Macromolecules. CARBOHYDRATES contain C,H,O usually ratio 1C: 2 H : 1 O large chains & rings of...

Macromolecules

CARBOHYDRATES• contain C,H,O usually ratio 1C: 2 H : 1 O• large chains & rings of C w/diff. molecules • 2-3% of body wt. • are sugars or starches • provide most of the energy

used by cells

• If not immediately needed for ATP synthesis, they are converted into glycogen or fat

Monosaccharides• simple sugar : single chain or single

ring (3-7 carbons)• Building blocks (monomers) of

carbohydrates – Glucose: main energy source for cells– Fructose: found in fruits, sweetest– Galactose: found in milk– Ribose, Deoxyribose: make up DNA, RNA

Isomers• are compounds with the same chemical formula

but different structural formulas

Disaccharides• Double sugar

–Maltose: malt sugar (glucose + glucose)

–Sucrose:cane sugar (glucose + fructose)

–Lactose: milk (glucose + galactose)

Form by: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

• Removal of water to join 2 monomers

• Forms dimers, polymers

Polysaccharides• complex molecules composed of three or more

monosaccharides• Ideal for storage• Lack sweetness of mono + disaccharides

• Glycogen: storage in animals–Muscles, liver

• Starch: storage molecule for plant• Cellulose: gives strength and rigitiy to stalks

and stems (Potatoes, carrots, etc)

STARCH

GLYCOGEN

LIPIDS- large nonpolar organic molecules

•18%-25% of body weight

•fewer covalent bonds

•fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk, oils, waxes

•Most lipids are insoluble in water but dissolve in other lipids and alcohol, acetone

Fatty Acids -unbranched C chains that make up most lipids

• long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at the end (COOH)

• carboxyl end is polar and thus

hydrophilic-attracted to water

• hydrocarbon end is non-polar and thus

hydrophobic- water fearing

• Saturated fatty acid-a fatty acid where all the carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds

• Unsaturated fatty acid- there is at least on carbon to carbon double bond

• Higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms– causes them to have more carbon to hydrogen

bonds which store more energy….hence fats having a higher caloric value

NEUTRAL FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES)

• BUILDING BLOCKS–3 Fatty acids–Glycerol

• most common in the body • Concentrated sources of energy• adipose tissue insulates and

protects organs

•SOLID: (animal fats)–Saturated: carbons have single bonds

•LIQUID: (plant oils)–Unsaturated: carbons have double or triple bonds

PHOSPOLIPIDS

• Important in cell membranes – allows them to be selective

• POLAR HEAD – attracts and interacts with water and ions (hydrophilic)

• NONPOLAR TAILS- ‘hydrophobic’

STEROIDS• Four interlocking rings

• Structure differs from other fats

• Made largely of H and C atoms

CHOLESTEROL–is most important molecule in steroids

–meat, eggs, cheese–Certain amount made in liver–Found in ALL cell membranes

•Provide rigidity •Facilitates communication between cells

–Particularly abundant in brain

–Used to form sex hormones, cortisol (stress hormone), bile salts, and vitamin D

ATHEROSCLEROSISdeposit of FAT in artery walls

ATERIOSCLEROSIShardening of arteries

OLIVE ‘OYL’

‘POLLY’ UNSATURATED

HOW DO WE MAINTAIN HOMEOSTATIS?

• Omega-3 Fats (Fish, walnuts)

• safflower, corn, sunflower and soybean oils

PROTEINS

• complex in structure

• composed of amino acids

• larger range of functions than carbohydrates and lipids

• normal lean adult is 12 -18% proteins

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

FUNCTIONS

• Structural – collagen fibers in connective tissues

– keratin is in hair and skin

STRAIGHT HAIR CURLY HAIR

Healthy Cuticle

Damaged Cuticle

ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA

• 50 and 80% of Caucasian men

• Asian males have lower incidences

• present in the general female population at a rate between 20 to 40%

Regulatory• hormones

• help regulate growth and development

• insulin - regulates blood sugar levels

• guide neuron growth

DIABETES

• Types 1 or 2 (more common)

• Not enough insulin or cells ignore insulin (high blood glucose level)

Contractile

actin and myosin filaments found in muscle cells

Contractile aid in cell division, movement and

sperm propulsion

Immunologicalantibodies

• bind with and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and viruses

• function in immune response

• help protect body from foreign substances

AIDS

Transport • hemoglobin carries oxygen

and carbon dioxide, lipoproteins carry lipids

• iron transport

Sickle Cell Anemia

Catalytic • essential to almost every

biochemical reaction in the body

• increase rate of chemical reactions