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Marine Fishes
Chapter 8
Vertebrates• Share characteristics with protochordates
(invert chordates)– Single, hollow nerve cord– Pharyngeal slits– Notochord (between nerve cord and gut)– Post-anal tail
• Different because they have a vertebral column (spine)– Protects nerve chord– Bilateral symmetry
Types of Fishes
• Oldest and simplest vertebrates• Most abundant
– About half of species– 15,300 marine
• 3 major groups– Agnatha (jawless fishes)– Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)– Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Jawless Fishes (Class Agnatha)
• Lack jaw – Feed by suction with a round mouth and rows
of teeth• Body is cylindrical and
elongated• Lack paired fins and
scales• Lack true vertebrae
Classes of Jawless FishHagfishes
• AKA slime eels– Produce slimy mucus
• Feed on dead or dying fish• Live in burrows in cold
water• ~20 species known
Lampreys• Found in temperate regions• Breed in freshwater; marine
as adults• Attach to other fish and suck
on blood• ~30 species known
Eww… slime
Cartilaginous Fishes (Class Chondrichthyes)
• Skeleton made of cartilage• Movable jaws with teeth• Paired lateral fins• Rough, sandpaper-like skin
– Placoid scales: pointed tip directed backward• Sharks, rays, skates, and ratfishes
Shark Body• Adapted for fast swimming
and predatory feeding• Fusiform: spindle-shaped
body• Caudal fin: tail fin;
powerful– Heterocercal: upper lobe
longer than lower
• 2 Dorsal fins
• Paired pectoral fins– Large and pointed
• 5-7 gill slits• Rows of sharp,
triangular teeth– Rows are replaced
with back row
Exceptions to the Rules
• ~ 350 living species• Hammerhead
– Wide head; improves sensory perception• Sawshark
– Long, flattened blade armed with teeth• Spined pygmy shark
– Only 10 in long• Whale Shark (largest fish)
– Up to 60 ft long; over 40 ft is rare– Filter feeders (plankton), not hunters
Planet Earth Great White Attack
Manta Rays and Whale Shark
Rays and Skates
• 450 – 550 species• Dorsoventrally flattened bodies• Demersal: live on the bottom• Gill slits underneath (5)• Eyes on the top of head• Sawfish
– Ventral slits so they are grouped with rays
Stingrays
Stingrays• Whip-like tail with spines• Poison glands • Feed on clams, crabs,
fish, animals in sediment• Damage shellfish beds• Teeth are modified
grinding plates
Electric Rays• Special organs that
produce electricity on each side of head
• Shocks up to 200 volts
Manta Rays
• Fly through water• Feed at bottom
or midwater• Largest Manta =
23 ft
Skates
• Similar in appearance and feeding• Lack spines and whip-like tail• Some have electric organs• Lay egg cases
– Rays give birth to live young
Ratfishes• Chimaeras• Mostly deep-water & strange-looking• One pair of gill slits covered with skin• Rat-like tail• Feed on crustaceans
and molluscs
Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes)
• ~23,000 species– 96% of all fishes– ½ of all vertebrates– More than ½ live in the ocean
Skeleton Composition• Skeleton of some bone• Cycloid or ctenoid scales:
thin, flexible, and overlapping– Cycloid: smooth– Ctenoid: tiny spines along borders– Scales made of bone and covered with skin
and mucus– Some do not have bones
• Operculum: flap of bony plates that protects gills
Fins
• Homocercal: lobes of caudal fin are the same size– Sharks are heterocercal
• Fin rays consist of membranes supported by bony spines – Act as rudders or used as protection– Added maneuverability– Sharks have stiff, fleshy fins
Mouths
• Mouth is terminal (anterior end)– Cartilaginous have
ventral mouths• Jaws are protrusible• More freedom of
movement• Teeth can be replaced
but are not in rows
Buoyancy
• Swim bladder: gas-filled sac to adjust buoyancy– Cartilaginous fish have oily livers