Javan Rhino Research ( All Info)

7/31/2019 Javan Rhino Research ( All Info)

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The Javan rhino is probably the rarest large mammal on the planet, with nomore than 50 left in the wild and none in captivity.

Its small population size and likely isolation to one protected area in Indonesia make it

extremely vulnerable to any threat.

EXTINCTION OF THE JAVAN RHINO INVIETNAM

In October 2011 it was confirmed that theJavan rhino in Vietnam is extinct.

A dead Javan rhino was found in April 2010 with a single bullet in its leg and its hornremoved. A collection of 22 seperate dung samples gathered in a survey of Cat TienNational Park in 2009-2010 were analysed and all came from this single rhino.

(Download the full report of the study here).

Habitat loss played a key role in sealing the fate of the rhino in Vietnam, and withoutadequate law enforcement and effective management of protected areas other speciessuch as the tiger and the Asian elephant could also disappear from the wild in Vietnam.

The Javan Rhino is the rarest of the rhino species with 27-44 animals surviving only inIndonesia. The last Javan rhino is believed to have been poached in Vietnam in 2010. In Indonesia,Javan rhinos live only in Javas Ujung Kulon National Park, where the population appears to havestabilized, largely because they are physically guarded from harm by Rhino Protection Units. Thecontinuation of this protection, combined with establishing a second population elsewhere inIndonesia, provides the best possible hope for the species survival.

Current Javan Rhino Numbers and Distribution

There currently are approximately 27-44 Javan rhinos surviving in in one country, Indonesia.

Biology

The Javan Rhinois found only in Indonesias Ujung Kulon National Park in west Java.

Javan rhinos appear to be more adaptable feeders than other rhino species: in the tropical rain forest

where the species now survives, it is a pure browser, but it possibly was a mixed feeder (both browseand grass) in other parts of its historic range where the species is generally believed to have occupiedmore lowland areas, especially along watercourses.

Longevity is unknown, but Javan rhinos probably live to 30-40 years.

Gestation is unknown but is presumed to be approximately 15-16 months, as in other rhinos. Inter-birth intervals are unknown, but mothers probably give birth to one calf every 1-3 years.

Females reach sexual maturity between 5 and 7 years of age; males mature at approximately 10years of age.

Javan rhinos are solitary in nature and are rarely seen.
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/rhinoceros/asian_rhinos/javan_rhinoceros/vietnamese_javan_rhino/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/rhinoceros/asian_rhinos/javan_rhinoceros/vietnamese_javan_rhino/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/rhinoceros/asian_rhinos/javan_rhinoceros/vietnamese_javan_rhino/http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_rhino_report_en_final_251011.pdfhttp://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_rhino_report_en_final_251011.pdfhttp://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_rhino_report_en_final_251011.pdfhttp://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_rhino_report_en_final_251011.pdfhttp://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/rhinoceros/asian_rhinos/javan_rhinoceros/vietnamese_javan_rhino/


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The Javan rhinoceros (Sunda rhinoceros to be more precise) orlesser one-horned

rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is a member of the familyRhinocerotidaeand one of five

extantrhinoceroses. It belongs to the same genus as theIndian rhinoceros, and has similar

mosaicked skin which resembles armor, but at 3.13.2 m (1010.5 feet) in length and 1.41.7 m (4.6

5.8 ft) in height, it is smaller. (In fact, it is closer in size to the black rhinocerosof the genusDiceros.)

Its horn is usually less than 25 cm (10 inches), smaller than those of the other rhino species.

Once the most widespread of Asian rhinoceroses, the Javan rhinoceros ranged from the islands

ofJavaandSumatra, throughout Southeast Asia, and into India and China. The species iscritically

endangered, with only one known population in the wild, and no individuals in captivity. It is possibly

the rarest large mammal on earth,[5]:21 with a population of as few as 40 inUjung Kulon National

ParkonJavainIndonesia. A second population inCat Tien National ParkinVietnamwas confirmed

as extinct in 2011.[6]

The decline of the Javan rhinoceros is attributed to poaching, primarily for their

horns, which are highly valued intraditional Chinese medicine, fetching as much as $30,000 per

kilogram on the black market.[5]:31 Loss of habitat, especially as the result of wars, such as

theVietnam War, in Southeast Asia, has also contributed to the species's decline and hindered

recovery.[7]The remaining range is within one nationally protected area, but the rhinos are still at risk

from poachers, disease and loss of genetic diversity leading toinbreeding depression.

The Javan rhino can live approximately 3045 years in the wild. It historically inhabited lowlandrain

forest, wet grasslands and large floodplains. The Javan rhino is mostly solitary, except for courtship

and child-rearing, though groups may occasionally congregate near wallows and salt licks. Aside from

humans, adults have nopredatorsin their range. The Javan rhino usually avoids humans, but will

attack when it feels threatened. Scientists and conservationists rarely study the animals directly due

to their extreme rarity and the danger of interfering with such an endangered species. Researchers

rely oncamera trapsand fecal samples to gauge health and behavior. Consequently, the Javan rhino

is the least studied of all rhino species. Two adult rhinos with their calves were filmed in a motion-

triggered video released on February 28, 2011 byWWFand Indonesia's National Park Authority,

which proved that it is still breeding in the wild.[8]

Contents

[hide]

1 Taxonomy and naming

o 1.1 Evolution

2 Description

3 Distribution and habitat

4 Behavior

5 Diet

6 Conservation

o 6.1 Ujung Kulon

o 6.2 Cat Tien

o 6.3 In captivity

7 References

8 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinocerotidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinocerotidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinocerotidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Taxonomy_and_naminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Taxonomy_and_naminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Distribution_and_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Distribution_and_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Ujung_Kulonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Ujung_Kulonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Cat_Tienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Cat_Tienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#In_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#In_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#In_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Cat_Tienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Ujung_Kulonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Distribution_and_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#Taxonomy_and_naminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Santiapillai-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Dinerstein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinocerotidae


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[edit]Taxonomy and naming

Type specimenof the extinctR. s. inermis

The first studies of the Javan rhinoceros bynaturalistsfrom outside of its region took place in 1787

when two animals were shot in Java. The skulls were sent to the renowned Dutch naturalistPetrus

Camper, who died in 1789 before he was able to publish his discovery that the rhinos of Java were a

distinct species. Another Javan rhinoceros was shot on the island ofSumatrabyAlfred Duvaucelwho

sent the specimen to his stepfatherGeorges Cuvier, a famous French scientist. Cuvier recognized the

animal as a distinct species in 1822, and in the same year it was identified byAnselme Gatan

Desmarestas Rhinoceros sondaicus. It was the last species of rhinoceros to be

identified.[9]

Desmarest initially identified the rhino as being from Sumatra, but later amended this to

say his specimen was from Java.[3]

The genus name Rhinoceros, which also includes the Indian rhinoceros, is derived

fromGreek:rhinomeaning nose, and cerosmeaning horn; sondaicusis derived fromsunda,

thebiogeographicalregion that comprises islands of Sumatra, Java,Borneo, and surrounding smaller

islands. The Javan rhino is also known as the lesser one-horned rhinoceros (in contrast with the

greater one-horned rhinoceros, another name for the Indian rhino).

There are three distinct subspecies, of which only one is still extant:

Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus, the type subspecies, known as the Indonesian Javan

rhinoceros, once lived on Java and Sumatra. The population is now confined to as few as 40

animals in the wild,Ujung Kulon National Parkon the western tip of the island ofJava. One

researcher has suggested that the Javan rhino on Sumatra belonged to a distinct

subspecies, R.s. floweri, but this is not widely accepted.[2][10]

Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus, known as the Vietnamese Javan

rhinoceros orVietnamese rhinoceros, once lived across Vietnam,Cambodia,Laosand

intoThailandandMalaysia.Annamiticusis derived from theAnnamite Mountain Rangein

Southeast Asia, part of this subspecies's range. In 2006, a single population, estimated at fewer
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duvaucelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duvaucelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duvaucelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Rookmaaker-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Rookmaaker-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Zeitschrift-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Zeitschrift-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Zeitschrift-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IUCN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IUCN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IUCN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamite_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamite_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamite_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhinoceros_sondaicus_inermis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhinoceros_sondaicus_inermis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhinoceros_sondaicus_inermis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhinoceros_sondaicus_inermis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamite_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IUCN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-IUCN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Zeitschrift-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Rookmaaker-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmaresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Duvaucelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Camperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=1


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than 12 remaining rhinos, lived in an area of lowland forest in theCat Tien National

ParkinVietnam. Genetic analysis suggested that the this subspecies and the Indonesian Javan

rhinoceros last shared a common ancestor between 300,000 and 2 million years ago.[10][2]The

last individual of this population was shot by a poacher in 2010.[11]

Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis, known as the Indian Javan rhinoceros, once ranged

fromBengaltoBurma, but is presumed to have gone extinct before

1925.[12]Inermismeans unarmed, as the most distinctive characteristic of this sub-species is the

small horns in males, and evident lack of horns in females. The original specimen of this species

was a hornless female. The political situation in Burma has prevented assessment of the species

in that country, but its survival is considered unlikely.[13][14][15]

[edit]Evolution

Main article:Rhinoceros#Evolution

TheIndian rhinocerospictured here is closely related to the Javan rhinoceros; they are the two members of thetype

genusRhinoceros.

Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from otherPerissodactylsin theEarly Eocene. Mitochondrial

DNA comparison suggests that the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors

ofEquidaearound 50 million years ago.[16]The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the

Late Eocene inEurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning

in theMiocene.[17]

The Indian and Javan rhinoceros, the only members of the genusRhinoceros, first appear in the fossil

record in Asia around 1.6 million3.3 million years ago. Molecular estimates, however, suggest the

species may have diverged much earlier, around 11.7 million years ago.[16][18]

Although belonging to

thetype genus, the Indian and Javan rhinoceros are not believed to be closely related to other rhino

species. Different studies have hypothesized that they may be closely related to theextinct GaindetheriumorPunjabitherium. A detailedcladisticanalysis of the Rhinocerotidae

placed Rhinocerosand the extinctPunjabitheriumin a clade withDicerorhinus, the Sumatran Rhino.

Other studies have suggested the Sumatran Rhinoceros is more closely related to the two African

species.[19]The Sumatran Rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos as far back as 15

million years ago.[17]

[edit]Description
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-DNA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Eocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Driven-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Tien_National_Park


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Head of a specimen shot in 1934

The Javan rhino is smaller than its cousin, the Indian rhinoceros, and is close in size to theblack

rhinoceros. The body length of the Javan rhino (including its head) can be up to 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13 ft),

and it can reach a height of 1.41.7 m (4.65.8 ft). Adults are variously reported to weigh between900 and 2,300 kg (2,000 and 5,100 lb), although because they are endangered, a study to collect

accurate measurements of the animals has never been conducted and is not a priority.[20]

There is not

a substantial size difference between genders, but females may be slightly bigger. The rhinos in

Vietnam appeared to be significantly smaller than those in Java, based on studies of photographic

evidence and measurements of their footprints.[21]

Like its Indian cousin, the Javan rhinoceros has a single horn (the other extant species have two

horns). Its horn is the smallest of all extant rhinos, usually less than 20 cm (7.9 inches) with the

longest recorded only 27 cm (10 in). The Javan rhinoceros does not appear to often use its horn for

fighting, but instead uses it to scrape mud away in wallows, to pull down plants for eating, and to open

paths through thick vegetation. Similar to the other browsing species of rhino (the black, Sumatranand Indian rhinoceroses), the Javan rhino has long, pointed, upper lips which help in grabbing food.

Its lowerincisorsare long and sharp; when the Javan rhino fights it uses these teeth. Behind the

incisors, two rows of six low-crownedmolarsare used for chewing coarse plants. Like all rhinos, the

Javan rhino smells and hears well but has very poor vision. They are estimated to live for 30 to 45

years.[21]

Its hairless, splotchy gray or gray-brown skin falls in folds to the shoulder, back and rump. The skin

has a natural mosaic pattern which lends the rhino an armored appearance. The neck folds of the

Javan rhinoceros are smaller than those of the Indian rhinoceros, but still form a saddle shape over

the shoulder. Because of the risks of interfering with such an endangered species, however, the

Javan rhinoceros is primarily studied through fecal sampling and camera traps. They are rarelyencountered, observed or measured directly.[22]

[edit]Distribution and habitat
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6/13

Java'sUjung Kulon National Parkis the home of all remaining Javan rhinos.

Even the most optimistic estimate suggests there are fewer than 100 Javan rhinos in the wild. They

are considered one of the most endangered species in the world.[23]

The Javan rhinoceros is known to

survive in only one place, theUjung Kulon National Parkon the western tip of Java.[10][24]

The animal was once widespread fromAssamandBengal(where their range would have overlapped

with both the Sumatran and Indian rhinos[15]

) eastward

toMyanmar,Thailand,Cambodia,Laos,Vietnam, and southwards to theMalay Peninsulaand the

islands ofSumatra,Javaand possiblyBorneo.[25]The Javan rhino primarily inhabits dense lowland

rain forests, tall grass and reed beds that are plentiful with rivers, large floodplains, or wet areas with

many mud wallows. Although it historically preferred low-lying areas, the subspecies in Vietnam has

been pushed onto much higher ground (up to 2,000 m or 6,561 ft), probably because of human

encroachment and poaching.[13]

The range of the Javan rhinoceros has been shrinking for at least 3,000 years. Starting around

1000 BC, the northern range of the rhinoceros extended into China, but began moving southward at

roughly 0.5 km (0.31 mi) per year, as human settlements increased in the region.[26]It likely became

locally extinct in India in the first decade of the 20th century.[15]

The Javan rhino was hunted to

extinction on the Malaysian peninsula by 1932.[27]

By the end of theVietnam War, the Vietnamese

Rhinoceros was believed extinct across all of mainland Asia. Local hunters and woodcutters

inCambodiaclaim to have seen Javan rhinos in theCardamom Mountains, but surveys of the area

have failed to find any evidence of them.[28]In the late 1980s a small population was found in the Cat

Tien area of Vietnam. However, the last individual was shot in 2010.[29]

A population may have existed

on the island ofBorneoas well, though these specimens could have been the Sumatran Rhinoceros,

a small population of which still lives there.[25]

[edit]Behavior
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nRhino-PeterMaas-NaturalisLeiden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JavanRhino-PeterMaas-NaturalisLeiden.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ujungkulon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javan_rhinoceros&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-wwf.panda-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-FFI-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Straits-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Biotropica-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Foose-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-Raffles-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-NE_India-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-CG-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park


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A museum specimen of a juvenile R. s. sondaicus

The Javan rhinoceros is a solitary animal with the exception of breeding pairs and mothers with

calves. They will sometimes congregate in small groups at salt licks and mud wallows. Wallowing in

mud is a common behavior for all rhinos; the activity allows them to maintain a cool body temperature

and helps prevent disease and parasite infestation. The Javan rhinoceros does not generally dig itsown mud wallows, preferring to use other animals' wallows or naturally occurring pits, which it will use

its horn to enlarge. Salt licks are also very important because of the essential nutrients the rhino

receives from the salt. Male home ranges are larger at 1220 km (58 miles) compared to the

female, which are around 314 km (15 mi). Male territories overlap each other less than those of

the female. It is not known if there are territorial fights.[30]

Males mark their territory with dung piles and by urine spraying. Scrapes made by the feet in the

ground and twisted saplings also seem to be used for communication. Members of other rhino

species have a peculiar habit of defecating in massive rhino dung piles and then scraping their back

feet in the dung. The Sumatran and Javan rhinoceros, while defecating in piles, do not engage in the

scraping. This adaptation in behavior is thought to be ecological; in the wet forests of Java andSumatra, the method may not be useful for spreading odors.[30]

The Javan rhino is much less vocal than the Sumatran; very few Javan rhino vocalizations have ever

been recorded. Adult Javan rhinos have no known predators other than humans. The species,

particularly in Vietnam, is skittish and retreats into dense forests whenever humans are near. Though

a valuable trait from a survival standpoint, it has made the rhinos difficult to study.[7]

Nevertheless,

when humans approach too closely, the Javan rhino becomes aggressive and will attack, stabbing

with the incisors of its lower jaw while thrusting upward with its head.[30]

Its comparatively anti-social

behavior may be a recent adaptation to population stresses; historical evidence suggests that, like

other rhinos, the species was once more gregarious.[10]

[edit]Diet

The Javan rhinoceros is herbivorous and eats diverse plant species, especially their shoots, twigs,

young foliage and fallen fruit. Most of the plants favored by the species grow in sunny areas: in forest

clearings, shrubland and other vegetation types with no large trees. The rhino knocks down saplings

to reach its food and grabs it with its prehensile upper lip. It is the most adaptable feeder of all the

rhino species. Currently it is a pure browser but probably once both browsed and grazed in its

historical range. The rhino eats an estimated 50 kg (110 lb) of food daily. Like the Sumatran Rhino, it

needs salt in its diet. The salt licks common in its historical range do not exist in Ujung Kulon, but the

rhinos there have been observed drinking seawater, likely for the same nutritional need.[30]

[edit]Conservation

See also:Rhinoceros#Horns
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A painting from 1861 depicts the hunting ofR. s. sondaicus

The main factor in the continued decline of the Javan rhinoceros population has been poaching for

horns, a problem that affects all rhino species. The horns have been a traded commodity in China forover 2,000 years where they are believed to have healing properties in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Historically, its hide was used to make armor for Chinese soldiers and some local tribes in Vietnam

believed the hide can be used to make an antidote for snake venom.[31]Because the rhinoceros's

range encompasses many areas of poverty, it has been difficult to convince local people not to kill a

seemingly useless animal which could be sold for a large sum of money.[26]

When theConvention on

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Florafirst went into effect in 1975, the

Javan rhinoceros was placed under complete Appendix 1 protection: all international trade in the

Javan rhinoceros and products derived from it is illegal.[32]Surveys of the rhinoceros horn black

market have determined that Asian rhinoceros horn fetches a price as high as $30,000 per kilogram,

three times the value of African rhinoceros horn.[5]:31

Loss of habitat because of agriculture has also contributed to its decline, though this is no longer as

significant a factor because the rhinoceros only lives in one nationally protected park. Deteriorating

habitats have hindered the recovery of rhino populations that fell victim to poaching. Even with all the

conservation efforts, the prospects for the Javan rhinoceros's survival are grim. Because the

population is restricted to one small area, they are very susceptible to disease and the problems of

inbreeding. Conservation geneticists estimate that a population of 100 rhinos would be needed to

preserve the genetic diversity of thisconservation reliant species.[24]

[edit]Ujung Kulon

A Dutch hunter with a dead R. s. sondaicusin Ujung Kulon, 1895

TheUjung Kulonpeninsula was devastated by the eruption ofKrakatoain 1883. The Javan

rhinoceros recolonized the peninsula after the explosion, but humans never returned in large

numbers, thus creating a haven.[24]In 1931, as the Javan rhinoceros was on the brink of extinction in

Sumatra, the government of the Dutch Indies declared the rhino a legally protected species, which it

has remained ever since.[13]

In 1967 when a census was first conducted of the rhinos in Ujung Kulon,

only 25 animals were recorded. By 1980 that population had doubled, and has remained steady at

about 50 ever since. Although the rhinos in Ujung Kulon have no natural predators, they have to

compete for scarce resources with wild cattle which may keep the rhino's numbers below the

peninsula'scarrying capacity.[33]

Ujung Kulon is managed by the Indonesian Ministry of

Forestry.[13]Evidence of at least four baby rhinos was discovered in 2006, the most ever documentedfor the species.

[34]
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In March 2011, hidden-camera video was published showing adults and juveniles, indicating recent

matings and breeding.[35]During the period from January to October 2011 the cameras had captured

images of 35 rhinos. As of December 2011 a rhino breeding sanctuary in an area of 38,000 hectares

is being finalized to help reaching the target of 70 to 80 Javan rhinos by 2015.[36]

In April 2012, the WWF and International Rhino Foundation have placed 120 additional videocameras to the existing 40 to monitor better rhinos movements and judge the size of the animal's

population. A latest survey has found far fewer females than males. There were only 4 females

among 17 rhinos recorded in the eastern half of Ujung Kulon which it makes a potential setback in

efforts to save the species.[37]

[edit]Cat Tien

Once widespread in Southeast Asia, the Javan rhinoceros was presumed extinct in Vietnam in the

mid-1970s, at the end of theVietnam War. The tactics used in the combat wrought havoc on the

ecosystems of the region: use ofnapalm, extensive defoliation fromAgent Orange, aerial bombing

and use of landmines. The war also flooded the area with inexpensive weapons. After the war, many

poor villagers, who previously relied on methods like pit traps, now had deadly weapons at theirdisposal, enabling them to become efficient poachers.

Head of a male R. s. annamiticusshot in Perak on the Malay Peninsula

In 1988 the assumption of the subspecies extinction was challenged when a hunter shot an adult

female, proving the species had somehow survived the war. In 1989, scientists surveyed Vietnam's

southern forests to search for evidence of other survivors. Fresh rhinoceros tracks belonging to at

least 15 rhinos were found along theDong Nai River.[38]Largely because of the rhinoceros, the region

they inhabited became part of the Cat Tien National Park in 1992.[31]

By early 2000s, their population was feared to have declined past the point of recovery in Vietnam,with some conservationists estimating that as few as 38 rhinos, and possibly no males,

survived.[24][34]

Conservationists debated whether or not the Vietnamese Rhinoceros had any chance

of survival, with some arguing that rhinos from Indonesia should be introduced in an attempt to save

the population, with others arguing that the population could recover.[7][39]

Genetic analysis of dung samples collected in Cat Tien National Park in a survey from October 2009

to March 2010 showed that only a single individual Javan rhinoceros remained in the park. In early

May 2010, the body of a Javan rhinos was found in the Park. The animal had been shot and its horn

removed by poachers.[40]

In October 2011 the International Rhino Foundation confirmed that the

Javan rhinoceros was extinct in Vietnam, leaving only the rhinos in Ujung Kulon.[11][41]

[29]
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[edit]In captivity

Captive Javan rhino, around 1900

A Javan rhinoceros has not been exhibited in zoos in a century. In the 19th century, at least four

rhinos were exhibited in Adelaide, Calcutta and London. A total of at least 22 Javan rhinos have beendocumented as having been kept in captivity, and it is possible that the number is greater as the

species was sometimes confused with the Indian rhinoceros.[42]

The Javan rhinoceros never fared well in captivity. The oldest lived to be 20, about half the age the

rhinos will reach in the wild. The last captive Javan rhino died at theAdelaide ZooinAustraliain 1907

where the species was so little known that it had been exhibited as an Indian rhinoceros.[21]

Because

a lengthy and expensive program in the 1980s and 1990s to breed theSumatran

Rhinoceros(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in zoos failed badly, attempts to preserve the Javan species in

zoos are unlikely.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Javan rhinoceros is extinct in Vietnam; the last individual was poached for itshorn in late 2009, found dead in 2010. Consequently, the annamiticussubspecies isextinct. This leaves only one small population of Javan rhinoceros in Java,Indonesia.Twenty rhinoceros faecal samples collected by CTNP and WWF between 2003 and2006 were sent to Queens University in April 2010 for analysis. Bacterial diversityprofiles of these samples concluded that there were at least two individuals present inthe population in 2003-2006.WWF and Cat Tien National Park conducted a comprehensive survey of the Javanrhinoceros population from October 2009 to April 2010, to determine the populationstatus through genetic analysis of rhinoceros dung samples collected. Dungdetection

dogs were employed for the survey to increase the detection of rhinocerosdung. The team achieved good coverage, surveying the 6,500ha rhino core areathree times and approximately 3,500ha of the wider area, where signs of rhino havenot been recorded since 1993, to ensure no individuals were missed.Twenty-two dung samples were collected by the survey team from the rhino core areabetween October 2009 and February 2010 and sent to Queens University, Canadafor genetic analysis. No signs of rhinoceros were found outside of the rhino core areaat any time during the survey. From 5th February to mid-April, the team did not findany new rhinoceros footprints or dung in Cat Loc.On 29thApril 2010 a Javan rhinoceros was found dead in Cat Loc; samples of skinand teeth were taken from the skeleton and sent to Queens University to be includedin the genetic analyses. The genetic analyses confirmed that all of the dung samples

collected in 2009/2010 belong to one individual, the same individual that was founddead in April 2010. Genetic sexing indicates that this individual was female. Bacterial
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diversity profiles of the faecal samples, which discriminate among differentindividuals, supported the conclusions from the genetic work that there was 1individual in 2009-2010, and showed that this individual was one of the twoindividuals present in 2003-2006.Given the good survey coverage of the area, the field observations, and the geneticand bacterial diversity work, we can therefore confirm that the Vietnamesepopulation and the annamiticussubspecies of Javan rhinoceros is extinct. The Javanrhinoceros is therefore confined to one population on Java, Indonesia.Poaching was identified as the cause of the extinction of the subspecies; the lastindividual was shot in the leg, which probably caused its death, and the horn hadbeen removed (Streicher et al2010). Habitat loss due to agricultural conversion anddevelopment is also recognised as a driving force behind the loss of this population;the habitat of the species in Vietnam has declined from 75,000ha when it wasrediscovered in 1988, to less than 30,000ha today. Furthermore, the population wasrestricted to only 6500ha of this habitat due to the presence of a heavily usedmotorbike dirt-track connecting settlements within the park, which restricted accessto other parts of Cat Loc, and encroachment of agricultural land within the rhino core

area.5The issues of poaching and habitat loss are not unique to Cat Tien National Park butare a nationwide problem in Vietnam, as a result of poor protection and lawenforcement efforts and ineffective protected area management. Consequently,Vietnam is on the verge of an extinction crisis with many other species threatened byhunting and habitat loss. Significant improvements need to be made in lawenforcement and protected area management in Vietnam, and the way in whichconservation organisations cooperate with protected areas, to ensure that otherspecies do not share the same fate as the Javan rhinoceros.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Javan rhinocerosThe Javan rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicusis Critically Endangered (van Strien et al2008), until recently surviving in two separate populations, in Indonesia andVietnam, representing two of the three subspecies (Fernando et al2006, van Strien etal2008). R. sondaicus inermisLesson 1838 formerly occurred in northeastern India,Bangladesh and Myanmar; this subspecies went extinct in the early 1900s. R.sondaicus sondaicusDesmarest 1922 formerly inhabited Thailand, Malaysia, Javaand Sumatra but only 40-60 individuals remain, in 123,051ha of Ujung KulonNational Park, Indonesia (van Strien et al2008). R. sondaicus annamiticusHeude1892 formerly occurred in Lao, Cambodia, eastern Thailand and Vietnam. R.sondaicus annamiticuswas presumed extinct by the western world after the VietnamWar until 1988, when reports were received of an individual having been hunted in

southern Vietnam (Santiapillai et al1993).A survey conducted in the same area of southern Vietnam in 1989 confirmed thatindividuals remained in approximately 75,000ha of habitat at the site known as CatLoc, just north of the existing Cat Tien National Park (CTNP) (Schaller et al1990)(Figure 1). Cat Loc (30,435ha) was subsequently designated as protected in 1992 andwas incorporated into Cat Tien National Park in 1998.

1.2 WWF involvementWWF have been involved in Cat Tien National Park in strengthening parkmanagement and in particular in Javan rhinoceros conservation, since the mid-1990s. The large-scale Cat Tien National Park Conservation Project (CTNPCP)funded by the Netherlands government and implemented by WWF and CTNP ranfrom 1998 to 2004, with the following aims: i) Effective protection of Cat TienNational Park; ii) Human impacts reduced to sustainable levels; iii) Landscape-levelstrategy to support the management of CTNP; iv) Effective institutional and


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administrative support. From 2005 to 2007 WWF continued to provide small-scalesupport for protection and monitoring of the rhino population and in 2009 fundingwas raised to support enforcement patrols in Cat Loc and to conduct acomprehensive survey of the population status, which was implemented in2009/2010.

61.3 Javan rhinoceros surveys and population status in VietnamJavan rhinoceros was once common throughout much of lowland Vietnam and wasstill in high numbers during French colonial times (1859-1956). Hunting ofrhinoceros by local people was common in the region before these times and alsopopular with colonialists. The widespread availability of military guns during andafter the wars in Vietnam with France (1946-1954) and the USA (1955-1975) allowedmore efficient hunting, contributing to the dramatic decline of the Javan rhinocerospopulation. Polet et al(1999) present anecdotal reports of a minimum of 39 Javanrhinoceros killings in the CTNP area from before 1957 to 1991. Owing to hunting andhabitat loss due to defoliant spraying, it was thought by the western world that thesubspecies was extinct until news was received that an individual was poached from

the Cat Loc area in 1988 (Polet et al1999).Although several surveys were conducted following the subspecies re-discovery inVietnam, no reliable population estimate has ever been obtained. In 1989,researchers estimated that a maximum of 10-15 individuals inhabited the CTNP area(


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Furthermore, the development of dirt-tracks for motorbikes between settlementswithin and outside of Cat Loc effectively cut off access for the rhinoceros to theeastern part of Cat Loc, limiting the population predominantly to the 6500ha corearea (Polet et al1999).Figure 1. Rhino records in and around CTNP from the 1980s, taken from Schaller etal (1989). Rhinos killed (black cross), rhino sightings (black circles) rhino tracks(black squares). All records after 1993 are from the rhino core area (dotted redline).Later surveys estimated progressively fewer animals, with 5-8 estimated in 2004(Polet and Ling 2004); and less than 5 estimated in 2006 (Fernando et al2006), allfrom within the rhino core area. DNA analysis performed by Columbia University in2004 on faecal samples collected by CTNP and WWF in 2001 and 2002, concludedthat there were 5-6 individuals present, including both sexes (Vuong Duy Lap et al2004). However, the accuracy of these conclusions is debatable, given that there is no

8truly accurate method for population estimation from footprint analyses, and primersfrom Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) had to be used for the DNA analyses,

hence creating considerable uncertainty of the results.The primers for Javan rhinoceros were developed in 2009 by Queens University,Canada. Consequently WWF (with financial support from WWF, USFWS, CEPF andthe Hermsen Foundation) sought to conduct the first comprehensive field survey forJavan rhinoceros in Vietnam, to accurately determine the population status. Thesurvey collected faecal samples for genetic analysis to identify the number and sex ofindividual rhinoceros. Detection dogs were employed to improve the detection rate ofJavan rhinoceros dung. Detection dogs are an efficient method of locating targetspecies dung (Smith et al2003) and have been shown to be four times as effective indetecting dung in comparison to other survey methods (Rolland et al2006).

1.3 Aims and objectivesAlthough immediate conservation needs for the Javan rhinoceros in Vietnam wereclear: to protect the rhinos and their remaining habitat (AsRSG 2000), the accuratepopulation status was urgently required, to: i) identify whether investment in CTNPfor Javan rhinoceros conservation was justified (defined by WWF as havingindividuals of both sexes present in the population); and; ii) to provide the necessaryimpetus for the Vietnamese Government to endorse more stringent protectionmeasures and conservation actions.Shortly after the survey was completed, a dead Javan rhinoceros was found in thenational park on 29thApril 2010.

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Javan Rhino Research ( All Info)