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What is hazardous waste
• “Hazardous waste” means any waste which because of its reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment.
(Source: UNEP/WHO/World Bank)
Why is disposed hazardous waste different from parent chemicals?
• Most Hazardous wastes are complex, multi-phase mixtures with great variety of physical and chemical properties (viscosity, corrosivity, volatility, flammability and compatibility)
Major hazardous waste types
• Cyanide waste
• Heavy metals
• Organic wastes including solvents and tars
• Inorganic wastes including ETP sludge
• Asbestos waste
• Miscellaneous
Relevant CPCB guidelines
• CPCB guidelines, 1991 Volume I - Guidelines for the Generator Regarding
Handling, Transportation, Storage, Treatment and Disposal Facility. Also
Covers Emergency Procedures in Case of Any Accident/Spillage While
Handling Hazardous Waste
• Volume II - Guidelines for Siting of Hazardous Waste Treatment and
Disposal Facility and Identification and Assessment of Abandoned
Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities
• Guidelines for hazardous waste transportation
• Guidelines for storage of incinerable waste, 2005-06
• Protocol for evaluation and monitoring of TSDFs including incinerators,
2010-11
Management of spill/
contamination
• To begin with site investigation (SI) is required to be
performed on land where a release or suspected
release of hazardous waste has occurred
• The SI is a comprehensive study of hazardous
material release with respect to relevant site
conditions
• Its purpose is to develop sufficient site characterization
information to provide recommendations for future
activities to rehabilitate the site
Site investigation
• One of the most critical steps in SI is to
identify sensitive receptors that are directly
affected or threatened by the release
• SI is required when there is:• Contaminant (s) is present in soil at concentration which may pose risk to receptors
• Directly affected or threatened sensitive receptors
• Suspected groundwater contamination
• Presence of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)
• Suspected release of hazardous material or waste
Risk assessment with respect to
receptor
• Risk is a function of compound’s toxicity,
the exposure dosage and exposure
pathway• Toxicity data can be taken from standard literature (Merck, IRIS, etc)
• Exposure dosage can be estimated by conducting environmental monitoring
• Exposure pathways would be specific of compound and media in question
(drinking water ingestion, dermal contact, inhalation, etc)
Risk assessment – two
approaches
• Qualitative – sampling of contaminant concentration for each
pathway; results than compared with existing risk based
concentrations
• Quantitative – use of EPA’s risk assessment methodology with
modeling tool
• Priority for action
• Natural attenuation
• In-situ methods
• Ex-situ methods
Consideration for corrective
actions
• Recommendation of appropriate technology would depend on:
• Complexity/sensitivity of the site
• Number of contaminants involved
• Extent of contamination plume
• Persistence of contaminants
• Existence of single or multiple phase
• Local geological/hydrological conditions
Emergency preparedness
• An occupier generating hazardous waste should draw an emergency plan for on-
site storage and transportation of waste
• The emergency plan to minimise hazards to human health or the environment
from fires, explosions, or any unplanned sudden or non-sudden release of
hazardous waste or hazardous waste constituents to air, soil or surface water
• Transporter to be informed about the emergency procedures to be followed in
case of accident.
• The kind of hazard that may occur
• Precautionary measures to be taken in case of emergency. A
Transport Emergency Card (TREM) giving the above details is to be
handed to the transporter
Handling hazardous wastes
Chemical resistant gloves
Material Generally suitable for
Butyl rubber
Aldehydes
Carboxylic acids
Glycols and ethers
Hydroxyl compounds and alcohols
Peroxides
Latex DO NOT USE
Neoprene Mineral acids
Oils
Plating solutions
Composition of oily sludge
Constituents of oily sludge Composition (%)
Steam extractable total petroleum hydrocarbon in oily
sludge
Nil
Solvent extractable TPH in oily sludge 28.32
Water content in oily sludge 24
Organic carbon in oily sludge 19.8
Sediments (sand, silt, etc.) 27.88
Constituents of TPH
Saturated hydrocarbons fraction 56.0
Aromatic fraction 35.0
NSO fraction 4.0
Asphaltene fraction 5.0
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