Marine Vertebrates: Fishes (Part 1)

Marine Vertebrates:Fishes (Part 1)

Chordates

Common features of all chordates: Dorsal (back) hollow nerve cord Notochord (flexible support rod, becomes backbone in vertebrates) Gill slits in the pharynx Post-anal tail Ventral heart

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata (larva)

Subphylum Cephalochordata (adult)

Subphylum Vertebrata (embryo)

Fishes

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 3 Classes:

Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Fishes

Fishes

Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Hagfishes (slime eels, not true eels) Lampreys (mostly freshwater) Most primative fishes Lack: jaws, paired fins, scales Round mouth, teeth, feed by suction

NOAA USGS

Fishes

Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Not true vertebrates? Notochord skeleton (no vertebrae) Cartilage skull

Hagfish

Lamprey

Shark

green = notochordblue = cartilage

http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/craniata.gif

AgnathaHagfish Bore or burrow head first, gills farther from head Slime glands

Sea Lampreys Attach and suck blood from other fishes Breed in freshwater, move to sea as adults

Hagfish

http://vivaldi.zool.gu.se/Fiskfysiologi_2001/Course_material/Introduction_fish_evolution/Images/Hagfish_slime.jpg

Slime as defense mechanism Tie themselves in knots to rid excess slime

“Eelskin leather” not really from eels, but from hagfish

Fishes

Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Chimaeras (ratfishes) Sharks, rays, skates Vertebra, skeleton of cartilage Placoid scales (like sandpaper) Ventral mouth under head

Chimaeras

Subclass Holocephali Called ratfishes, rabbitfishes, ghost sharks Only one pair external gill slits Almost no scales Poisonous spine on first dorsal fin for defense

Mostly deep sea Feed on bottom (crustaceans, molluscs)

http://img.geo.de/div/image/59517/langnasenchimaere-popup.jpg http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Spotted%20ratfish%20028.jpg

NOAA

Chimaeras

Sharks

Subclass Elasmobranchii Heterocercal tail (caudal fin) 5-7 pairs of gill slits 2 dorsal fins, 2 pectoral fins

“dermaldenticles”

Sharks

Relative sizes of sharks

Sharks Largest species:

Whale sharks (up to 60 ft) Basking sharks (up to 50 ft) Filter feeders (eat plankton)

Whale (Rhincodon typus) Basking (Cetorhinus maximus)

Sharks Jaws!

Powerful jaws Rows of replacable teeth

http://www.evolutionnyc.com//ImgUpload/P_455917_964647.jpg

Sand tiger (Odontaspis taurus)

Sharks

Shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus)

Blue (Prionace glauca)

http://www.bite-back.com/images/mako%20shark.jpg

Great white (Carcharodon carcharias)

http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Great-White-Shark-002.jpg

http://www.akvariumas.lt/naujienos/prionace_glauca.jpg

Blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus)

Sharks

Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)

javascript:popUp('/_n/s/viewer/index.asp?id=373&pic=_05/Sphyrna_tiburo1.jpg') http://www.divemagazine.co.uk/news/images/2005-gr8hammerhead1.jpg

Bonnethead Great hammerhead

Sharks

http://www.malapascua-diving.com/Images/Large/Fish/thresher.04.jpg http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Sandbar-Shark-001.jpg

Thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) Sandbar, brown shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus)

Porbeagle (Lamna nasus)

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/sharks/porbeagle.jpg http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-types/greenland-shark.jpg

Greenland shark

Sharks

Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)Nurse

http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Nurse-shark004.jpg http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Spiny%20dogfish%20059.jpg

http://www.cabrilloaq.org/images/leopardshark.jpg

Leopard

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tasseled_wobbegong_shark.jpg

Tasseled wobbegong

Sharks

Cookie cutter shark

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Images/3149/Isistius%20plutodus%20I-28924-0.jpg

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/CookiecutterShark/cookiecuttersharkbite_profile.jpghttp://science.discovery.com/tv/goblin-shark/images/goblin-shark-250.jpg

Goblin shark

Megamouth

Sharks

http://amonline.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/images/saliae2.jpg

Pygmy Dwarf lantern shark

up to 10 inches meso- and bathypelagic

http://www.sharkmans-world.com/images/species/etmopterus_perryi.jpg

up to 7 inches mesopelagic

Sharks

Bull (Carcharhinus leucas)

It’s not safe to go in the... river?1916 – 2 shark attacks in Matawan Creek, NJ

1.5 miles upstream from bay, 12 miles from ocean

http://www.njscuba.net/biology/images/matawan_creek_aerial.jpg

SharksIt’s not safe to be out of the water?

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/11/photogalleries/sharks1/ http://www.newenglandsharks.com/thresher%20jumping%20leonard.jpghttp://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/sharks/shortfin_mako_jump.jpg

Rays and Skates

Subclass Elasmobranchii Flat body Pectoral fins like wings 5 pairs of gill slits, underside

Rays

Spotted eagle rayManta ray

http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Manta-ray-14.jpg

Pelagic varieties

http://www.jochenlenzdive.de/scubatech/images/stories/divingongrenada/scubatech%20dive%20center%20grenada%20eagle%20rays%20bianca%20c%20scuba%20diving%20in%20grenada%20dive%20grenada%20dive%20center%20grenada%20tauchbasis%20grenada%20%20tauchshop%20grenada%20tauchen%20grenada%20plonger%20a%20grenade.jpg

Yellow stingray

Rays

Roughtail stingray (Dasyatis centroura)

http://www.elasmodiver.com/images/Roughtail-stingray-02.jpg

Benthic varieties

Atlantis Marine World Stingray Bay: Southern stingrays Cownose rays

Rays

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/adapt/raytail2.JPG http://www.hawaii.rr.com/leisure/reviews/jennifer_crites/2004-02_ssafari.htm

Venomous barbs

Rays

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LbccUVbSRd8/SacEAuaNbDI/AAAAAAAAEVA/1qMyWczSjOg/s1600-h/Giant+Stingray.jpg

Giant stingrays of Thailand (freshwater) 7.5 ft across, 10 ft tail, 771 lbs

Rays

http://www.elasmodiver.com/images/sawfish-ripleys-01.jpg

Sawfish

Other Rays

Atlantic torpedo, electric ray (Torpedo nobiliana)

http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/pisces/tornob.jpg

Guitarfish

http://www.aquafauna.be/marins/Fish/Sharks%20&%20Rays/Rhynchobatus%20djiddensis.JPG

Skates

http://www.elasmodiver.com/images/big-skate-xx5.jpg

Winter skate (Raja ocellata) Clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria)

http://www.aqua.org/images/animals_details/Clearnose_skate.jpg

http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/topic_images/skate_egg_cases.jpg

Lay eggs, not live birth No venomous spine Mostly marine

Bony Fishes Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

96% of all fish Vertebra, skeleton part/all bone Cycloid or ctenoid scales 4 pairs of gills, covered Homocercal tail Terminal mouth Swim bladder

cycloid ctenoid

http://hhnaturemuseum.org/dimages/95.jpghttp://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/Vertebrates/BonyFishEvol-1.JPG

Fishes

Ray-finned bony fishes

Lobe-finned bony fishes

2 subclassesAtlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus )

Fishes – Long Island

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/mummichog.jpg

Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/bay_anchovy.jpg

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/njscuba/silverside.jpg

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/sand_lance_school.jpg

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/striped_killy.jpghttp://ridder.punt.nl/index.php?foto=true&id=152373&fgroep=10191#foto

NOAA

American sand lance (Ammodytes americanus)

Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia)

Atlantic menhaden, bunker(Brevoortia tyrannus)

Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)

Striped killifish (Fundulus majalis)

Fishes – Long Island

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/mohawk_cunners2.jpg

http://www.njscuba.net/biology/sw_fish_sea_basses.html

http://www.sherpaguides.com/georgia/chattahoochee/sidebars/striped_bass.jpg

http://omp.gso.uri.edu/doee/biota/fish/scup.jpg

http://www.soundwaters.org/creatures/salt%20creatures/tautog-blackfish.jpg

Scup, porgy (Stenotomus chrysops)

http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/marine/bmr/bluefish2.jpg

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus)

Tautog (Tautoga onitis)Black sea bass (Centropristis striata)

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Fishes – Long Island

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/northern_pipefish_3.jpg

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/sea_robin_2.jpg http://marine.rutgers.edu/leophone/red_hake.jpg

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/njscuba/naked_goby_2.jpghttp://njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/ocean_pout.jpg

Northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus)

Northern searobin (Prionotus carolinus)

Goosefish (Lophius americanus)

Ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) Naked goby (Gobiosoma bosc)Red hake, ling (Urophycis chuss)

NOAA

Northern puffer(Sphoeroides

maculatus)

NPS

Fishes – Long Island

http://www.njscuba.net/biology/sw_fish_flounders.html

Winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus)

Summer flounder, fluke (Paralichthys dentatus)

Hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus)

Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus)

Left-eyed

Right-eyed

Fishes – Open Sea

http://www.mola.org/mola/molamola.gif

Dolphinfish, Mahi mahi (Coryphaens hippurus)

Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)Ocean sunfish (Mola mola)

Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)

http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/living_species/organism_images/lsl_open_m163.jpg

http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/15886/fad-underwater-dolphinfish.jpg

http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/chanfreau/images/cocos2004/Sailfish.jpeg

Fishes - Tropical

http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/support/advancement/uw-2006/images/port2-s.jpg

http://njscuba.net/images-uw/njscuba/squirrelfish.jpg

Fishes - Tropical

http://www.ri.net/schools/Narragansett/NES/%20Unuscreatures/TQErika/porcupinefish.jpg

http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/media/lion04a_600.jpg

http://research.myfwc.com/gallery/

http://www.daveread.com/FlowerGardens/LaborDay97/large/scorpionfish2.jpg

Defenses:

Cryptic/camouflage:

http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/image/frogfish.jpg http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/GDD/hydro/atmu/ecology/chapter4/

Fishes - Tropical

Schooling:

http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Fish/images/20050622-150703.JPG

Fishes - Tropical

http://www.biology-blog.com/images/blogs/7-2007/fishes-in-exploited-reef-12981.jpg

Predators:

http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/

NOAA

NOAA

Fishes - Tropical

http://reefseekers.com/PIXPAGES/BAJA2005/Pananmic_Moray_Eel_vert.jpg

Most are small (few inches) 90% are bristlemouths and lanternfish

NOAA

(5 cm = 2 in)

Fishes – Mesopelagic Zone

Photos: http://www.mar-eco.no/

Fishes – Mesopelagic Zone

Fishes – Mesopelagic Zone

http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2009/barreleye/barreleye1-350.jpg

Large, light-sensitive eyes Tubular, upward eyes Bilobed eyes (up and lateral)

Photos: http://www.mar-eco.no/

Fishes – Bathypelagic Zone Large mouths Small eyes

Reproduction adaptations: Difficult to find a mate Bioluminescent signals Pheromones, smell Hermaphrodites (both sexes) Parasitic males (in anglerfishes)

http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/images/newsreleases/2006/January/20060127_pid22210_aid22209_anglerfish_w600.jpg

Female = 1.8 inMale <0.25 inSmallest known sexually mature vertebrate

Fishes – Bathypelagic Zone

Relatively large and muscular Active scavengers

Fishes – Deep Sea Bottom

http://www.mbari.org/

Fishes – Deep Sea Bottom

Fishes – Deep Sea Bottom

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/uploadedimages/images/Oceanlabmed.jpghttp://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/education/edu_whale.php

http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/earth/crozet/images/Crozet%20M5%20ROBIO%202.jpg