LECTURE 1: BASIC NAVIGATION PREPARED BY: MOHD ‘ARIFF BIN ABDUL JALIL B. ENG. (AEROSPACE)(HONS) -...

LECTURE 1: BASIC NAVIGATION

PREPARED BY:MOHD ‘ARIFF BIN ABDUL JALILB. ENG. (AEROSPACE)(HONS) -

IIUMAVIATION MANAGEMENT COLLEGE

RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM

Lecturer Information

Name : Mohd ‘Ariff Bin Abdul JalilE-mail : ariffjalil@yahoo.comInstitution : IIUMMajor : Aerospace EngineeringContact No. : 017 - 3289572

Consultation hour( 8.30 am – 5.30 pm)

2 RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

•Students have the name tags with them•No slippers , No round collar t shirt,•Observe the 15 Minutes rule,•Explain the 80% attendance rule,•No laptop for email or website playing in lectures.•Display the course outline, the goals and benefits of the course.•Explain the marking scheme and the breakdown of assessments for the module.

IMPORTANT THINGS3 RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

ATTIRE & DRESS CODE4

• To wear a name tag is a must.• NO Slippers• NO round collar t-shirt

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

15 MINUTES RULES5

• Come to class BEFORE 9.15 am or 2.15pm• Cannot enter class starting 9.16am 2.16pm (unless have solid reason)• If you come late and still want to enter the class and want to learn, ask permission from the management.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

80 % ATTENDANCE RULES

6

• We have 2 HOUR class per week.• We have total 14 lectures.• Who fail 80% attendance is not allow to take your midterm test.

YOU WILL BE BARRED FROM

THE MIDTERM EXAM

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

7

FREE MARKS WILL BE GIVEN UPON YOUR

ATTENDANCE

5% FREE MARKS FOR 100% ATTENDANCE

THIS 5% FREE MARKS WILL DETERMINE EITHER

A OR A-EITHER D OR E.

8

How to SCORE my subject?

Regularly ATTEND the class

Give 100% ATTENTION to the lecture

Do and submit ASSIGMENT Participate and active in class (Be

sporting & Don’t be shy)

Ask question.

Try to answer

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

STUDY in the group.

SEE ME to discuss any problem.

Take IMPORTANT NOTE from my lecture.

Think out of box

How to SCORE my subject?

10THE MOST IMPORTANT

THING JUST DO IT

I’m here to assist you, but you are the one who will make a

decision =)

Lesson Timeline

4 CREDIT HOURS 14 Weeks in July Semester 11 LECTURES TO BE COVERED Midterm Exam on (Date will be decided

later) Midterm Examination will be up to LECTURE

6

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

FULL CARRY MARKS - RESULTS

Attendance: 5% Mid Term Test: 10% Public Speaking: 10% Assignment: 15% Final Exam: 60% TOTAL: 100%

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

AMC GRADING SCALE

Mark Grade Grade Points

(80–100) A 4.00

(75-79) A- 3.67

(70-74) B+ 3.33

(65-69) B 3.00

(60-64) B- 2.67

(55-59) C+ 2.33

(50-54) C 2.00

(45-49) C- 1.33

(40-44) D 1.00

(0-39) F 0.00

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

GPA CALCULATION

Credit Hours Grade Grade Points

3 B (3.00) 9.00

3 B (3.00) 9.00

4 B (3.00) 12.00

4 B (3.00) 12.00

Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Course Outlines

Lecture 1: Introduction to RAN Lecture 2: Radio Theory Lecture 3: Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) &

Non Directional Beacon (NDB) Lecture 4: VHF Omni Directional Range (VOR) Lecture 5: Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Lecture 6: RADAR Lecture 7: Global Positioning System (GPS) Lecture 8: Instrument Landing System (ILS &

MLS) Lecture 9: Global Proximity Warning System

(GPWS) Lecture 10: Traffic Collision Avoidance System

(TCAS) Lecture 11: Approach Lightings System (ALS)

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Course Outline

Objective and OutcomeRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

MOTIVATIONAL QUOTESRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

MOTIVATIONAL QUOTES

You decide your future.

Your choices determine what

you’ll be.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Define Navigation Describe basic methods use for navigation List navigational aids system for aircraft

during departure, en-route and approach.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

INTRODUCTIONRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Do you know what is this subject is all about?

RADIO AIDS & NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS??

INTRODUCTIONRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

What is NAVIGATION?

Navigation is the art and science of getting from one destination to another in the least possible time without losing your way.

Navigation: The process of plan and direct the route of aircraft by using MAPS or NAVIGATIONAL AID SYSTEMS.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Air Navigation – The action of plotting and directing the route of an aircraft through the air from one place to another. Adapted from the United States Air

Force Dictionary.

What is NAVIGATION?RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Objectives of navigation

Know your position Efficient use of fuel Maintain a flight schedule Avoid other air traffic Avoid ground-to-air missiles Minimize exposure to enemy

radar

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

1927: Charles LindberghFirst flying across the Atlantic ocean

(New York-Paris) using the Spirit of St. Louis

His journey cover 5,815km and took about 33 and 1/2 hours. Fly without

any navigation instruments

Basic Air Navigation

The type of navigation used by pilots depends on many factors.

The navigation method used depends on Where the pilot is going. How long the flight will take. When the flight is to take off, The expected weather. Type of aircraft. The on-board navigation equipment, The ratings and currency of the pilot.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

To navigate a pilot needs to know the following: Starting point (point of departure) and

Ending point (final destination) Direction of travel + The distance Aircraft speed, aircraft fuel capacity Aircraft weight & balance information

With this information flight planning can commence and the proper method of navigation can be put to use.

Basic Air NavigationRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Ways of Navigation

There are three common ways for aircraft navigation. PILOTAGE DEAD RECKONING RADIO NAVIGATION

The two most fundamental methods of finding your way in an airplane are pilotage - the identification of present position and direction of flight by seeing features on the ground, and Dead Reckoning.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

For a non-instrument rated, private pilot planning to fly VFR (Visual Flight Rules) in a small, single engine airplane around the local area on a clear day; the navigation is simple.

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Pilotage is the using known landmarks in an attempt to navigate.

This also is very dangerous unless other navigational tools are employed.

This is because occasionally a suspect known land mark might not be correct.

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

For hundreds of years the delivery of pilotage has been an act of singular artistry – an extraordinary demonstration of knowledge and skill channeled through one individual – the pilot.

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Pilotage

Pilotage: navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints

Pilot uses a chart and flies from one visible landmark to another.

Requires relatively low altitudes so that landmarks can be seen and recognized more easily

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

To a great extent, current pilotage services continue to be delivered in this manner.

Delivering pilotage services in this classical fashion has proven efficient but it has nonetheless been marred with preventable accidents, many of which were due to an inherent weakness - single point failure.

The consequences of some of these accidents have been very serious not only for the ship and its‘ crew but the environment and the individual pilot involved.

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Advantages: Easy to understand and perform. No special equipment needed (Just use eyes

capabilities.)

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Disadvantages: Direct course is usually impractical as it is

often necessary to follow a zigzag route to well-known landmarks, resulting in longer flights. (See the animation on the next slides).

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

MFC

Mak Teh

Corner

Econsave

Econsave

Giant

Let say from AMC you want to go to Taman Tasik Chempaka. Because of limited information of landmarks in B.B.Bangi, your navigation process might end up in zig-zag route such in the diagram. (click mouse to see)

But, if you really know about the landmarks, you will get a straight route to Tmn Tasik Chempaka as shown in Green Arrow. (click mouse to see)

AMC

Tmn Tasik

Chempaka

Disadvantages: Sometimes, we might do mistakes in

recognizing any landmarks and lead towards wrong navigation. (Example: Misinterpret between KLCC and KL Tower)

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Disadvantages: Not practical to be used during night or

during bad weather as the visibility is limited.

PilotageRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Dead Reckoning

Dead Reckoning is another basic navigational method used by low speed, small airplane pilots.

It is based on mathematical calculations to plot a course using the elements of a course line, airspeed, course, heading and elapsed time.

“Dead Reckoning: navigation of an aircraft solely by

means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance,

and direction.”

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Manual or electronic flight computers are used to calculate time-speed-distance measurements, fuel consumption, density altitude and many other en route data necessary for navigation.

The estimated time en route (ETE) can be calculated using the flight distance, the airspeed and direction to be flown.

If the route is flown at the airspeed planned, when the planned flight time is up, the destination should be visible from the cockpit.

Dead ReckoningRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Navigating now by dead reckoning would be used only as a last resort

Advantages: straighter line courses possible

Disadvantages requires calculations prior to flight may be inaccurate as weather changes rapidly

on some cases More typically, a course is determined and

flown by calculations made from dead reckoning, and then backed up by pilotage during the flight

Dead ReckoningRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Radio navigation

Radio navigation: the location of the airplane is determined by referring to instruments such as VOR, ADF, or GPS.

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Flight ProfileRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Navigational Aids System

• For En-Route/Cruise, the navigational aids system are:• NDB (Non Directional Beacon) & ADF (Automatic Direction Finding)

• VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)• DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)

• RADAR(Radio Detection & Ranging)• GPS(Global Positioning System)

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Navigational Aids System

• For Approach and Landing, the navigational aids system are:• ILS (Instrument Landing System)• MLS (Microwave Landing System)• ALS (Approach Lighting System)• RADAR(Radio Detection & Ranging)

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Instrumentation

Aircraft Installations: Indicator System in the Cockpit Aircraft’s Antenna

Ground Installations Ground Antenna

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Indicator System in the Cockpit

RADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Aircraft’s AntennaRADIO AIDS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS : RAN 2204

Navigational Aid Systems

ILS

MLS

NDB

VOR

DME