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Javan rhinocerosFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sunda rhinoceros or Javan rhinoceros[1]
R. s. sondaicusin the London Zoo from March 1874
until January 1885
Conservation status
Critically Endangered(IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Rhinocerotidae
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Genus: Rhinoceros
Species: R. sondaicus
Binomial name
Rhinoceros sondaicus
Desmarest,1822[3]
Subspecies
Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus
Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis
Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus
Sunda rhinoceros range[4]
The Sunda rhinoceros(Rhinoceros sondaicus) or lesser one-horned rhinoceros, or more popular as Javan
rhinoceros, is a member of the familyRhinocerotidaeand one of five extantrhinoceroses.It belongs to the
same genus as theIndian rhinoceros,and has similar mosaicked skin which resembles armour, but at 3.1
3.2 m (1010.5 feet) in length and 1.41.7 m (4.65.8 ft) in height, it is smaller (in fact, it is closer in size to
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theblack rhinocerosof the genusDiceros). Its horn is usually less than 25 cm (10 inches), smaller than those
of the other rhino species.
Once the most widespread of Asian rhinoceroses, the Sunda rhinoceros ranged from the islands
ofJavaandSumatra,throughout Southeast Asia, and into India and China. The species iscritically
endangered,with only one known population in the wild, and no individuals in captivity. It is possibly the rarest
large mammal on earth,[5]:21with a population of as few as 40 inUjung Kulon National Parkat the western tip
ofJavainIndonesia.A second population inCat Tien National ParkinVietnamwas confirmed as extinct in
2011.[6]The decline of the Sunda rhinoceros is attributed to poaching, primarily for their horns, which are highly
valued intraditional Chinese medicine,fetching as much as US$30,000 per kilogramme on the black
market.[5]:31Loss of habitat, especially as the result of wars, such as theVietnam War,in Southeast Asia, has
also contributed to the species' decline and hindered recovery.[7]The remaining range is withinone nationally
protected area,but the rhinos are still at risk from poachers, disease and loss of genetic diversity leading
toinbreeding depression.
The Sunda rhino can live approximately 3045 years in the wild. It historically inhabited lowlandrain forest,wet
grasslands and large floodplains. The Sunda rhino is mostly solitary, except for courtship and offspring-rearing,
though groups may occasionally congregate near wallows and salt licks. Aside from humans, adults have
nopredatorsin their range. The Sunda rhino usually avoids humans, but will attack when it feels threatened.
Scientists and conservationists rarely study the animals directly due to their extreme rarity and the danger of
interfering with such an endangered species. Researchers rely oncamera trapsand fecal samples to gauge
health and behavior. Consequently, the Sunda rhino is the least studied of all rhino species. Two adult rhinos
with their calves were filmed in a motion-triggered video released on February 28, 2011 byWWFand
Indonesia's National Park Authority, which proved it is still breeding in the wild.[8]In April 2012, the National
Parks Authority released video showing 35 individual Sunda rhinos, including mother/offspring pairs and
courting adults.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy and naming
o 1.1 Evolution
2 Description
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Behavior
5 Diet
6 Conservation
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n_rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Taxonomy_and_naminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Mongabay_video-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-panda.org_Javan_calves-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Kinver-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceros8/13/2019 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o 6.1 Ujung Kulon
o 6.2 Cat Tien
o 6.3 In captivity
7 References
8 External links
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
The first studies of the Sunda rhinoceros bynaturalistsfrom outside of its region took place in 1787, when two
animals were shot in Java. The skulls were sent to the renowned Dutch naturalistPetrus Camper,who died in
1789 before he was able to publish his discovery that the rhinos of Java were a distinct species. Another Sunda
rhinoceros was shot on the island ofSumatrabyAlfred Duvaucel,who sent the specimen to his
stepfatherGeorges Cuvier,the famous French scientist. Cuvier recognized the animal as a distinct species in
1822, and in the same year it was identified byAnselme Gatan Desmarestas Rhinoceros sondaicus. It was
the last species of rhinoceros to be identified.[10]Desmarest initially identified the rhino as being from Sumatra,
but later amended this to say his specimen was from Java.[3]
The genus name Rhinoceros, which also includes the Indian rhinoceros, is derived from theancient
Greekwords (rhis), which means "nose", and (ceras), which means "horn"; sondaicusis derived
fromsunda,thebiogeographicalregion that comprises the islands of Sumatra, Java,Borneo,and surrounding
smaller islands. The Sunda rhino is also known as the lesser one-horned rhinoceros (in contrast with the
greater one-horned rhinoceros, another name for the Indian rhino).[citation needed]
There are three distinct subspecies, of which only one is still extant:
Rhinoceros son daicus sondaicus, the type subspecies, known as the Indonesian Sunda rhinoceros,
once lived on Java and Sumatra. The population is now confined to as few as 40 animals in the
wild,Ujung Kulon National Parkon the western tip of the island ofJava.One researcher has suggested
the Sunda rhino on Sumatra belonged to a distinct subspecies, R.s. floweri, but this is not widely
accepted.[11][12]
Rhinoceros sondaicus annamit icu s, known as the Vietnamese Sunda rhinocerosor Vietnamese
rhinoceros, once lived across Vietnam,Cambodia,Laosand intoThailandandMalaysia.The
subspecific annamiticusis derived from theAnnamite Mountain Rangein Southeast Asia, part of this
subspecies' range. In 2006, a single population, estimated at fewer than 12 remaining rhinos, lived in an
area of lowland forest in theCat Tien National ParkinVietnam.Genetic analysis suggested this
subspecies and the Indonesian Sunda rhinoceros last shared a common ancestor between 300,000 and 2
million years ago.[11][12]The last individual of this population was shot by a poacher in 2010.[13]
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edia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Zeitschrift-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Rookmaaker-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duvaucelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#In_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Cat_Tienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Ujung_Kulon8/13/2019 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Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis, known as the Indian Sunda rhinoceros, once ranged
fromBengaltoBurma,but is presumed to have gone extinct before 1925.[14]The term inermismeans
"unarmed", as the most distinctive characteristic of this subspecies is the small horns in males, and evident
lack of horns in females. The original specimen of this species was a hornless female. The political
situation in Burma has prevented assessment of the species in that country, but its survival is considered
unlikely.[15][16][17]
Evolution[edit]
Main article:Evolution
TheIndian rhinocerospictured here is the species most closely related to the Sunda rhinoceros; they are the two members
of thetype genusRhinoceros.
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from otherperissodactylsin theEarly Eocene.Mitochondrial
DNAcomparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors ofEquidaearound 50
million years ago.[18]The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene inEurasia,and
the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in theMiocene.[19]
The Indian and Sunda rhinoceros, the only members of the genusRhinoceros,first appear in the fossil record
in Asia around 1.6 million3.3 million years ago. Molecular estimates, however, suggest the two species
diverged from each other much earlier, around 11.7 million years ago.[20]Although belonging to thetype genus,
the Indian and Sunda rhinoceroses are not believed to be closely related to other rhino species. Different
studies have hypothesized they may be closely related to the extinct Gaindetheriumor Punjabitherium. A
detailedcladisticanalysis of the Rhinocerotidae placedRhinocerosand the extinct Punjabitheriumin a clade
withDicerorhinus,the Sumatran rhino. Other studies have suggested the Sumatran rhinoceros is more closely
related to the two African species.[21]The Sumatran rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos 15
million years ago,[19]or as far back as 25.9 million years ago based on mitochondrial data.[20]
Description[edit]
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Captive Sunda rhino, around 1900
The Sunda rhino is smaller than Indian rhinoceros, and is close in size to theblack rhinoceros.It is the largest
animal in Java and the second largest animal inIndonesiaafter theAsian Elephant.The body length of the
Sunda rhino (including its head) can be up to 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13.1 ft), and it can reach a height of 1.41.7 m
(4.6
5.8 ft). Adults are variously reported to weigh between 900 and 2,300 kg (2,000 and 5,100 lb), although astudy to collect accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority because
they are endangered.[22]There is not a substantialsize differencebetween genders, but females may be
slightly bigger. The rhinos in Vietnam appeared to be significantly smaller than those in Java, based on studies
of photographic evidence and measurements of their footprints.[23]
Like Indian rhino, the Sunda rhinoceros has a single horn (the other extant species have two horns). Its horn is
the smallest of all extant rhinos, usually less than 20 cm (7.9 inches) with the longest recorded only 27 cm
(10.5 in). The Sunda rhinoceros does not appear to often use its horn for fighting, but instead uses it to scrape
mud away in wallows, to pull down plants for eating, and to open paths through thick vegetation. Similar to the
other browsing species of rhino (the black, Sumatran and Indian), the Sunda rhino has long, pointed, upper lips
which help in grabbing food. Its lowerincisorsare long and sharp; when the Sunda rhino fights, it uses these
teeth. Behind the incisors, two rows of six low-crownedmolarsare used for chewing coarse plants. Like all
rhinos, the Sunda rhino smells and hears well, but has very poor vision. They are estimated to live for 30 to 45
years.[23]
Its hairless, splotchy gray or gray-brown skin falls in folds to the shoulder, back and rump. The skin has a
natural mosaic pattern which lends the rhino an armored appearance. The neck folds of the Sunda rhinoceros
are smaller than those of the Indian rhinoceros, but still form a saddle shape over the shoulder. Because of the
risks of interfering with such an endangered species, however, the Sunda rhinoceros is primarily studied
through fecal sampling and camera traps. They are rarely encountered, observed or measured directly.[24]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
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Java'sUjung Kulon National Parkis the home of all remaining Sunda rhinos.
Even the most optimistic estimate suggests fewer than 100 Sunda rhinos remain in the wi ld. They are
considered one of the most endangered species in the world.[25]The Sunda rhinoceros is known to survive in
only one place, theUjung Kulon National Parkon the western tip of Java.[12][26]
The animal was once widespread fromAssamandBengal(where their range would have overlapped with both
the Sumatran and Indian rhinos)[17]eastward toMyanmar,Thailand,Cambodia,Laos,Vietnam,and southwards
to theMalay Peninsulaand the islands ofSumatra,Java,and possiblyBorneo.[27]The Sunda rhino primarily
inhabits dense, lowland rain forests, grasslands, and reed beds with abundant rivers, large floodplains, or wet
areas with many mud wallows. Although it historically preferred low-lying areas, the subspecies in Vietnam was
pushed onto much higher ground (up to 2,000 m or 6,561 ft), probably because of human encroachment and
poaching.[15]
The range of the Sunda rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3,000 years. Starting around 1000 BC, the
northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China, but began moving southward at roughly 0.5 km (0.31 mi)
per year, as human settlements increased in the region.[28]It likely became locally extinct in India in the first
decade of the 20th century.[17]The Sunda rhino was hunted to extinction on the Malay Peninsula by 1932.[29]By
the end of theVietnam War,the Vietnamese rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia. Local
hunters and woodcutters inCambodiaclaim to have seen Sunda rhinos in theCardamom Mountains,but
surveys of the area have failed to find any evidence of them.[30]In the late 1980s, a small population was found
in the Cat Tien area of Vietnam. However, the last individual of that population was shot in 2010.[31]A
population may have existed on the island ofBorneoas well, though these specimens could have been the
Sumatran rhinoceros, a small population of which still lives there.
[27]
Behavior[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Telegraph_4_January_2010-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park8/13/2019 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A museum specimen of a juvenile R. s. sondaicus
The Sunda rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with calves. They
will sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows.Wallowingin mud is a common
behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain cool body temperatures and helps prevent disease
and parasite infestation. The Sunda rhinoceros does not generally dig its own mud wallows, preferring to use
other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it will use its horn to enlarge. Salt licks are also very
important because of the essential nutrients the rhino receives from the salt. Male home ranges are larger at
1220 km (58 miles) compared to the female, which are around 314 km (15 mi). Male territories overlap
each other less than those of the female. It is not known if there are territorial fights.[32]
Malesmark their territorieswith dung piles and byurine spraying.Scrapes made by the feet in the ground and
twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication. Members of other rhino species have a peculiar
habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back feet in the dung. The Sumatran
and Sunda rhinos, while defecating in piles, do not engage in the scraping. This adaptation in behavior is
thought to be ecological; in the wet forests of Java and Sumatra, the method may not be useful for spreading
odors.[32]
The Sunda rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran; very few Sunda rhino vocalizations have ever been
recorded. Adult Sunda rhinos have no known predators other than humans. The species, particularly in
Vietnam, is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near. Though a valuable trait from a
survival standpoint, it has made the rhinos difficult to study.[7]Nevertheless, when humans approach too
closely, the Sunda rhino becomes aggressive and will attack, stabbing with the incisors of its lower jaw while
thrusting upward with its head.
[32]
Its comparatively antisocial behavior may be a recent adaptation topopulation stresses; historical evidence suggests they, like other rhinos, were once more gregarious.[12]
Diet[edit]
The Sunda rhinoceros is herbivorous and eats diverse plant species, especially their shoots, twigs, young
foliage and fallen fruit. Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas in forest clearings,
shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees. The rhino knocks down saplings to reach its food and
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grabs it with its prehensile upper lip. It is the most adaptable feeder of all the rhino species. Currently, it is a
pure browser, but probably once both browsed and grazed in its historical range. The rhino eats an estimated
50 kg (110 lb) of food daily. Like the Sumatran rhino, it needs salt in its diet. The salt licks common in its
historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon, but the rhinos there have been observed drinking seawater, likely
for the same nutritional need.[32]
Conservation[edit]
See also:Rhinoceros's Horns
A painting from 1861 depicts the hunting of R. s. sondaicus
The main factor in the continued decline of the Sunda rhinoceros population has been poaching for horns, a
problem that affects all rhino species. The horns have been a traded commodity for more than 2,000 years in
China, where they are believed to have healing properties. Historically, the rhinoceros' hide was used to make
armor for Chinese soldiers, and some local tribes in Vietnam believed the hide could be used to make an
antidote for snake venom.[33]
Because the rhinoceros' range encompasses many areas of poverty, it has been
difficult to convince local people not to kill a seemingly (otherwise) useless animal which could be sold for a
large sum of money.[28]When theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Florafirst went into effect in 1975, the Sunda rhinoceros was placed under complete Appendix 1 protection; all
international trade in the Sunda rhinoceros and products derived from it is illegal.[34]Surveys of the rhinoceros
horn black market have determined Asian rhinoceros horn fetches a price as high as $30,000 per kilogram,
three times the value of African rhinoceros horn.[5]:31
Loss of habitat because of agriculture has also contributed to its decline, though this is no longer as significant
a factor because the rhinoceros only lives inone nationally protected park.Deteriorating habitats have hinderedthe recovery of rhino populations that fell victim to poaching. Even with all the conservation efforts, the
prospects for their survival are grim. Because the population is restricted to one small area, they are very
susceptible to disease and theproblemsofinbreeding.Conservation geneticists estimate a population of 100
rhinos would be needed to preserve the genetic diversity of thisconservation reliant species.[26]
Ujung Kulon[edit]
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A Dutch hunter with a dead R. s. sondaicusin Ujung Kulon, 1895
TheUjung Kulonpeninsula of Java was devastated by the eruption ofKrakatoain 1883. The Sunda rhinoceros
recolonized the peninsula after the explosion, but humans never returned in large numbers, thus creating a
haven.[26]In 1931, as the Sunda rhinoceros was on the brink of extinction in Sumatra, the government of the
Dutch Indies declared the rhino a legally protected species, which it has remained ever since.[15]A census of
the rhinos in Ujung Kulon was first conducted in 1967; only 25 animals were recorded. By 1980, that population
had doubled, and has remained steady at about 50 ever since. Although the rhinos in Ujung Kulon have no
natural predators, they have to compete for scarce resources with wild cattle, which may keep their numbers
below the peninsula'scarrying capacity.[35]Ujung Kulon is managed by the Indonesian Ministry of
Forestry.[15]Evidence of at least four baby rhinos was discovered in 2006, the most ever documented for the
species.[36]
In March 2011, hidden-camera video was published showing adults and juveniles, indicating recent matings
and breeding.[37]During the period from January to October 2011, the cameras had captured images of 35
rhinos. As of December 2011, a rhino breeding sanctuary in an area of 38,000 hectares is being finalized to
help reach the target of 70 to 80 Sunda rhinos by 2015.[38]
In April 2012, the WWF and International Rhino Foundation added 120 video cameras to the existing 40 to
better monitor rhino movements and judge the size of the animals' population. A recent survey has found far
fewer females than males. Only four females among 17 rhinos were recorded in the eastern half of Ujung
Kulon, which is a potential setback in efforts to save the species.[39]
With Ujung Kulon as the last resort of this species, there is the advantage that all the Sunda rhinos are in one
location, unlike theSumatran rhinowhich is dispersed in different, unconnected areas. However, this may also
be disadvantageous to the Sunda rhino population, because if there are any catastrophic diseases
ortsunamisthey could all be wiped out at once. In 2012, the Asian Rhino Project was working out the best
eradication programme for thearenga palm,which was blanketing the park and crowding out the rhinos' food
source. Thebantengcattle also compete with the rhinos for food, so the authority were considering plans to
fence off the western part of the park to keep the livestock out.[40]
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Cat Tien[edit]
Head of a male R. s. annamiticusshot in Perak on the Malay Peninsula
Once widespread in Southeast Asia, the Sunda rhinoceros was presumed extinct in Vietnam in the mid-1970s,
at the end of theVietnam War.The tactics used in the combat wrought havoc on the ecosystems of the region:
use ofnapalm,extensive defoliation fromAgent Orange,aerial bombing and use of landmines. The war also
flooded the area with inexpensive weapons. After the war, many poor villagers, who previously relied on
methods like pit traps, now had deadly weapons at their disposal, enabling them to become efficient
poachers.[citation needed]
In 1988, the assumption of the subspecies' extinction was challenged when a hunter shot an adult female,
proving the species had somehow survived the war. In 1989, scientists surveyed Vietnam's southern forests to
search for evidence of other survivors. Fresh tracks belonging to at least 15 rhinos were found along theDong
Nai River.[41]Largely because of the rhinoceros, the region they inhabited became part of the Cat Tien National
Park in 1992.
[33]
By early 2000s, their population was feared to have declined past the point of recovery in Vietnam, with some
conservationists estimating as few as three to eight rhinos, and possibly no males,
survived.[26][36]Conservationists debated whether or not the Vietnamese rhinoceros had any chance of survival,
with some arguing that rhinos from Indonesia should be introduced in an attempt to save the population, with
others arguing that the population could recover.[7][42]
Genetic analysis of dung samples collected in Cat Tien National Park in a survey from October 2009 to March
2010 showed only a single individual Sunda rhinoceros remained in the park. In early May 2010, the body of a
Sunda rhino was found in the park. The animal had been shot and its horn removed by poachers.[43]
In October
2011, the International Rhino Foundation confirmed the Sunda rhinoceros was extinct in Vietnam, leaving only
the rhinos in Ujung Kulon.[6][13][31]
In captivity[edit]
A Sunda rhinoceros has not been exhibited in a zoo in a century. In the 19th century, at least four rhinos were
exhibited inAdelaide,Calcutta,andLondon.A total of at least 22 Sunda rhinos have been documented as
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having been kept in captivity; the true number is possibly greater, as the species was sometimes confused with
the Indian rhinoceros.[44]
The Sunda rhinoceros never fared well in captivity. The oldest lived to be 20, about half the age the rhinos can
reach in the wild. The last captive Sunda rhino died at theAdelaide ZooinAustraliain 1907, where the species
was so little known that it had been exhibited as an Indian rhinoceros.[23]
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