X =2.46)

10,000

( X =2.65) -

10,001 – 20,000

( X =2.95)

-.2947

20,001 – 30,000

( X =1.99)

.6596*

.9543*

30,001

( X =2.46)

-.4669

26 ( )

10,000

( X =2.83)

10,001 – 20,000

( X =3.78)

20,001 – 30,000

( X =3.02)

30,001

( X =3.82)

10,000

( X =2.83) -

10,001 – 20,000

( X =3.78)

-.9554*

20,001 – 30,000

( X =3.02)

-.1907

.7647*

30,001

( X =3.82)

-.9913*

-.0359

-.8006*

10,000

( X =2.18)

10,001 – 20,000

( X =3.33)

20,001 – 30,000

( X =1.91)

30,001

( X =2.35)

10,000

( X =2.18) -

10,001 – 20,000

( X =3.33)

-1.1536*

20,001 – 30,000

( X =1.91)

1.4234*

30,001

( X =2.35)

-.1679

.9857*

-.4377

10,000

( X =2.56)

10,001 – 20,000

( X =3.21)

20,001 – 30,000

( X =2.24)

30,001

( X =2.86)

10,000

( X =2.56) -

10,001 – 20,000

( X =3.21)

-.6541*

20,001 – 30,000

( X =2.24)

.9693*

30,001

( X =2.86)

-.3020

-.6172*

10,000 , 10,001 – 20,000 30,001

20,001 – 30,000 ( X = 2.55, X = 2.77, X = 2.79 X = 2.03 )

10,000 10,001 – 20,000

20,001 – 30,000

( X = 2.65, X = 2.95 X = 1.99 )

10,001 – 20,000 30,001

10,000

X = 3.78, X = 3.82 X = 2.83 ) 10,001 – 20,000

20,001 – 30,000 ( X = 3.78

X = 3.02) 30,001

20,001 – 30,000 ( X = 3.82 X = 3.02)

10,001 – 20,000

10,000 , 20,001 – 30,000

30,001 ( X = 3.33, X = 2.18, X = 1.91, X = 2.35 )

10,001 – 20,000

10,000 20,001 – 30,000 ( X = 3.21,

X = 2.56 X = 2.24 ) 30,001

20,001 – 30,000 ( X = 2.86 X = 2.24)

27 ( X ) (S.D.)

n X S.D.

45 2.86 .632 2

47 1.99 1.056 4

22 1.54 .359 5

24 2.74 .293 3

42 3.14 .587 1

45 3.28 .373 1

47 1.88 1.019 5

22 2.06 .717 4

24 2.73 .314 2

42 2.62 .701 3

45 3.74 .699 1

47 2.87 .523 4

22 2.59 .986 5

24 3.05 .476 3

42 3.82 .486 2

45 3.15 .898 1

47 1.63 .546 5

22 1.67 .492 4

24 2.76 .363 3

42 2.83 1.117 2

45 3.26 .604 1

47 2.09 .725 5

22 1.96 .564 4

24 2.82 .239 3

42 3.10 .640 2

( X = 3.14, X = 2.86 X = 2.74 )

( X = 1.54)

( X = 3.28, X = 2.73 X = 2.62 )

( X = 1.88)

= 2.73 X = 2.62) ( X = 2.59)

( X = 3.15, X = 2.83 X = 2.76 )

( X = 1.63)

( X = 3.26, X = 3.10 X = 2.82 )

( X = 1.96)

df SS MS F p-value

4 56.680 14.170 28.265* .000

175 87.732 .501

179 144.411

4 51.346 12.836 25.796* .000

175 87.084 .498

179 138.430

4 41.246 10.312 26.013* .000

175 69.371 .396

179 110.617

4 75.219 18.805 30.354* .000

175 108.416 .620

179 183.635

4 50.314 12.579 33.827* .000

175 65.074 .372

179 115.389

(Scheff 's Method )

( X =2.86)

( X =1.99)

( X =1.54)

( X =2.74)

( X =3.13)

( X =2.86)

( X =1.99)

.8743*

( X =1.54)

1.3192*

( X =2.74)

-.7521*

-1.1970*

( X =3.13)

-.2739

-1.1482*

-1.5931*

-.3961

29 ( )

( X =3.28)

( X =1.88)

( X =2.06)

( X =2.73)

( X =2.62)

( X =3.28)

( X =1.88)

1.3995*

( X =2.06)

1.2210*

-.1785

( X =2.73)

-.9498*

-.6713*

( X =2.62)

.6549*

-.7446*

-.5661

( X =3.74)

( X =2.87)

( X =2.58)

( X =3.04)

( X =3.82)

( X =3.74)

( X =2.87)

.8658*

( X =2.58)

1.1499*

29 ( )

( X =3.74)

( X =2.87)

( X =2.58)

( X =3.04)

( X =3.82)

( X =3.04)

-.1763

-.4604

( X =3.82)

-.0817

-.9475*

-1.2316*

-.7712*

29 ( )

( X =3.15)

( X =1.63)

( X =1.67)

( X =2.76)

( X =3.15)

( X =1.63)

1.5196*

( X =1.67)

1.4768*

-.0428

( X =2.76)

-1.1328*

-1.0900*

( X =2.82)

-1.1967

-1.1540*

-.0640

29 ( )

( X =3.26)

( X =2.09)

( X =1.96)

( X =2.82)

( X =3.10)

( X =3.26)

( X =2.09)

1.1648*

( X =1.96)

1.2917*

( X =2.82)

-.7277*

-.8547*

( X =3.10)

-1.0093*

-1.1362*

-.2815

( X = 2.88, X = 1.99 X = 1.54 )

( X = 2.74, X = 3.13 X = 1.99 )

( X = 2.74, X = 3.13 X = 1.54 )

( X = 3.28, X = 1.88 , X = 2.06 X = 2.62 )

( X X= 2.73, = 2.62 X = 1.88

( X = 2.73 X = 2.06)

( X = 3.74, X = 2.87, X = 2.58 )

( X = 3.82, X = 2.87 , X = 2.58

X = 3.04 )

( X = 3.15, X = 1.63 X = 1.67 )

( X = 2.76 X = 1.63)

( X = 2.76, X = 2.82 X = 1.67 )

3.26, X = 2.09 X = 1.96 )

( X = 2.82, X = 3.10 X = 2.09 )

( X = 2.82, X = 3.10 X = 1.96 )

30 ( X ) (S.D.)

(t-test)

(n=180)

n X S.D. t

93 2.96 .672 9.957* .000

87 1.89 .703

93 2.88 .625 8.490* .000

87 1.96 .755

93 3.55 .513 7.325* .000

87 2.83 .726

93 2.69 .853 5.379* .000

87 1.94 .930

93 3.02 .504 9.134* .000

87 2.16 .693

( X = 2.96, X = 1.89 )

( X = 2.88, X = 1.96 )

3.55, X = 2.83 )

( X = 2.69, X = 1.94

( X = 3.02, X = 2.16 )

31 ( X ) (S.D.)

(t-test)

(n=180)

n X S.D. t

5 100 2.09 .846 -8.500* .000

6 80 3.06 .664

5 100 2.20 .902 -6.461* .000

6 80 2.96 .662

5 100 3.05 .843 -5.995* .000

6 80 3.66 .509

5 100 2.15 1.009 -4.567* .000

6 80 2.83 .914

5 100 2.37 .839 -6.910* .000

6 80 3.13 .532

5 ( X = 3.06, X = 2.09 ) 6

5 ( X =

6, 2.9 X = 2.20 ) 6

5 ( X = 3.66, X = 3.05 )

5 ( X = 2.83, X = 2.15 ) 6

5 ( X = 3.13, X = 2.37 )

32 ( X ) (S.D.)

n X S.D.

.500 74 3.07 .617 1

.501 – 2 32 2.63 1.013 2

2.500 – 3 28 2.38 .685 3

3 46 1.65 .557 4

.500 74 2.85 .657 2

.501 – 2 32 3.16 .739 1

2.500 – 3 28 2.33 .692 3

3 46 1.72 .746 4

.500 74 3.61 .505 2

.501 – 2 32 3.75 .805 1

2.500 – 3 28 2.99 1.116 3

3 46 2.66 .265 4

.500 74 2.79 .852 1

.501 – 2 32 2.76 1.013 2

2.500 – 3 28 2.58 1.232 3

3 46 1.58 .494 4

.500 74 3.08 .497 1

.501 – 2 32 3.08 .831 2

2.500 – 3 28 2.57 .437 3

3 46 1.90 .437 4

.500 , .501 – 2

( X = 3.07, X = 2.63 ) 2.500 – 3 3

( X = 2.63, X = 1.65 )

.501 – 2 .500

( X = 3.16, X = 2.85 ) 2.500 – 3 3

( X = 2.33, X = 1.72 )

501 – 2 .500

( X = 3.61, X = 3.75 ) 2.500 – 3 3

( X = 2.99, X = 2.66 )

.500 , .501 – 2

2.500 – 3 ( X = 2.79, X = 2.76 X = 2.58 ) 3

( X = 1.58)

.500 , .501 – 2 2.500 – 3

( X = 3.08, X = 3.08 X = 2.57 ) 3

( X = 1.90)

df SS MS F

3 58.848 19.616 40.349* .000

176 85.563 .486

179 144.411

3 52.026 17.342 35.325* .000

176 86.404 .491

179 138.430

3 35.067 11.689 27.231* .002

176 75.550 .429

179 110.617

3 46.822 15.607 20.078* .000

176 136.813 .777

179 183.635

3 45.143 15.048 37.702* .000

176 70.246 .399

179 115.389

(Scheff 's Method )

.501 – 2

( X =2.63)

2.500 – 3

( X =1.65)

.501 – 2

( X =2.63)

.4443*

2.500 – 3

( X =2.38)

.6951*

( X =1.65)

1.4287* .9844* .7336* -

( X =2.85)

.501 – 2

( X =3.16)

2.500 – 3

( X =2.33)

( X =1.72)

( X =2.85)

.501 – 2

( X =3.16)

-.3111

2.500 – 3

( X =2.33)

.5247*

.8358*

( X =1.72)

1.1347*

1.4458*

.6100*

34 ( )

.501 – 2

( X =3.75)

2.500 – 3

( X =2.66)

.501 – 2

( X =3.75)

-.1339

2.500 – 3

( X =2.98)

.6245*

.7584*

( X =2.66)

08* 1.0847* .3263 - .95

.501 – 2

( X =2.76)

2.500 – 3

( X =1.58)

.501 – 2

( X =2.76)

2.500 – 3

( X =2.58)

( X =1.58)

1.2090*

1.1802*

.9944*

34 ( )

.501 – 2

=3.08)

2.500 – 3

( X ( X =

( X =1.90)

.501 – 2

( X =3.08)

2.500 – 3

( X =2.57)

.5147*

.5077*

=1.90)

1.1808*

1.1738*

.6661*

501 – 2 , 2.500 – 3 3

( X = 3.07, X = 2.63, X = 2.38 X = 1.65 ) .501 – 2

2.500 – 3

3 ( X = 2.63, X = 2.38, X = 1.65 )

.500 .501 – 2

2.500 – 3 ( X =

2.85, X = 3.15, X = 2.33 ) .500 , .501 – 2 2.500

3 ( X = 2.85, X = 3.16, X = 2.33 X = 1.72 )

.500 .501 – 2

2.500 – 3

( X = 3.61, X = 3.75 X = 2.98 ) .500 .501 – 2

( X = 3.61, X = 3.75 X = 2.66 )

.500 , 501 – 2 2.500 – 3

3 ( X = 2.79, X = 2.76, X = 2.58 X = 1.58 )

.500 501 – 2

2.500 – 3 ( X = 3.08,

X = 3.08 X = 2.57 ) .500 , 501 – 2 2.500 – 3

3 ( X = 3.08, X = 3.08, X = 2.57 X = 1.90 )

(X1) (X2) (X3)

(Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis)

(X1) (X2)

(Y) 100

(Pearson’s Product moment

Correlation Coefficient) 35

(Y) 100

(n = 180) X1 X2 X3 Y

X1 1 .455**

.649**

.688**

X2 1 .453**

.784**

X3 1 .552**

** .01

.01 .784

.01 .552

R R2 Adj R2 R2

change

(X1) .784 .615 .612 .615 .601 .594 14.151*

.868 .753 .750 .138 .373 .417 9.934*

Constant(a) = -.473 S.E. = .140 Over all F = 269.212*

61.5 t-test 14.151

.05 (X2) 2

13.8 t-test 9.934 .05

100 75.3

ˆ = -.473 +.601 (X1) +.373 (X2)

= .594 Z (x1) +.275 Z (x2)

( n = 30 )

1 13 43.33

2 7 23.33

3 5 16.67

4 3 10.00

5 2 6.67

30 100

43.33 23.33

16.67 10.00

( n = 30 )

1 10 33.33

7 23.33

6 20.00

5 16.67

5 2 6.67

30 100

23.33 20.00

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(Quantitative

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(f) (%) ( X ) (S.D.) (t- test)

(Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis )

(Qualitative Research)

(In- depth Interview) (focus group) (Key informants)

(Content Analysis) (Typological

Analysis) (Triangulation Method)

100 61.5

t-test 14.151 .05

13.8 t-test

9.934 .05

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(2543 : 7)

(Involvement)

(Commitment)

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(2545 : 23-24)

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(Bandura 1997, pp. 84-85)

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2 (Generality)

(Strengh)

( Gottlieb 1994, 2531 : 101)

2. ( Mezzo level )

3. (Micro level )

3. 100

,2543:43) (2538:126)

3. 4. 5.

(2539 : 79-80)

(freedom to participate) 2. (ability to participate)

3. (willingness to participate)

2. 2 3.

3.3 100

(2546)

(Learning)

(2545) Best Practices

(2542 : 40 )

(Kahn 1979 : 85)

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. 23 - 25 ,2545.

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Anthony, H. Birch.Concepts &Theories of Modern Democracy. 2 nd ed. Edition Routledge.

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Cobb, S. “Social Support as a Moderator of Life Stress.” Psychosomatic Medicine 38

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Cohen ,John M. and Norman T Upoff. “Participation’s Place in Rural Development: Seeking

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perspectives, 85. Edited by M.W.Riley. Corolado: Westview press,1979

Kaufman ,H.F. “Participation in Organization Activities in Selected Kentucky Localities”

Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin

Reeder, Willian W. “Some Aspects of the Informance Social Paticipation of Farm Families in

New York State Cornell University.” (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, 1974.)

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Behavior 23 (June 1982) : 147-148

United Nations. (1981.May). “Department of Intemational Economic amd social Affairs.”

Popular Particpation as a stategy for Promoting Community Level Action and

inc.,1973.

Vroom, V. H. Work and motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1964.

Well,M.).Neglect of biological riches : The economics of nature tourism in Nepal In

Biodiversity and Cnservation.(p.329). n.p. 1993.

White, Alastair T.Why Community Participation?A Discussion of the Agument Co,

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Fund. 1982.

World Tourism Organization. Guide for local authorities on developing sustainable tourism.

Madrid, Spain: Author,1998.

Yadav, Ram P. People’s Participation: Focus on Mobilization of the Rural Poor. UN(ADI)

Bangkok, 1979

Yamane, Taro. Statistics : An Introduction Analsis. Tokyo : Johnweatherhill, 1973.

Index of Item Objective Congruence

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

0 +1 +1 2.00

100 0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

0 +1 +1 2.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

0 +1 +1 2.00

5. 100

0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

6. 100

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

7. 100

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

8. 100

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

0 +1 +1 2.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 0 +1 +1 2.00 0.67

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

0 +1 +1 2.00

0 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

+1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

100 +1 +1 +1 3.00 1.00

20 20 – 30 31 – 40

41 – 50 51 – 60 61

/ .........................................

5,000 5,001 – 10,000 10,001 – 20,000

20,001 – 30,000 30,001

.................................................

7. 100

8. 100

5 6 – 10 11 – 15

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