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7/29/2019 Latin America Revolution and Reaction
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Latin America: Revolution and
Reaction into the 21st Century
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Introduction Latin America (third world-non-
industrialized nations) caught in
struggle between capitalism vs.communism. Starting in 1964 there
were military coups that took over
governments (Brazil 64, Argentina
66, and Peru 68).
In Chili everyone knew there wasgoing to be a coup just not sure
what side was going to do it
(conservatives or liberal). President
Salvador Allende was a socialist
voting in to power, but he believedin reforming and working within the
boundaries of the constitution.
Many liberals felt he wasnt acting
quick enough and wanted a
revolution while conservatives wereagainst all his socialist reforms.
Sept. 11, 1973 a military coup occurred
and General Augusto Pinochet became
the dictator. Thousands died or
disappeared in the decades of repression
that followed.
In 1998 Pinochet was arrested for crimes
against humanity
Latin America was different than other
third world countries because they gained
independence earlier and need
decolonize in terms of the economy.
Industry started to bloom and workers
began organizing and emerged as a
political force. Political pattern emerged
of the pendulum (conservatives
=economic expansion and times ofcrisis=liberal forms). Contrary to
revolutionary talk, Latin American
societies remained pretty much the same.
Changes in education, women, social
services, and industry
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Latin America after WWII
Limitedly involved economy
grew due to war time demands
Cold War helped to stimulaterevolutionary actions in Latin
America
Main aim was to become
economically independent Some countries after the war
were still dominated by
authoritarian reformers. Some
were ousted from power which
led to other military dictatorusing extreme repression
against dissidence (torture and
execution-dirty wars)
Mexico
Porfirio Diaz-1876-1911 dictator
(conservative)
Francisco Madero-ran againstDiaz-imprisoned and released and
revolted. Took power, but didnt
really bring changes so he was
ousted and assassinated in 1913. Victoriano Huerta then tried to
impose Diaz style dictatorship-by
1914 ousted. (Villa and Zapata)
Alvaro Obregon 1920-electedpresident of Mexico and followed
by the presidents from the new
revolutionary elite.
President Lazaro Cardenas (1936-
40) land reforms
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Mexico and the PRI From 1940s-2000 Mexico controlled by the PRI (Party of the
Industrialized Revolution)
By end of 20th century the stability brought by the PRI wasundercut by corruption and lack of social improvement. Too far
from 1910 revolution that kicked out Diaz.
By 1944 armed guerrilla movements in southern provinces
(heavily Indian) began. They called themselves Zapatistas inhonor of Emiliano Zapata (peasant leader from the 1910
revolution). Government responded with repression and
negotiations
1990s Mexico joined NAFTA-North America Free TradeAgreement hoping to spur their economy. Mexico hen became
the 2nd largest trade partner to the US
2000 national election ended PRI-Vicente Fox leader of the
conservative National Action party (PAN) became president
(promised to clean up corruption)
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Zapata Zapatistas
mexfiles.net/2008/12/page/2/
http://mexfiles.net/2008/12/page/2/http://mexfiles.net/2008/12/page/2/7/29/2019 Latin America Revolution and Reaction
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Radical Option in the 50s
Surge of radicalism after WWII
due to cold war tensions
In Brazil=Vargas and inArgentina=Peron both were
populist authoritarian solution,
but there were other solutions
too. Desire to improve social and
economic conditions
Venezuela and Costa Rica
reform minded democraticparties won elections.
Failures of democracies,
economics, and social reforms
led some to consider radicalsolutions
uatema a
Radical solutions -problems elected Juan
Jose Arevalo president in 1944-spirited
socialism
Land reform and rights to rural and workers-
intense nationalism vs. foreign interest in
country-brought conflict (United Fruit
Company)
Colonel Jacobo Arbenz-elected president in
1951 and began nationalizing program-
transportation, hydroelectric, and unusedlands-Fruit Company opposed b/c they
didnt want to give up their reserve lands!
Called on US for help. US saw Arbenz
nationalization campaign as communist
threat and began restrictions on G.
In 1954 US organized dissident military force
and invaded and toppled Arbenz
government. Pro-American regime and all
reforms haltedpower back in the hands of
few. Continued to see problems socially and
economically that the government failed toanswer.
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Cuban Revolution and Socialism in the Caribbean Remember US helped to free
Cuba of Spanish control.
Afterwards US heavily influencedcountry (imports and exports)
Disparity between growing
middle class and poor in the
countryside
1934-44 Fulgencio Batista ruled
Cuba-promised much reform
(land, nationalization of
resources, full employment) but
never did them-became a
dictator
Fidel Castro-young leftist lawyer
Batista opponent-in 53 launched
unsuccessful attack and jailed
Castro freed and fled to Mexico and
came into contact with Ernesto Che
Guevara-started a small military force
and then moved to Cuba and recruited.By 1958 26th of July Movement-ousted
Batista.
Debated over when Castro decided to
go with communism (before/after).
Once in power passed reforms thatcaused sweeping changes-collectivized
farms, no foreign property.
Relations w/ US cut off and relied more
on Soviets for support
Crisis-US sponsored invasion and CubanMissile Crisis
After fall of USSR, Cuba continued to
socialist economic policy and became
increasingly isolation like China and
North Korea.
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Fidel Castro 1959history.sandiego.edu/gen/
USPics33/1959castro.jpg
http://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_ca
stro.jpg
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics33/1959castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/large_castro.jpghttp://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics33/1959castro.jpghttp://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics33/1959castro.jpg7/29/2019 Latin America Revolution and Reaction
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Search for Reform/ Military Option
Nationalistic, pro-capital military
government built authoritative
regimes that served interests ofUS. However, in spite of
revolutionary changes little
actual economic and social
changes occurred.
In Mexico-PRI seemed to be out
of touch
Church provided guidance-
Christian Democratic parties
(Liberation and Catholic theologymixed with Marxism)
Violence against clergy and nuns
who spoke out for social reform.
Church also helped overthrow
the Paraguayan dictator in 1988.
Out of the Barracks
Soldiers had always been involved in
Latin American politics, but as
revolutions started many soldiersstarted to see themselves as the true
representatives of the people and not
political parties
Military officers felt they were best
equipped to handle problems of
society b/c of their training even if it
meant ending the democratic process
Brazil-military w/ US support overthrew
elected president after he promisedsweeping social reforms (66 in
Argentina (dirty war) and 68 in Chile)
Military controlled president and
handed down reforms (repression)
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New Democratic Trends
Redemocratization
By 1980s soldiers returned
to barracks because theyrealized they werent more
successful than civilian gov.
and end of cold war so less
threat of interference. In
80s elections restored
democratic rule in Brazil
and Argentina.
Not easy process-guerrilla
groups, military, and US
Faced big problems: debt,
inflation, drug cartels
threatened powers of
governments
US and Latin America
Despite FDRs Good Neighbor Policy
(stopping direct intervention) after WWII
the US was on a mission to containcommunism and spread capitalism.
US interfered when economic interests of
private companies like the United Fruit
Company (Guat.). They also interfered
when politically when they felt anotherform of gov. was best.
Grounds for US intervention were
economic, political, strategic, and
ideological. Direct intervention usually was
followed by the establishment of friendly
governments (conservative and often
dictatorships). These governments became
known as banana republics (reference to
dependency of new gov., their tropical
exports, and corruption).
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US and Latin America In Nicaragua, Augusto Sandino
led a resistance movement
against occupying troops untilassassinated by US trained
Nicaraguan National Guard in
1934. Sandino became a
hero-someone willing to stand
up against tyranny. Became
the figurehead of the
Sandinista party that led a
socialist revolution in the
1980s in Nicaragua.
More foreign intervention,
especially US, led to increased
nationalistic reactions-not to
help the poor to help the
US also thought that by economically
developing regions in LA that social and
economic success would come, but didnthappen b/c the elites were the one
benefiting.
Policy changes:
Carter-influence on civil liberties and ceded
Panama CanalReagan and Bush- led US back to strategic,
economic, and defense considerations-
direct interventions. 1990 US toppled an
authoritarian gov. in Panama and promoted
drug smuggling-replaced with cooperativeregime to US and backed w/ US troops.
By 2000 same concerns but now also drug
and terrorist concerns. Aid to Latin America
mostly pledged to military purposes.
(Mexico)
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http://www.answers
.com/topic/augusto-
c-sar-sandino
Augusto Sandino
news.bbc.co.uk/.../html/nn1page1.stm clickto find out info on recent elections
l h
http://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/06/year_of_elections/html/nn1page1.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/06/year_of_elections/html/nn1page1.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/06/year_of_elections/html/nn1page1.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/06/year_of_elections/html/nn1page1.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/06/year_of_elections/html/nn1page1.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/06/year_of_elections/html/nn1page1.stmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandinohttp://www.answers.com/topic/augusto-c-sar-sandino7/29/2019 Latin America Revolution and Reaction
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Womens Slow Change Slow to change concepts
dealing with women. In his
culture women wereconsidered inferior
Women were paid less and
couldnt participate in LA in
politics Ecuador was the first to give the
right to vote to women in 1929
Brazil and Cuba in 1932-most
place not until the 40s or 50s Many revolutionary groups
were worried that female votes
were be too conservative
(because of their typically
strong affiliation to Church).
Manyrevolutionary groups were
worried that female votes were be
too conservative (because of their
typically strong affiliation to Church).
While some conservative regimes
gave women the right to vote banking
on them creating a larger conservative
body and stopping political change(Dominican Republic)
Ability to vote didnt guarantee real
political rights-running for offices and
equal pay. Caused some to join
anarchist/ social/ labor organizations.
By mid 90s women were closer to
Western cultures. Women made up
9% of legislators in LA-higher than any
other region in the world.
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Movement of People 18th century there was much
migration to Latin America
19th century there was muchinternal migrations:
movement from rural to urban
areas and movements to
different LA countries seekingbetter opportunities-seeking
strong economies
20th century much migration
to US-US had a strong
economy and better
opportunities as well as LA
experienced huge population
growth and there werent
enough jobs for people.
After WWII US and Mexico set up
migration programs to get Mexican
workers to US to work for very littlein pretty bad conditions
Also political refugees-Cuban
middle class fleeing after Castro
took power.
Rates of urban growth have slowed
in LA, but extreme poor
neighborhoods and shantytowns
(favelas)still exist.
Industrial workers never united
with migrate worker to form
political organization= power to
change. Industrial workers made
labor organization linked to gov.
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7/29/2019 Latin America Revolution and Reaction
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www.kdl.org/categories/766/
books/5222
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biography/gabriel.ga
rcia.marquez.asphttp://students.brown.e
du/INDY/archives/2005
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10/images/borges.jpg
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Global Connections In 21st century LA continues to search for economic growth,
social justice, and political stability
Society there largely remained un-revolutionary meaningmost peoples lives havent changed all that much.
LA still most advanced part of the developing world compared
to Africa and Asia
New challenges in globalized world: distribution of wealth(1/3 of population still lives in poverty), distribution of
opportunities (north Mexico benefited from US trade while
southern Mexico has gotten poorer), integration into the
world economy threatens culture (Indian culture), movementtowards leftist politics, cultural issues (acceptance of
Halloween and Christmas), spread of new religious ideas
(Protestantism -10% of LA)
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