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Marine Vertebrates:Fishes (Part 1)
Chordates
Common features of all chordates: Dorsal (back) hollow nerve cord Notochord (flexible support rod, becomes backbone in vertebrates) Gill slits in the pharynx Post-anal tail Ventral heart
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata (larva)
Subphylum Cephalochordata (adult)
Subphylum Vertebrata (embryo)
Fishes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 3 Classes:
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Fishes
Fishes
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Hagfishes (slime eels, not true eels) Lampreys (mostly freshwater) Most primative fishes Lack: jaws, paired fins, scales Round mouth, teeth, feed by suction
NOAA USGS
Fishes
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Not true vertebrates? Notochord skeleton (no vertebrae) Cartilage skull
Hagfish
Lamprey
Shark
green = notochordblue = cartilage
http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/craniata.gif
AgnathaHagfish Bore or burrow head first, gills farther from head Slime glands
Sea Lampreys Attach and suck blood from other fishes Breed in freshwater, move to sea as adults
Hagfish
http://vivaldi.zool.gu.se/Fiskfysiologi_2001/Course_material/Introduction_fish_evolution/Images/Hagfish_slime.jpg
Slime as defense mechanism Tie themselves in knots to rid excess slime
“Eelskin leather” not really from eels, but from hagfish
Fishes
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Chimaeras (ratfishes) Sharks, rays, skates Vertebra, skeleton of cartilage Placoid scales (like sandpaper) Ventral mouth under head
Chimaeras
Subclass Holocephali Called ratfishes, rabbitfishes, ghost sharks Only one pair external gill slits Almost no scales Poisonous spine on first dorsal fin for defense
Mostly deep sea Feed on bottom (crustaceans, molluscs)
http://img.geo.de/div/image/59517/langnasenchimaere-popup.jpg http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Spotted%20ratfish%20028.jpg
NOAA
Chimaeras
Sharks
Subclass Elasmobranchii Heterocercal tail (caudal fin) 5-7 pairs of gill slits 2 dorsal fins, 2 pectoral fins
“dermaldenticles”
Sharks
Relative sizes of sharks
Sharks Largest species:
Whale sharks (up to 60 ft) Basking sharks (up to 50 ft) Filter feeders (eat plankton)
Whale (Rhincodon typus) Basking (Cetorhinus maximus)
Sharks Jaws!
Powerful jaws Rows of replacable teeth
http://www.evolutionnyc.com//ImgUpload/P_455917_964647.jpg
Sand tiger (Odontaspis taurus)
Sharks
Shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus)
Blue (Prionace glauca)
http://www.bite-back.com/images/mako%20shark.jpg
Great white (Carcharodon carcharias)
http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Great-White-Shark-002.jpg
http://www.akvariumas.lt/naujienos/prionace_glauca.jpg
Blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus)
Sharks
Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)
javascript:popUp('/_n/s/viewer/index.asp?id=373&pic=_05/Sphyrna_tiburo1.jpg') http://www.divemagazine.co.uk/news/images/2005-gr8hammerhead1.jpg
Bonnethead Great hammerhead
Sharks
http://www.malapascua-diving.com/Images/Large/Fish/thresher.04.jpg http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Sandbar-Shark-001.jpg
Thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) Sandbar, brown shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus)
Porbeagle (Lamna nasus)
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/sharks/porbeagle.jpg http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-types/greenland-shark.jpg
Greenland shark
Sharks
Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)Nurse
http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Nurse-shark004.jpg http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Spiny%20dogfish%20059.jpg
http://www.cabrilloaq.org/images/leopardshark.jpg
Leopard
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tasseled_wobbegong_shark.jpg
Tasseled wobbegong
Sharks
Cookie cutter shark
http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Images/3149/Isistius%20plutodus%20I-28924-0.jpg
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/CookiecutterShark/cookiecuttersharkbite_profile.jpghttp://science.discovery.com/tv/goblin-shark/images/goblin-shark-250.jpg
Goblin shark
Megamouth
Sharks
http://amonline.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/images/saliae2.jpg
Pygmy Dwarf lantern shark
up to 10 inches meso- and bathypelagic
http://www.sharkmans-world.com/images/species/etmopterus_perryi.jpg
up to 7 inches mesopelagic
Sharks
Bull (Carcharhinus leucas)
It’s not safe to go in the... river?1916 – 2 shark attacks in Matawan Creek, NJ
1.5 miles upstream from bay, 12 miles from ocean
http://www.njscuba.net/biology/images/matawan_creek_aerial.jpg
SharksIt’s not safe to be out of the water?
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/11/photogalleries/sharks1/ http://www.newenglandsharks.com/thresher%20jumping%20leonard.jpghttp://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/sharks/shortfin_mako_jump.jpg
Rays and Skates
Subclass Elasmobranchii Flat body Pectoral fins like wings 5 pairs of gill slits, underside
Rays
Spotted eagle rayManta ray
http://www.elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Manta-ray-14.jpg
Pelagic varieties
http://www.jochenlenzdive.de/scubatech/images/stories/divingongrenada/scubatech%20dive%20center%20grenada%20eagle%20rays%20bianca%20c%20scuba%20diving%20in%20grenada%20dive%20grenada%20dive%20center%20grenada%20tauchbasis%20grenada%20%20tauchshop%20grenada%20tauchen%20grenada%20plonger%20a%20grenade.jpg
Yellow stingray
Rays
Roughtail stingray (Dasyatis centroura)
http://www.elasmodiver.com/images/Roughtail-stingray-02.jpg
Benthic varieties
Atlantis Marine World Stingray Bay: Southern stingrays Cownose rays
Rays
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/adapt/raytail2.JPG http://www.hawaii.rr.com/leisure/reviews/jennifer_crites/2004-02_ssafari.htm
Venomous barbs
Rays
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_LbccUVbSRd8/SacEAuaNbDI/AAAAAAAAEVA/1qMyWczSjOg/s1600-h/Giant+Stingray.jpg
Giant stingrays of Thailand (freshwater) 7.5 ft across, 10 ft tail, 771 lbs
Rays
http://www.elasmodiver.com/images/sawfish-ripleys-01.jpg
Sawfish
Other Rays
Atlantic torpedo, electric ray (Torpedo nobiliana)
http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/pisces/tornob.jpg
Guitarfish
http://www.aquafauna.be/marins/Fish/Sharks%20&%20Rays/Rhynchobatus%20djiddensis.JPG
Skates
http://www.elasmodiver.com/images/big-skate-xx5.jpg
Winter skate (Raja ocellata) Clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria)
http://www.aqua.org/images/animals_details/Clearnose_skate.jpg
http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/topic_images/skate_egg_cases.jpg
Lay eggs, not live birth No venomous spine Mostly marine
Bony Fishes Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
96% of all fish Vertebra, skeleton part/all bone Cycloid or ctenoid scales 4 pairs of gills, covered Homocercal tail Terminal mouth Swim bladder
cycloid ctenoid
http://hhnaturemuseum.org/dimages/95.jpghttp://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/Vertebrates/BonyFishEvol-1.JPG
Fishes
Ray-finned bony fishes
Lobe-finned bony fishes
2 subclassesAtlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus )
Fishes – Long Island
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/mummichog.jpg
Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/bay_anchovy.jpg
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/njscuba/silverside.jpg
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/sand_lance_school.jpg
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/striped_killy.jpghttp://ridder.punt.nl/index.php?foto=true&id=152373&fgroep=10191#foto
NOAA
American sand lance (Ammodytes americanus)
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia)
Atlantic menhaden, bunker(Brevoortia tyrannus)
Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)
Striped killifish (Fundulus majalis)
Fishes – Long Island
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/mohawk_cunners2.jpg
http://www.njscuba.net/biology/sw_fish_sea_basses.html
http://www.sherpaguides.com/georgia/chattahoochee/sidebars/striped_bass.jpg
http://omp.gso.uri.edu/doee/biota/fish/scup.jpg
http://www.soundwaters.org/creatures/salt%20creatures/tautog-blackfish.jpg
Scup, porgy (Stenotomus chrysops)
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dfwmr/marine/bmr/bluefish2.jpg
Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus)
Tautog (Tautoga onitis)Black sea bass (Centropristis striata)
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Fishes – Long Island
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/northern_pipefish_3.jpg
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/sea_robin_2.jpg http://marine.rutgers.edu/leophone/red_hake.jpg
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/njscuba/naked_goby_2.jpghttp://njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/ocean_pout.jpg
Northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus)
Northern searobin (Prionotus carolinus)
Goosefish (Lophius americanus)
Ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) Naked goby (Gobiosoma bosc)Red hake, ling (Urophycis chuss)
NOAA
Northern puffer(Sphoeroides
maculatus)
NPS
Fishes – Long Island
http://www.njscuba.net/biology/sw_fish_flounders.html
Winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus)
Summer flounder, fluke (Paralichthys dentatus)
Hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus)
Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus)
Left-eyed
Right-eyed
Fishes – Open Sea
http://www.mola.org/mola/molamola.gif
Dolphinfish, Mahi mahi (Coryphaens hippurus)
Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)Ocean sunfish (Mola mola)
Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)
http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/living_species/organism_images/lsl_open_m163.jpg
http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/15886/fad-underwater-dolphinfish.jpg
http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/chanfreau/images/cocos2004/Sailfish.jpeg
Fishes - Tropical
http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/support/advancement/uw-2006/images/port2-s.jpg
http://njscuba.net/images-uw/njscuba/squirrelfish.jpg
Fishes - Tropical
http://www.ri.net/schools/Narragansett/NES/%20Unuscreatures/TQErika/porcupinefish.jpg
http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/media/lion04a_600.jpg
http://research.myfwc.com/gallery/
http://www.daveread.com/FlowerGardens/LaborDay97/large/scorpionfish2.jpg
Defenses:
Cryptic/camouflage:
http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/image/frogfish.jpg http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/GDD/hydro/atmu/ecology/chapter4/
Fishes - Tropical
Schooling:
http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Fish/images/20050622-150703.JPG
Fishes - Tropical
http://www.biology-blog.com/images/blogs/7-2007/fishes-in-exploited-reef-12981.jpg
Predators:
http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/
NOAA
NOAA
Fishes - Tropical
http://reefseekers.com/PIXPAGES/BAJA2005/Pananmic_Moray_Eel_vert.jpg
Most are small (few inches) 90% are bristlemouths and lanternfish
NOAA
(5 cm = 2 in)
Fishes – Mesopelagic Zone
Photos: http://www.mar-eco.no/
Fishes – Mesopelagic Zone
Fishes – Mesopelagic Zone
http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2009/barreleye/barreleye1-350.jpg
Large, light-sensitive eyes Tubular, upward eyes Bilobed eyes (up and lateral)
Photos: http://www.mar-eco.no/
Fishes – Bathypelagic Zone Large mouths Small eyes
Reproduction adaptations: Difficult to find a mate Bioluminescent signals Pheromones, smell Hermaphrodites (both sexes) Parasitic males (in anglerfishes)
http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/images/newsreleases/2006/January/20060127_pid22210_aid22209_anglerfish_w600.jpg
Female = 1.8 inMale <0.25 inSmallest known sexually mature vertebrate
Fishes – Bathypelagic Zone
Relatively large and muscular Active scavengers
Fishes – Deep Sea Bottom
http://www.mbari.org/
Fishes – Deep Sea Bottom
Fishes – Deep Sea Bottom
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/uploadedimages/images/Oceanlabmed.jpghttp://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/education/edu_whale.php
http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/earth/crozet/images/Crozet%20M5%20ROBIO%202.jpg