View
215
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
FEED ADDITIVES IN DIETS OF TRANSITION DAIRY COWS
José Eduardo P. Santos
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California - Davis
Objectives
• Discuss the metabolic and endocrine effects of feed additives during the transition period
• Potential impact of the use of feed additives during transition on performance and incidence of metabolic disorders in dairy cows
Rumen Fermentation
CHOProtein
MicrobialProtein + NH3
Glucose
Pyruvate
Propionate
Acetate + Butyrate
CO2 + CH4 +
H2
Effect of Ionophores on Rumen Bacteria (Gram +)
• Extracellular Intracellular
• ATP• H+ H+ • ADP
• H+ H+ • K+ K+
• Na+ Na+
• H+ H+
M
M
Results of Ionophore Use
• Reduces Gram + population:– Proteolytic and amilolytic bacteria
• Decreases proteolysis ----> Greater flow of nonammonia-nonmicrobial nitrogen to the duodenum
• Reduces lactate producing bacteria: Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus spp.
• Increases molar concentration of propionate
• Reduces CH4 concentration ---> Less energy loss
Why Ionophores Would Benefit Transition Cows?
• Improves efficiency of energy metabolism:– More propionate– More glucose– Less BHBA– More insulin– Less lipid mobilization
• Lower incidence of subclinical ketosis• Reduces the risk for ruminal acidosis and bloat• Increases the flow of true protein (It may not change total
protein flow because of the negative impact on microbial N)
Effect of Sodium Monensin on Metabolic Parameters of Dairy Cows
Item
Treatment BHBA,mg/dl
Glucose,mg/dl
NEFA Reference
At calving CM
23.7011.74**
55.158.3*
3.903.75
Abe et al.(1994)
Prepartum C150 mg/d300 mg/d450 mg/d
14.9113.9113.9014.31
58.658.9
61.0**60.31*
0.460.38**0.400.39*
Wade et al.(1996)
Prepartum CM
15.2412.46*
65.1*62.8
0.4380.581
Stephensonet al. (1994)
Postpartum CM
5.154.34
63.365.5
NANA
Phipps et al.(1997)
Effect of Monensin on Performance of Dairy Cows
Monensin, mg/kd
0 8 16 24
No. cows 215 210 216 217
DMI, kg/d
Prepartum 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.5a
Postpartum 19.8 20.0 19.4 a 19.2 a
Milk, kg/d 29.3 30.3 a 30.2 30.4 a
Milk fat, % 3.66 3.61 3.52 a 3.42 a
Milk protein, % 3.15 3.16 3.14 3.12 a
Adapted from Symanowski et al. (1999) and Wagner et al. (1999)a Different from the control (P < 0.05)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Monensin Control Relative risk
Effect of Monensin on Reproductive Performance of CowsBeckett et al. (1998)
FSC Preg. Rate
271/497
444/530
283/486
438/526
0.941.01
Gluconeogenic Precursors
• 4 major sources:
– Propylene glycol
– Calcium propionate
– Sodium propionate
– Glycerol
• Poorly fermented in the rumen
• Calcium propionate is also a source of Ca
Effect of Propylene Glycol on Rumen Fermentation
Molar concentration
Acetate Propionate Total A:P
Control 69.1 16.9 100.1 4.1***
296 ml/d 51.6 33.5** 99.9 1.6
592 ml/d 54.0 26.9** 100.1 2.0
887 ml/d 54.0 25.4** 100.3 2.0
Grummeret al. (1994)
Control1 64.6 19.1 58.9** 3.4
2,347 g/d 57.0 30.3*** 45.3 1.9
Emery et al.(1964)
1 In vitro incubation
Effect of PG Dosage on Blood Metabolites of Feed Restricted Heifers
PG dose (d 12)
0 ml/d 296 ml/d 592 ml/d 887 ml/d Contrast
Glucose, mg/dl 75.2 80.0 81.1 82.0 ***
Insulin, IU/ml 13.0 17.7 18.2 19.8 **
BHBA, mg/dl 8.5 4.8 3.6 3.9 ***
NEFA, mEq/L 0.746 0.425 0.332 0.282 ***
Grummer et al. (1994)
Effect of Method of PG Delivery on Blood Metabolites of FeedRestricted Cows
PG dosage and delivery
Control 340 O 340 C 340 TMR Contrast
Glucose, mg/dl 65.8 67.8 68.8 66.5
Insulin, IU/ml 16.6 33.0 31.9 24.0 ***
NEFA mEq/L 0.183 0.154 0.155 0.161 **
BHBA, mg/dl 13.7 13.6 14.4 14.2
Christensen et al. (1997)
Effect of PG Delivery Method on Rumen Fermentation
PG dosage and delivery
VFA Control 340 O 340 C 340 TMR Contrast
Acetate 67.0 59.8 59.8 62.2 ***
Propionate 18.3 25.4** 25.4** 22.6 ***
Butyrate 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
A:P 3.8 2.3** 2.4** 2.8 ***
Christensen et al. (1997)
Effect of PG on Performance and Blood Metabolites of Cows
Item
Treatment Milk,kg/d
Insulin,IU/ml
Glucose,mg/dl
BHBA,mg/dl
NEFA,mEq/L
Reference
0 ml/d300 ml/d
24.527.0
NANA
65.466.0
6.734.80
0.4150.384
Fonseca etal. (1998)
0 ml/d500 ml/d
NANA
6.511.1
53.059.2
NANA
0.3860.290
Miyoshi etal. (1995)
0 ml/d1,000 ml/d
33.232.6
0.3540.679***
LowHigh***
LowHigh
0.403**0.234
Studer etal. (1993)
Effect of Propylene Glycol on Liver Lipids and TG
1215182124273033
% (
DM
ba
sis
)
d +1 d +21
Studer et al. (1993)
Control PG 1L/d
2
5
8
11
14
17
% (
DM
bas
is)
d +1 d +21
Studer et al. (1993)
Control PG 1L/d
Effect of PG on Transition Cow Performance
• PG had no impact on milk composition and plasma insulin
• PG increased IGF-I, plasma cholesterol and decreased MUN and NEFA30
31323334353637383940
Kg
/d
Milk 4% FCM
Formigoni et al. (1996)
Control PG 300 g/d
P > 0.15
Effect of Ca Propionate Prepartum on Blood Metabolites of Dairy Cows
Item
Tretment Breed Ca, mg/dl(24hs)
Ca, mg/dl(10 d)
BHBAmg/dl
NEFA,mEq/L
Reference
Control4 tubes
HH
6.877.23
7.958.25
13.110.6
NANA
Goff et al.(1996)
Control6 tubes
HH
7.347.98
8.508.57
13.513.2
0.790.81
Goff et al.(1996)
Control4 tubes
JJ
6.027.23**
8.748.30
6.9*4.4
0.74*0.51
Goff et al.(1996)
Control110 g Ca +454 g PG
HH
4.305.30***
4.904.80
NANA
1.39**0.85
Higgins etal. (1996)
Niacin
Adipose Tissue
TriacylglycerolHSL
DiacylglycerolMonoacylglycerol
NEFA
Blood Compartment
Niacin-
Effect of Niacin on Performance of Dairy Cows
Increment over control diet
Diets Studies,No.
Milk,kg/d
Fat,%
Protein,%
Regular 19 + 0.76 + 0.165 + 0.06
Supplemented with fat 5 - 0.36 - 0.044 + 0.10
Hutjens (1991)
Effect of NFC and Niacin on Prepartum DM and Energy Intakes
Diet
LNFC HNFC LNFC + N HNFC + N Niacineffect
DMI, kg/d 10.2 13.0 10.1 12.6 No
NEL intake,Mcal/d
13.5 21.2 13.5 20.4 No
EB, Mcal/d 0.10 7.39 -0.24 6.76 No
Minor et al. (1998)
Effect of Prepartum Diet on Plasma and Liver Metabolites ofTransition Cows
Diet
LNFC HNFC LNFC + N HNFC + N Niacineffect
Glucose, mg/dl 59.4 62.2 61.0 64.0 No
NEFA, M 378 293 389 225 No
BHBA, mg/dl 11.4 8.0 11.0 7.8 No
Hepatic
Glycogen, % 4.5 6.8 4.5** 8.2 No
TG, % 5.0 4.1 7.9* 4.3 No
Minor et al. (1998)
Effect of Niacin During Transition on Performance of Dairy Cows
DMI, kg/d Milk FCM Fat Protein
Prep. Postp. kg/d %
Control
Fat
11.7
12.1
21.8
21.6
38.4
42.0
36.3
39.3
3.14
3.15
3.00
2.87
AVG 11.9 21.7 40.2 37.8 3.15 2.94
Niacin
Niacin+Fat
12.1
11.3
19.8
21.3
36.3
41.3
34.5
38.2
3.19
3.12
2.87
2.89
AVG 11.7 20.6 38.8 36.4 3.16 2.88
Skaar et al. (1989)
Ruminally Protected Amino Acids
• AA can be used as gluconeogenic precursors
• Enhance oxidation of fatty acids by the hepatic tissue
• Enhance VLDL synthesis and secretion
• Reduce ketogenesis
• Supply limiting amino acids for milk and milk protein synthesis
Effect of Supplemental Methionine on Hepatic Metabolism
Item
Treatment HepaticTG, mg %
NEFA,mEq/l
Glucose,mg/dl
Reference
Control 23.0 0.270 61.2
13 g Met 20.0 0.346 59.4
Bertics andGrummer, 1998
Control 12.7 0.820 58.0**
13 g Met 15.4 1.076** 50.3
Bertics andGrummer, 1997
Effect of Methionine or Methionine + Lysine on Metabolism
Item
Treatment Hepatic TG, mg % NEFA,mEq/l
Glucose,mg/dl
16 % CP wk 1 wk 3Control 28.6 26.7 0.399 80.8*
10.5 g Met 24.8 24.6 0.374 78.3
10.2 g Met. + 16 g Lys 35.6 27.7 0.461 73.8
18.5 % CPControl 21.5 24.2 0.377 80.1*
10.5 g Met 24.8 24.9 0.447 79.0
10.2 g Met. + 16 g Lys 26.2 25.5 0.431 74.1
Socha (1994)
• Bauchart et al. (1998) observed that rumen-protected lysine reduced hepatic triglyceride content
• Review by Garthwaite et al. (1998) - 6 studies– Rumen protected Lys and/or Met supplemented pre- and
postpartum DMI 0.5 kg/d, milk yield 1.5 kg/d, milk protein yield
79 g/d, and milk fat yield 85 g/d
– 2 studies, supplemental Met was detrimental to performance
Yeast Culture
• Possible reasons for feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae in transition diets
– Increase rumen pH (Selenomonas ruminatium)– Stimulate the growth of fiber digesting bacteria– Increase NDF digestibility– Reduce the depression in DMI immediately before calving– Improve DMI postpartum
Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Performance of Transition Cows
Treatment Prepartum
DMI, kg/d DMI, % BW BCSC BWC, kg/d Reference
ControlYeast, 57g/d
10.9710.79
1.521.48
-0.08**-0.01
0.190.36
Robinson(1997)
ControlYeast, 15g/d
12.1012.10
1.711.70
-0.060.02
1.091.06
Soder andHolden (1999)
Postpartum
DMI, kg/d DMI, % BW Milk, kg/d Fat, %
ControlYeast, 57g/d
17.3817.62
2.732.78
34.0934.65
4.174.33
Robinson(1997)
ControlYeast, 15g/d
21.9522.90
3.413.54
40.7041.05
4.073.92
Soder andHolden (1999)
Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on transition cow performance (Robinson and Garrett,1999)
• Feeding YC from d -28 to d 56 had no effect on DMI, DMI as % BW, BW and BCS changes, and NEL of diets during the pre- and postpartum periods
• Feeding YC had no impact on concentration and yields of fat, protein, and lactose of primiparous and multiparous cows
P < .09
P < .28
25.4
27.8
38.6
40.4
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
kg/d
Primiparous Multiparous
Control Yeast Culture
Hypocalcemia (clinical or subclinical)
Milk Production Fertility
Smooth Muscle Function
Rumen and GI Tract Motility Uterine Motility-Immunity
RP Involution
Metritis
DA DMI
Ketosis NEB
Extracellular Ca Pool(8 to 10 g)
Plasma Ca Pool2.5 to 3.0 g
Milk20 - 80 g/d
Fetal Bone2 - 10 g/d
Fecal Loss6 - 10 g/d Urinary Loss
0.25 - 1.0 g/d
PTH and Vit D
Bone ResorptionDiet
Intestine
Vit. D ++
PTH/Vit D ++Calcitonin
Hypercalcemia
Acidogenic Salts
• High chloride and sulfate salts
– CaCl2, NH4Cl; MgCl, MgSO4, CaSO4, (NH4)2SO4
– HCl
• Acidify the blood by increasing H+ absorption
• S is poorly absorbed --> It is not a good acidifier
SO4-2
Cl-
Cell Membrane
H+
-
-
-
-
-
H+
Intracellular andIntravascular
SpacesLumen GI Tract
HCO3-
pH
Strategies for Prevention of Hypocalcemia
DCAD < 250 mEq/kg DCAD > 250 mEq/kg
PTH ReceptorSensitivity
CalcitropicHormones
PassiveAbsorption
Addition of Anions Low Ca diets < 20 g/dVit. D Analogues
Ca Gels
Effect of Dietary K and Ca on Ca Homeostasis of Dairy Cows
Dietary K
Diet 1.1 % 2.1 % 3.1 %
0.5% Ca
Milk fever 0/10 4/11 8/10
Hypocalcemia 9/10 11/11 10/10
Blood Ca, mg/dl 6.57 6.07 5.22
1.5% Ca
Milk fever 2/10 6/9 3/13
Hypocalcemia 9/10 9/9 4/3
Blood Ca, mg/dl 6.90 5.27 6.39
Goff and Horst (1997)
Conversion Factors from % to mEq/kg on a DM Basis
Atomic wt(g)
Charge Equivalent wt(g)
Factor
Na+ 23.0 1 (+) 23.0 435
K+ 39.1 1 (+) 39.1 256
Cl- 35.5 1 (-) 35.5 282
S2- 32.1 2 (-) 16.05 623
Equations to Calculate DCAD
• DCAD mEq/kg ={(0.38 Ca + 0.3 Mg + Na + K) - (Cl + 0.6 S + 0.5 P)}– (NRC’s coefficients)
• DCAD mEq/kg ={(0.15 Ca + 0.15 Mg + Na + K) - (Cl + 0.2 S + 0.3 P)}– (Goff’s coefficients)
• DCAD mEq/kg = {(Na + K) - (Cl + S)}– Assumes equal rate of absorption for all strong ions
How to Use Them
• Step 1
• Analyze all feed components for their mineral content– Na, K, S, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg
• Select forages and ingredients with low K and Na content– Grain silages, low K alfalfa (mature), brewers grains, beet
pulp without molasses, citrus pulp
• Basal diet DCAD < 250 mEq/kg
• Step 2:– Adjust mineral content
• Provide Mg to achieve 0.4% diet DM
– MgSO4, MgCl, MgO
• Increase S up to 0.35 to 0.4 %
– CaSO4
– S > 0.4% may cause PEM and may interfere with Cu and Se
• Keep P at 0.35 to 0.4%– High P intake (> 80g/d) may cause milk fever
• Step 3:– Acidify the diet
• Keep K as low as possible (K < 1.2%)
• Keep Na as low as possible (Na < 0.15)
• Increase Cl
– CaCl2
– Keep Cl < 0.8%, but high enough to lower urine pH
• Adjust Ca content to 1.0 to 1.2%
– Ca Propionate or CaCO3
Mineral Profile of a Close Up Diet
• Dietary DCAD should be:
– Multiparous cows = - 50 mEq/kg
– Primiparous cows = 0 mEq/kg
• Monitor urine pH
– Urine pH should be between 5.8 and 6.8
Mineral % Diet (DM)
Na 0.1 K < 1.2
S 0.35
Cl 0.5 – 0.7
Ca 1.0 – 1.2
P 0.4
Mg 0.4
Addition of Anions and Urine pH
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Anions (Eq)
pH
Conclusions
• Ionophores (Monensin):
– Prepartum: 30 ppm and Postpartum: 10 - 15 ppm
• PG and Ca Propionate may be used in the concentrate or as an oral drench. Consider Ca Prop. when using anionic salts
• Niacin: Controversial results
• Lipotropic agents and Yeast: Not recommended
• Acidogenic salts: Highly recommended when hypocalcemia is a concern
• RP AA: positive effects on milk protein content and yields of milk and milk protein when supplemented pre- and postpartum
Recommended