DOCUMENT RESUME James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, SoniaDOCUMENT RESUME CE 078 952 James, Donna...

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ABSTRACT

DOCUMENT RESUME

CE 078 952

James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, SoniaMore Things That Do Make a Difference for Youth: ACompendium of Evaluations of Youth Programs and Practices.Volume II.American Youth Policy Forum, Washington, DC.Lilly Endowment, Inc., Indianapolis, IN.; Commonwealth Fund,New York, NY.; General Electric Foundation, Ossining, NY.ISBN-1-887031-64-21999-00-00393p.; For volume I, see ED 409 462.American Youth Policy Forum, 1836 Jefferson Place, NW,Washington, DC 20036; Tel: 202-775-9731 ($10).Guides - Non-Classroom (055)MF01/PC16 Plus Postage.Adolescents; *Career Development; *Disadvantaged Youth;*Education Work Relationship; Elementary SecondaryEducation; High Risk Students; Higher Education; LateAdolescents; Models; Preadolescents; Program Descriptions;Program Effectiveness; Program Implementation; ProgramImprovement; *Youth Programs

This book contains 46 summaries of positive findings fromyouth interventions based on 64 evaluations. Each of the summaries follows anoutline that includes these components: an overview, population information,evidence of effectiveness, key components, contributing factors, studymethodology, geographic areas, and contact information (plus a section ofadditional resources for some studies) . The summaries are organized in threesections: education and career development, building strong communities, andof interest (recent studies dealing with a variety of topics about youthpolicies and practices). Among the best known approaches described are thefollowing: Career Academies, School-to-Work, Tech Prep, Boys and Girls Clubsof America, 4-H, Teen Outreach Program, Youth as Resources, and programsrecognized by PEPNet (the Promising and Effective Practices Network). Thereport also summarizes evaluations of community schools and after-school,juvenile justice, and English language development programs. The reportprovides a resource of empirical findings (beyond anecdotal evidence) forpolicy makers and program practitioners to use to create and implementstrategies to improve services and supports for youth, particularlydisadvantaged and at-risk young people. The document also contains a tablesummarizing program characteristics and a bibliography of the 64 evaluations.(KC)

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lect

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con

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valu

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4

MORE 'Tiling nal

nie A affennee fat° Youth.

A C

ompe

ndiu

m o

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valu

atio

ns o

f Y

outh

Pro

gram

s an

d Pr

actic

es

Vol

ume

II

Am

eric

an Y

outh

Pol

icy

Foru

m

JUL

Tab

le o

f Con

tent

s

'Li L

.

Edi

tor's

Ack

now

ledg

emen

ts

Res

earc

h N

otes

iiiB

uild

ing

Stro

ng C

omm

uniti

es

Serv

ice-

Lea

rnin

gA

mer

iCor

ps: S

tate

/Nat

iona

l95

Intr

oduc

tion

and

Ove

rvie

w o

f Fi

ndin

gs.

.ix

Am

eriC

orps

: Har

tfor

d, C

T98

Lea

rn &

Ser

ve A

mer

ica

101

Edu

catio

n an

d C

aree

r D

evel

opm

ent

You

th a

s R

esou

rces

: Ind

iana

105

Alli

ance

for

Ach

ieve

men

t3

Vol

unta

ry Y

outh

Ser

ving

Org

aniz

atio

nsA

dvan

cem

ent V

ia I

ndiv

idua

l Det

erm

inat

ion

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: Kan

sas

City

, MO

109

(AV

ID)

6B

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ns: N

ew Y

ork

City

112

Car

eer

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dem

ies:

Cal

ifor

nia

9B

oys

& G

irls

Clu

bs o

f A

mer

ica

115

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dem

ies:

Jun

ior

RO

TC

12Sa

fe H

aven

s: B

& G

CA

, Gir

ls, I

nc. a

ndC

omm

unity

Sch

ools

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Yor

k C

ity15

YM

CA

s11

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oke

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h Sc

hool

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th C

arol

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Hav

e a

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go, I

L21

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Jus

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s an

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e Po

wer

of

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APO

W)

..

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ultis

yste

mic

The

rapy

123

Nat

iona

l Gua

rd Y

outh

Cha

lleN

Ge

Prog

ram

27Pr

ojec

t CR

AFT

127

New

Am

eric

an S

choo

ls31

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ech:

Bos

ton,

MA

36Pr

egna

ncy

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entio

nSc

hool

-to-

Wor

k: E

mpl

oyer

s39

Gir

ls, I

nc.

131

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ol-t

o-W

ork:

Nat

iona

l43

Tee

n O

utre

ach

Prog

ram

s13

4Sc

hool

-to-

Wor

k: N

ew Y

ork

47T

een

Preg

nanc

y Pr

ogra

ms

137

Tec

h-Pr

ep: N

atio

nal

50T

eena

ge P

aren

t Dem

onst

ratio

n13

9T

ech-

Prep

: Tex

as54

Tur

ner

Tec

hnic

al A

rts

Hig

h Sc

hool

: Flo

rida

59O

f In

tere

stU

nion

City

Sch

ool D

istr

ict:

New

Jer

sey

63Y

outh

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er W

atch

: Aus

tin, T

X66

Ado

lesc

ent H

ealth

145

Cou

nsel

ing

for

Hig

h Sk

ills

147

PEPN

et R

ecog

nize

d Pr

ogra

ms

69T

he G

ED

150

CS2

: Mas

sach

uset

ts70

Hea

d St

art

154

WA

Y S

chol

arsh

ip P

rogr

am: N

ew Y

ork

73H

igh/

Scop

e Pe

rry

Pres

choo

l: Y

psila

nti,

MI

158

Pred

ictin

g E

mpl

oym

ent

162

Eng

lish

Lan

guag

e D

evel

opm

ent P

rogr

ams

.76

AB

AC

US

& A

SHS:

New

Yor

k C

ity.

.77

Sum

mar

y of

Pro

gram

Cha

ract

eris

tics

..

165

Esp

ailo

l Aum

enta

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: Hou

ston

, TX

81Pr

ojec

t PR

ISM

: New

Yor

k C

ity84

Bib

liogr

aphy

of

Eva

luat

ions

173

Sant

a U

nifi

ed S

choo

l Dis

tric

t: C

alif

orni

a.

87Su

cces

s fo

r A

ll/E

xito

par

a T

odos

90O

ther

Pub

licat

ions

of

the

Am

eric

an Y

outh

Polic

y Fo

rum

176

0 L

i

Edi

tor's

Ack

now

ledg

emen

ts

The

idea

of

com

pend

ia o

f ev

alua

tions

of

yout

hpr

ogra

ms

and

prac

tices

was

fir

st c

once

ived

in 1

996

by D

r. S

amue

l Hal

peri

n, f

orm

er d

irec

tor,

now

Sen

ior

Fello

w, o

f th

e A

mer

ican

You

th P

olic

y Fo

rum

. He

pers

uade

d fu

nder

s, in

itial

ly T

he C

omm

onw

ealth

Fund

of

New

Yor

k, o

f th

e im

port

ance

of

abst

ract

ing

a m

ass

of c

ompl

ex, s

omet

imes

arc

ane,

and

oft

enve

rbos

e re

sear

ch a

nd e

valu

atio

n re

port

s in

to a

for

mth

at p

olic

ymak

ers

and

prac

titio

ners

alik

e co

uld

read

ily a

cces

s. T

hrou

ghou

t the

pro

cess

of

prep

arin

gth

ese

volu

mes

, he

has

been

a s

ourc

e of

ref

erra

ls to

addi

tiona

l eva

luat

ions

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a d

ilige

nt e

dito

r of

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entir

e m

anus

crip

t.

Prof

esso

r E

linor

Wat

ers,

for

mer

ly o

f O

akla

ndU

nive

rsity

, Mic

higa

n, a

nd S

usan

Kim

, a w

rite

rsp

ecia

lizin

g in

you

th p

olic

y an

d pu

blic

atio

ns f

orno

npro

fits

, rea

d pi

les

of o

rigi

nal d

ocum

ents

and

tran

slat

ed b

ulky

eva

luat

ions

into

our

tigh

tlyfo

rmat

ted,

use

r-fr

iend

ly s

umm

arie

s.

Soni

a Ju

rich

, a p

rofe

ssor

and

aut

hor,

pla

yed

am

ajor

rol

e in

the

wri

ting

and

prod

uctio

n of

this

volu

me,

fro

m s

earc

hing

for

and

scr

eeni

ngev

alua

tions

; to

wri

ting,

rev

iew

ing

and

revi

sing

sum

mar

ies;

to c

reat

ing

a sy

stem

to k

eep

trac

k of

prog

ress

on

each

sum

mar

y; to

cre

atin

g th

e pr

ogra

mm

atri

x an

d co

-aut

hori

ng th

e In

trod

uctio

n an

dR

esea

rch

Not

e. S

onia

als

o ke

pt th

e pr

ojec

t goi

ngw

hile

I to

ok a

thre

e-m

onth

mat

erni

ty le

ave.

10

JoA

nn J

astr

zab,

Sen

ior

Res

earc

h A

ssoc

iate

at

Abt

Ass

ocia

tes,

pro

vide

d a

thou

ghtf

ul e

xter

nal r

evie

wfr

om th

e vi

ewpo

int o

f an

eva

luat

or w

ith o

ver

25ye

ars

of e

xper

ienc

e in

eva

luat

ion.

Alth

ough

I ta

kere

spon

sibi

lity

for

the

cont

ent o

f th

e pu

blic

atio

n, s

hepr

ovid

ed n

umer

ous

com

men

ts, s

ugge

stio

ns a

ndco

rrec

tions

whi

ch a

re f

or th

e m

ost p

art r

efle

cted

inth

is v

olum

e.

Raf

ael C

harg

el, a

tale

nted

com

pute

r gr

aphi

csar

tist,

form

atte

d th

e en

tire

docu

men

t for

pub

licat

ion.

Bet

sy B

rand

, AY

PF C

o-D

irec

tor,

pro

vide

ded

itori

al a

ssis

tanc

e an

d gu

idan

ce o

ver

the

past

six

mon

ths,

and

Gle

nda

Part

ee, A

YPF

Co-

Dir

ecto

r,pr

ovid

ed g

uida

nce

and

mor

al s

uppo

rt o

ver

the

year

sinc

e th

e pr

ojec

t beg

an.

Spec

ial t

hank

s to

our

fun

ders

: Lill

y E

ndow

men

t,T

he C

omm

onw

ealth

Fun

d, a

nd G

ener

al E

lect

ric

Fund

. With

out y

ou w

e co

uld

not h

ave

com

plet

edth

is u

nder

taki

ng.

Don

na W

alke

r Ja

mes

, Sen

ior

Prog

ram

Ass

ocia

teA

mer

ican

You

th P

olic

y Fo

rum

Proj

ect C

oord

inat

or a

nd E

dito

r

Res

earc

h N

otes

The

Sea

rch

for

Eva

luat

ions

We

exte

nd a

spe

cial

than

ks to

all

thos

epr

ogra

ms

that

hav

e em

bark

ed o

n th

edi

fficu

lt jo

urne

y of

eva

luat

ion

and

wer

ew

illin

g to

pub

lish

and

shar

e th

e da

ta w

epr

esen

t her

e.

12

Thi

s C

ompe

ndiu

m o

ffer

s a

broa

d pi

ctur

e of

effe

ctiv

e pr

ogra

ms

addr

essi

ng a

var

iety

of

conc

erns

rela

ted

to y

outh

, fro

m in

crea

sing

aca

dem

icac

hiev

emen

t to

redu

cing

cri

min

al b

ehav

ior.

The

sear

ch f

or e

valu

atio

ns o

f su

ch p

rogr

ams

prov

ed a

chal

leng

e. E

valu

atio

ns a

re e

xpen

sive

and

dif

ficu

lt to

deve

lop.

The

y re

quir

e ha

rd w

ork,

ext

ra s

taff

tim

ean

d tr

aini

ng a

nd, s

omet

imes

, a c

hang

e in

pro

gram

cultu

re. F

or p

ract

ition

ers,

eva

luat

ion

is a

lso

a da

ring

vent

ure

that

cha

lleng

es b

oth

prid

e an

d co

nvic

tions

,an

d m

ay s

omet

imes

end

one

's p

rogr

am o

r on

e's

care

er. O

n th

e ot

her

hand

, eva

luat

ion

is e

ssen

tial f

oron

-goi

ng p

rogr

am im

prov

emen

t and

fun

ding

, and

topr

omot

e in

crea

sed

know

ledg

e of

you

th-r

elat

ed p

olic

yan

d pr

actic

es.

In s

earc

h of

eva

luat

ions

, we

used

dif

fere

ntst

rate

gies

that

incl

uded

: (1)

sea

rch

of e

stab

lishe

dda

taba

ses,

suc

h as

the

Edu

catio

nal R

esou

rces

Info

rmat

ion

Cen

ter

(ER

IC),

Soc

iolo

gica

l Abs

trac

tsan

d th

e N

atio

nal C

rim

inal

Jus

tice

Ref

eren

ce S

ervi

ce(N

CJR

S); (

2) I

nter

net s

earc

hes;

(3)

pho

ne c

alls

,el

ectr

onic

-mai

l and

fax

es to

pro

gram

coo

rdin

ator

s,po

licym

aker

s, f

undi

ng o

ffic

ers

and

rese

arch

ers;

(4)

dist

ribu

tion

of f

lyer

s re

ques

ting

eval

uatio

n du

ring

foru

ms,

con

fere

nces

and

sim

ilar

even

ts; a

nd (

5) a

requ

est f

or e

valu

atio

ns p

oste

d on

our

hom

e pa

ge(w

ww

.ayp

f.or

g). T

he s

earc

h re

sulte

d in

ove

r 15

0do

cum

ents

that

we

revi

ewed

acc

ordi

ng to

thre

ecr

iteri

a: p

rogr

am c

hara

cter

istic

s, d

ata

prod

uced

and

qual

ity o

f ev

alua

tion.

Prog

ram

cha

ract

eris

tics:

pro

gram

s an

dpr

actic

es h

ad to

targ

et y

outh

and

aim

for

long

-ter

min

flue

nce

on p

artic

ipan

ts. F

ollo

win

g th

ese

crite

ria,

stro

ng e

valu

atio

ns o

f w

elfa

re-t

o-w

ork

prog

ram

s w

ere

reje

cted

bec

ause

they

lack

ed in

form

atio

n on

how

the

prog

ram

s af

fect

ed y

oung

rec

ipie

nts.

Goo

dev

alua

tions

of

shor

t-te

rm p

rogr

ams

wer

e si

mila

ryex

clud

ed. H

owev

er, w

e ho

pe to

use

thes

edo

cum

ents

in a

noth

er p

ublic

atio

n.

Dat

a pr

oduc

ed: T

he ti

tle o

f th

is c

ompe

ndiu

mca

lls f

or s

ucce

ssfu

l pro

gram

s, d

efin

ed a

s pr

ogra

ms

that

pro

mot

e po

sitiv

e ch

ange

s in

par

ticip

ants

' liv

es.

The

refo

re, w

e le

ft e

valu

atio

ns w

ith n

egat

ive

orco

ntro

vers

ial f

indi

ngs

to a

fut

ure

volu

me.

Alth

ough

we

do n

ot d

eny

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f su

bjec

tive

fact

ors

in m

easu

ring

qua

lity

of li

fe, i

n th

is ti

me

of li

mite

dbu

dget

s fo

r un

limite

d ne

eds,

we

felt

com

pelle

d to

look

for

eva

luat

ions

that

rel

ied

on m

ore

than

satis

fact

ion

surv

eys

and

self

-est

eem

sca

les.

We

wan

ted

to k

now

whe

ther

the

prog

ram

s w

ere

impr

ovin

g yo

uth

acad

emic

ach

ieve

men

ts (

test

sco

res,

drop

out r

ates

, pos

tsec

onda

ry e

duca

tiona

lat

tain

men

t), i

ncre

asin

g em

ploy

men

t and

bet

ter

earn

ings

, and

red

ucin

g ri

sky

beha

vior

s.

Qua

lity

of e

valu

atio

n: W

e st

arte

d th

eco

mpe

ndiu

m lo

okin

g fo

r th

ird

part

y, in

depe

nden

tev

alua

tions

that

rel

ied

on c

ontr

ol o

r co

mpa

riso

ngr

oups

. Suc

h ev

alua

tions

are

not

eas

y to

fin

d an

dw

e ha

d to

intr

oduc

e th

ree

vari

atio

ns to

this

cri

teri

on.

Firs

t, fo

r w

ell-

esta

blis

hed

prog

ram

s th

at h

ad n

ot b

een

eval

uate

d be

fore

, we

acce

pted

des

crip

tive

stud

ies,

such

as

Safe

Hav

ens:

B&

GC

A, G

irls

, Inc

., an

dY

MC

As.

Sec

ond,

we

incl

uded

con

trov

ersi

alev

alua

tions

that

are

rar

ely

read

but

fre

quen

tlym

isqu

oted

, suc

h as

Hig

h/Sc

ope

Perr

y Pr

esch

ool:

Yps

ilant

i, M

I. T

hird

, we

also

incl

uded

pop

ular

1 3

viM

OR

E T

hing

s T

hat 0

0 M

ake

a D

iffer

ence

for

You

thst

udie

s th

at a

re o

ften

men

tione

d bu

t are

littl

e kn

own

inth

eir

entir

ety,

suc

h as

Pro

-Tec

h: B

osto

n, M

A, s

o th

atre

ader

s ha

ve a

bet

ter

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

wha

t the

dat

are

pres

ent.

Alth

ough

this

com

pend

ium

doe

s no

t int

end

to b

e a

rese

arch

man

ual,

it pr

esen

ts a

var

iety

of

type

s of

eval

uatio

ns, i

nclu

ding

des

crip

tive

stud

ies

(Tur

ner

Tec

hnic

al A

rts

Hig

h Sc

hool

; Tec

h-Pr

ep: N

atio

nal)

,qu

asi-

expe

rim

enta

l stu

dies

(M

ultis

yste

mic

The

rapy

,B

oys

&G

irls

Clu

bs o

fAm

eric

a), l

ongi

tudi

nal r

esea

rch

(Hig

h/Sc

ope

Perr

y Pr

esch

ool)

and

eve

n an

exa

mpl

eof

Act

ion

Res

earc

h' (

Nat

iona

l Gua

rd C

halle

NG

ePr

ogra

m).

We

sum

mar

ized

eac

h of

the

chos

en s

tudi

es a

ndha

d ou

r br

iefs

rev

iew

ed f

or a

ccur

acy

by th

ere

spec

tive

rese

arch

ers

and

prog

ram

sta

ff. I

nad

ditio

n, o

ur e

xter

nal r

evie

wer

rea

d ea

ch o

f th

esu

mm

arie

s, a

sked

que

stio

ns, m

ade

com

men

ts, a

ndev

alua

ted

once

mor

e th

e ov

eral

l qua

lity

of th

edo

cum

ents

. The

boo

k th

us r

efle

cts

the

join

t eff

ort

of a

ll th

ose

indi

vidu

als,

alth

ough

fin

al d

ecis

ions

on

both

con

tent

and

whi

ch s

umm

arie

s to

incl

ude

are

the

sole

res

pons

ibili

ty o

f th

e A

mer

ican

You

th P

olic

yFo

rum

.

IA

ctio

n re

sear

ch is

a n

ew a

ppro

ach

whe

re r

esea

rche

ran

d pr

ovid

ers

inte

ract

thro

ugho

ut th

e re

sear

ch p

erio

dex

chan

ging

info

rmat

ion

that

aim

s to

impr

ove

both

the

prog

ram

and

the

rese

arch

.

The

Com

pend

ium

For

mat

1 4

The

sum

mar

ies

follo

w th

e ei

ght-

sect

ion

outli

neus

ed in

Som

e T

hing

s D

O M

ake

a D

iffe

renc

e fo

rY

outh

: Ove

rvie

w p

rovi

des

a br

ief

look

at h

ow th

epr

ogra

m s

tart

ed a

nd it

s pu

rpos

e. W

here

ava

ilabl

e, th

efu

ndin

g so

urce

is id

entif

ied.

Popu

latio

n of

fers

dem

ogra

phic

info

rmat

ion

on th

epo

pula

tion

serv

ed.

Evi

denc

e of

Eff

ectiv

enes

s su

mm

ariz

es th

e im

pact

of th

e pr

ogra

m o

n th

e ta

rget

pop

ulat

ion.

Dat

a on

prog

ram

cos

ts, c

ost/b

enef

it da

ta a

nd le

vels

of

stat

istic

al s

igni

fica

nce

of f

mdi

ngs

are

prov

ided

whe

neve

r av

aila

ble.

Key

Com

pone

nts

desc

ribe

s th

e ba

sic

elem

ents

or

stru

ctur

e of

the

prog

ram

.

Con

trib

utin

g Fa

ctor

s su

mm

ariz

es th

e fa

ctor

sth

at m

ost s

tron

gly

cont

ribu

ted

to th

e pr

ogra

m's

posi

tive

resu

lts, e

ither

acc

ordi

ng to

info

rmat

ion

dire

ctly

sup

plie

d by

the

eval

uato

rs, o

r ou

run

ders

tand

ing

of th

e do

cum

ents

, con

firm

ed b

y th

eev

alua

tor

or th

e pr

ogra

m s

taff

.

Stud

y M

etho

dolo

gy b

rief

ly d

escr

ibes

the

desi

gnof

the

eval

uatio

n. T

he te

rm "

cont

rol g

roup

" is

use

dfo

r ra

ndom

ly s

elec

ted

grou

ps in

exp

erim

enta

l or

quas

i-ex

peri

men

tal d

esig

ns. "

Com

pari

son

grou

p" is

used

whe

n re

sear

cher

s co

mpa

re o

utco

mes

of

the

grou

p re

ceiv

ing

the

inte

rven

tion

with

thos

e of

exis

ting

grou

ps, s

uch

as c

ompa

ring

dat

a on

asp

ecif

ic s

choo

l pro

gram

with

dis

tric

t-w

ide

stud

ents

.Fo

r re

ader

s w

ho a

re n

ot f

amili

ar w

ith r

esea

rch,

it is

impo

rtan

t to

rem

embe

r th

at f

indi

ngs

are

mos

tre

liabl

e w

hen

rese

arch

ers

com

pare

the

targ

et g

roup

with

ano

ther

gro

up th

at is

sim

ilar

in a

ge, e

thni

city

,an

d ot

her

impo

rtan

t cha

ract

eris

tics.

The

siz

e of

the

MO

RE

Thi

ngs

Tha

t DO

Mak

e a

Diff

eren

ce fo

r Y

outh

VII

sam

ple

is le

ss im

port

ant t

han

the

care

pla

ced

in it

sse

lect

ion,

the

met

hods

use

d to

mak

e th

e tw

o sa

mpl

esco

mpa

rabl

e ("

adju

stin

g" th

e sa

mpl

e), a

nd th

ean

alys

is o

f th

e da

ta. L

ongi

tudi

nal s

tudi

es a

rees

sent

ial t

o ev

alua

te lo

ng-t

erm

res

ults

of

inte

rven

tions

, but

they

tend

to b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

and

diff

icul

t to

cond

uct (

for

this

rea

son,

they

may

use

smal

l sam

ples

). W

hen

the

grou

p st

udie

d is

com

pare

dto

dat

a co

llect

ed f

or o

ther

pur

pose

s, s

uch

as n

atio

nal

empl

oym

ent r

ates

or

dist

rict

-wid

e gr

ades

, fm

ding

s ar

ele

ss r

elia

ble.

In

thes

e ca

ses,

man

y fa

ctor

s (o

rva

riab

les)

may

inte

rven

e an

d th

e re

sear

cher

can

not

be s

ure

whe

ther

the

grou

ps a

re c

ompa

rabl

e. F

orin

stan

ce, i

f a

grou

p of

stu

dent

s ha

s, o

n av

erag

e, a

low

er s

ocio

-eco

nom

ic s

tatu

s th

an th

e di

stri

ct-w

ide

aver

age,

eva

luat

ors

expe

ct, b

ased

on

prev

ious

rese

arch

, tha

t thi

s gr

oup

will

sho

w lo

wer

gra

des

and

low

er e

mpl

oym

ent r

ates

than

the

dist

rict

-wid

e da

ta.

To

com

pens

ate

for

the

soci

o-ec

onom

ic a

nd o

ther

poss

ible

dif

fere

nces

, the

two

grou

ps m

ust b

e ad

just

edth

roug

h st

atis

tical

pro

cedu

res

that

are

dif

ficu

lt an

dre

quir

e sk

illed

res

earc

hers

with

mat

hem

atic

alba

ckgr

ound

or

supp

ort.

We

trie

d to

indi

cate

all

the

inst

ance

s w

hen

sam

ples

wer

e ad

just

ed.

Geo

grap

hic

Are

as id

entif

y th

e si

te o

r si

tes

of th

epr

ogra

ms

and/

or th

e ev

alua

tions

.

Con

tact

Inf

orm

atio

n is

pro

vide

d fo

r bo

thev

alua

tors

and

pro

gram

impl

emen

ters

.

Add

ition

al R

esou

rce

appe

ars

at th

e en

d of

a f

ewsu

mm

arie

s w

ith in

form

atio

n on

rec

ent p

ublic

atio

nsth

at e

ither

did

not

flo

w n

atur

ally

with

the

sum

mar

y,

but p

rovi

ded

valu

able

info

rmat

ion

on th

e to

pic

orw

ere

publ

ishe

d to

o la

te to

be

incl

uded

in th

esu

mm

ary

proc

ess.

The

sum

mar

ies

wer

e de

sign

ed to

be

read

able

,ac

cess

ible

, bri

ef a

nd o

f a

cons

iste

nt f

orm

at.

How

ever

, in

seve

n su

mm

arie

s th

e fo

rmat

had

to b

em

odif

ied

to b

ette

r re

flec

t the

type

of

info

rmat

ion

prov

ided

. Tee

n Pr

egna

ncy

Prog

ram

s an

d Sa

nta

Ana

Uni

fied

Sch

ool D

istr

ict:

Cal

ifor

nia

focu

s on

fact

ors

that

infl

uenc

e th

e ou

tcom

es o

f m

ultip

lepr

ogra

ms,

rat

her

than

pro

vidi

ng o

utco

me

data

. The

othe

r su

mm

arie

s pr

ovid

e in

form

atio

n on

gen

eral

topi

cs o

f in

tere

st f

or th

e yo

uth

deve

lopm

ent f

ield

, but

not d

irec

tly r

elat

ed to

pro

gram

out

com

es. T

hese

topi

cs in

clud

e: th

e ch

arac

teri

stic

s an

d ch

alle

nges

of

invo

lvin

g em

ploy

ers

in s

choo

l ref

orm

(Sc

hool

-to-

Wor

k: E

mpl

oyer

s); t

he f

acto

rs th

at in

flue

nce

heal

th-

rela

ted

beha

vior

(A

dole

scen

t Hea

lth)

and

care

erch

oice

s (C

ouns

elin

g fo

r H

igh

Skill

s) a

mon

g yo

uth;

the

infl

uenc

e of

the

GE

D in

em

ploy

men

t and

post

seco

ndar

y ed

ucat

ion

of h

igh

scho

ol d

ropo

uts

(The

GE

D);

and

pre

dict

ors

of e

mpl

oym

ent f

or h

igh

scho

ol d

ropo

uts

(Pre

dict

ing

Em

ploy

men

t).

Whi

le th

e br

evity

of

the

sum

mar

ies

faci

litat

esre

adin

g, it

lim

its th

e in

form

atio

n th

at c

an b

epr

ovid

ed. R

eade

rs a

re s

tron

gly

enco

urag

ed to

cons

ult t

he o

rigi

nal e

valu

atio

ns. T

he b

iblio

grap

hyco

ntai

ns f

ull c

itatio

ns a

nd c

opie

s of

unp

ublis

hed

docu

men

ts m

ay b

e ob

tain

ed th

roug

h th

e co

ntac

tslis

ted

in e

ach

sum

mar

y.

16uu

t.,17

MO

RE

Thi

ngs

Tha

t DO

Mak

e a

Diff

eren

ce fo

r Y

outh

The

Sec

tions

The

sum

mar

ies

are

orga

nize

d in

thre

e se

ctio

ns.

The

fir

st s

ectio

n, E

duca

tion

and

Car

eer

Dev

elop

men

t, pr

ovid

es th

e re

ader

with

an

over

view

of a

var

iety

of

appr

oach

es b

eing

use

d to

impr

ove

publ

ic e

duca

tion:

fro

m s

mal

l, pr

ivat

ely-

fund

ed e

ffor

tsto

enh

ance

the

educ

atio

nal a

chie

vem

ent o

f m

inor

ityan

d lo

w-i

ncom

e st

uden

ts to

larg

e, f

eder

ally

-sup

port

edin

itiat

ives

. Thr

ee im

port

ant m

ovem

ents

in p

ublic

educ

atio

n to

day

are

not r

epre

sent

ed in

this

vol

ume,

beca

use

we

wer

e un

able

to f

md

stro

ng e

valu

atio

ns o

rre

sear

cher

s w

ere

unw

illin

g to

sha

re th

eir

find

ings

with

us: c

hart

er s

choo

ls, s

choo

l vou

cher

s an

d sp

ecia

led

ucat

ion.

The

sec

ond

sect

ion,

Bui

ldin

g St

rong

Com

mun

ities

, inc

lude

s se

rvic

e-le

arni

ng p

rogr

ams

and

prog

ram

s pr

imar

ily c

ondu

cted

out

side

of

scho

ols.

The

maj

ority

of

thes

e in

itiat

ives

targ

et y

outh

who

, due

toso

cial

, cul

tura

l, ec

onom

ic o

r ps

ycho

logi

cal

char

acte

rist

ics,

are

at r

isk

of f

ailin

g in

sch

ool a

nd/o

rbe

com

ing

invo

lved

with

the

judi

cial

sys

tem

.

The

thir

d se

ctio

nO

f In

tere

stin

clud

es a

sele

ctio

n of

rec

ent s

tudi

es d

ealin

g w

ith a

var

iety

of

topi

cs o

f sp

ecia

l int

eres

t for

thos

e in

volv

ed w

ithyo

uth

polic

ies

and

prac

tices

, inc

ludi

ng h

ealth

beha

vior

am

ong

adol

esce

nts,

fac

tors

that

pre

dict

empl

oym

ent f

or s

choo

l dro

pout

s, a

nd w

hat i

sha

ppen

ing

with

you

th w

ho o

btai

n a

GE

D c

rede

ntia

lin

pla

ce o

f a

high

sch

ool d

iplo

ma.

Alth

ough

AY

PFfo

cuse

s on

you

th a

ges

14 to

29,

we

incl

uded

eval

uatio

ns o

f tw

o ea

rly

inte

rven

tion

prog

ram

s,H

igh/

Scop

e Pe

rry

Pres

choo

l and

Hea

d St

art,

toad

dres

s re

sear

ch c

laim

s th

at a

ntis

ocia

l beh

avio

rsst

art i

n ea

rly

ages

and

pre

vent

ion

and

earl

yin

terv

entio

n m

ay b

e th

e m

ost c

ost-

effe

ctiv

e w

ay to

deal

with

thes

e be

havi

ors.

,

Don

na W

alke

r Ja

mes

is S

enio

r Pr

ogra

m A

ssoc

iate

at t

he A

mer

ican

You

th P

olic

y Fo

rum

and

pro

ject

coo

rdin

ator

and

edito

r of

this

and

the

earl

ier

com

pend

ium

, "So

me

Thi

ngs

DO

Mak

e a

Dif

fere

nce

for

You

th"

(AY

PF: 1

997)

.M

s. J

ames

has

nea

rly

fift

een

year

s of

exp

erie

nce

in th

e yo

uth

fiel

d.Sh

e ha

s be

en th

e ad

min

istr

ator

of

the

Wes

tPh

ilade

lphi

a Im

prov

emen

t Cor

ps (

WE

PIC

), a

hig

h sc

hool

teac

her

and

an e

valu

athr

of

Phild

elph

ia s

choo

lre

form

eff

orts

.A

t the

US.

Dep

artm

ent o

f L

abor

, she

hel

ped

deve

lop

the

Nat

iona

l Sch

ool-

to-W

ork

Act

of

1994

.M

s. J

ames

has

als

o se

rved

as

a co

nsul

tant

on

scho

ol-t

o-w

ork

issu

es f

or th

e C

ounc

il of

Chi

ef S

tate

Sch

ool

Off

icer

s, th

e N

atio

nal S

choo

l-T

o-W

ork

Lea

rnin

g C

ente

r, S

chol

astic

, Inc

. and

Ale

xand

ria

City

Pub

lic S

choo

ls.

She

has

a M

aste

rs in

Edu

catio

n.

Soni

a Ju

rich

ear

ned

her

M.D

. with

a s

peci

aliz

atio

n in

com

mun

ity p

sych

iatr

y. S

he h

as h

eld

prof

esso

rshi

ps a

tC

atho

lic a

nd F

eder

al U

nive

rsiti

es in

Rio

de

Jane

iro,

Bra

zil,

serv

ed a

s di

rect

or o

f th

e Ps

ychi

atri

c O

utpa

tient

Clin

ic a

t the

Fed

eral

Uni

vers

ity H

ospi

tal,

and

of m

enta

l hea

lth c

linic

s in

the

Was

hing

ton,

DC

are

a.D

r. J

uric

h is

the

auth

or o

r tr

ansl

ator

of

over

a d

ozen

pub

licat

ions

on

yout

h de

velo

pmen

t, yo

uth

with

dis

abili

ties,

men

tal

illne

ss a

nd p

sych

iatr

y. C

hang

ing

care

ers,

she

is c

urre

ntly

a d

octo

ral c

andi

date

in S

peci

al E

duca

tion

at T

heG

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n U

nive

rsity

, wor

king

on

her

diss

erta

tion

in ju

veni

le ju

stic

e.

19

Intr

oduc

tion

and

Ove

rvie

w o

f Fin

ding

six

Bac

kgro

und

The

Am

eric

an Y

outh

Pol

icy

Foru

m (

AY

PF)

is a

non-

prof

it, n

on-p

artis

an p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent

orga

niza

tion

dedi

cate

d to

info

rmin

g po

licym

aker

s an

dpr

actit

ione

rs a

bout

"w

hat w

orks

" to

impr

ove

life

pros

pect

s fo

r yo

uth.

To

help

ref

ute

the

unfo

unde

das

sum

ptio

n th

at n

othi

ng w

orks

in p

rogr

amm

ing

for

yout

h, p

artic

ular

ly lo

w-i

ncom

e yo

uth,

AY

PFpu

blis

hed

Som

e T

hing

s D

O M

ake

a D

iffe

renc

e fo

rY

outh

: A C

ompe

ndiu

m o

f E

valu

atio

ns o

f Y

outh

Prog

ram

s an

d Pr

actic

es (

1997

) an

d th

is v

olum

e,M

OR

E T

hing

s T

hat D

O M

ake

a D

iffe

renc

e fo

r Y

outh

(199

9). E

ach

of th

e C

ompe

ndia

con

tain

s ne

arly

50

sum

mar

ies

of e

valu

atio

ns o

f yo

uth

inte

rven

tions

that

are

show

n to

impr

ove

the

lives

of

youn

g pe

ople

. In

an e

asy-

to-r

ead

form

at, t

hese

sum

mar

ies

high

light

rese

arch

fin

ding

s, d

escr

ibe

the

key

com

pone

nts,

and

shar

e w

hat i

s kn

own

abou

t the

ingr

edie

nts

of s

ucce

ssun

derl

ying

eac

h pr

ogra

m.

In th

e fo

llow

ing

anal

ysis

of

Vol

ume

II, w

eex

pand

on

the

list o

f ba

sic

prin

cipl

es f

rom

Vol

ume

I,us

ing

exam

ples

fro

m b

oth

Com

pend

ia. D

eter

min

ing

basi

c pr

inci

ples

of

effe

ctiv

e yo

uth

prog

ram

s fo

und

inth

e C

ompe

ndia

was

not

a s

cien

tific

pro

cess

. The

prog

ram

s in

clud

ed d

epen

ded

alm

ost e

ntir

ely

on th

eav

aila

bilit

y of

qua

lity

eval

uatio

ns. A

lso,

we

wer

elim

ited

to th

e st

rate

gies

des

crib

ed b

y th

e ev

alua

tors

as c

ontr

ibut

ing

to p

rogr

am s

ucce

ss a

nd m

ay h

ave

mis

sed

addi

tiona

l str

ateg

ies

that

wer

e no

t the

foc

usof

the

eval

uato

rs' w

ork.

Thi

s sa

id, o

ur a

naly

sis

yiel

ds im

port

ant i

nfor

mat

ion

for

yout

h pr

ogra

ms

and

polic

ies.

In ta

king

thes

e pr

inci

ples

fro

m th

eory

into

prac

tice,

rea

ders

are

cau

tione

d th

at th

e be

stpr

ogra

ms

are

thos

e th

at in

corp

orat

e al

l or

mos

t of

thes

e pr

inci

ples

, not

just

a f

ew.

Bas

ic P

rinci

ples

Vol

ume

I

impl

emen

tatio

n qu

ality

adul

t sup

port

, str

uctu

re a

nd e

xpec

tatio

nscr

eativ

e fo

rms

of le

arni

ngyo

uth

as r

esou

rces

a co

mbi

natio

n of

gui

danc

e an

d ri

ch c

onne

ctio

nsto

the

wor

kpla

cesu

ppor

t and

fol

low

-up

Vol

ume

II

impl

emen

tatio

n qu

ality

cari

ng, k

now

ledg

eabl

e ad

ults

high

sta

ndar

ds a

nd e

xpec

tatio

nspa

rent

/gua

rdia

n pa

rtic

ipat

ion

impo

rtan

ce o

f co

mm

unity

holis

tic a

ppro

ach

yout

h as

res

ourc

es/c

omm

unity

ser

vice

and

serv

ice-

lear

ning

wor

k-ba

sed

lear

ning

long

-ter

m s

ervi

ces/

supp

ort a

nd f

ollo

w-u

p

MO

RE

Thi

ngs

Tha

t DO

Mak

e a

Dif

fere

nce

for

You

thIm

plem

enta

tion

Qua

lity

An

impo

rtan

t fm

ding

in b

oth

Com

pend

ia, t

houg

hof

ten

over

look

ed w

hen

anal

yzin

g ev

alua

tion

resu

lts, i

sth

e im

port

ance

of

qual

ity im

plem

enta

tion.

It i

sob

viou

s th

at p

rogr

ams

wor

k be

tter

whe

n th

ey a

reim

plem

ente

d w

ell.

Man

y ev

alua

tions

, par

ticul

arly

of

larg

e, f

eder

al, m

ulti-

site

pro

gram

s, s

how

sup

erio

rou

tcom

es in

thos

e si

tes

whe

re im

plem

enta

tion

wen

t as

inte

nded

. Thi

s w

as, f

or e

xam

ple,

true

of

the

Sum

mer

You

th E

mpl

oym

ent a

nd T

rain

ing

Prog

ram

(V

olum

e I,

pp. 5

1-56

), T

ech-

Prep

: Nat

iona

l and

Lea

rn a

nd

Serv

e A

mer

ica

(Vol

ume

II, p

p. 5

0-53

and

pp.

101

-10

4). F

acto

rs c

ontr

ibut

ing

to s

ucce

ssfu

lim

plem

enta

tion

are:

am

ple

star

t-up

tim

e; c

lear

com

mun

icat

ion

of g

oals

; suf

fici

ent,

timel

y an

dsu

stai

ned

reso

urce

s; s

tron

g le

ader

ship

fro

m th

efe

dera

l, st

ate

or lo

cal l

evel

s; s

taff

dev

elop

men

t; an

dus

e of

dat

a to

impr

ove

perf

orm

ance

. Whe

nev

alua

tions

sho

w n

egat

ive

resu

lts, i

t is

not a

lway

sdu

e to

fla

ws

in e

lem

ents

of

the

mod

el, b

ut r

athe

r to

flaw

s of

impl

emen

tatio

n.

Car

ing,

Kno

wle

dgea

ble

Adu

lts

"Mer

ely

hitc

hing

adu

lts to

kid

s, w

ithou

tad

equa

te in

fras

truc

ture

, may

cre

ate

ase

nse

of a

ctio

n, b

ut is

like

ly to

acco

mpl

ish

little

.It

may

eve

n ba

ckfir

e.If

a re

latio

nshi

p en

gend

ers

hurt

or

rein

forc

es n

egat

ive

ster

eoty

pes,

it is

wor

se th

an n

o m

ento

ring

at a

ll."

Mar

c F

reed

man

Big

Bro

ther

s B

ig S

iste

rs o

f Am

eric

aV

olum

e I,

pp. 1

01-1

03

From

fir

st e

ntry

into

a s

choo

l cla

ssro

om,

alte

rnat

ive

scho

ol, j

ob tr

aini

ng p

rogr

am o

r a

neig

hbor

hood

clu

b, c

arin

g, k

now

ledg

eabl

e ad

ults

are

criti

cal t

o ga

inin

g a

youn

g pe

rson

's tr

ust a

ndco

mm

itmen

t. T

hese

adu

lts c

an b

e te

ache

rs,

coun

selo

rs, m

ento

rs, c

ase

wor

kers

, com

mun

itym

embe

rs, p

rogr

am d

irec

tors

or

othe

r tr

aine

din

divi

dual

s w

ho u

nder

stan

d an

d de

eply

car

e ab

out

yout

h, w

ho p

rovi

de y

oung

peo

ple

with

sig

nifi

cant

tim

ean

d at

tent

ion,

wor

k w

ith a

sm

all n

umbe

r of

you

th, a

ndca

n de

mon

stra

te th

at th

ey a

re "

in f

or th

e lo

ng h

aul."

Eva

luat

ors

repo

rted

that

car

ing,

sup

port

ive

adul

tsco

ntri

bute

d to

suc

cess

ful o

utco

mes

in 2

2 of

49

Vol

ume

I pr

ogra

ms.

Sev

enty

-fiv

e pe

rcen

t of

stud

ents

surv

eyed

by

Jobs

for

the

Futu

re f

or th

eir

stud

y of

ten

Scho

ol-t

o-C

aree

r pr

ogra

ms

(Vol

ume

I, p

p. 4

1-43

)in

dica

ted

that

pro

gram

s al

low

ed th

em to

dev

elop

spec

ial r

elat

ions

hips

with

adu

lts, g

ener

ally

a w

orks

item

ento

r or

sup

ervi

sor.

The

sch

ool-

with

in-a

-sch

ool

fram

ewor

k of

the

Tal

ent D

evel

opm

ent H

igh

Scho

olm

odel

(V

olum

e I,

pp.

57-

60)

lets

teac

hers

get

to k

now

thei

r st

uden

ts m

ore

easi

ly a

nd f

orm

str

onge

r

rela

tions

hips

with

them

. Qua

ntum

Opp

ortu

nitie

sPr

ogra

m (

Vol

ume

I, p

p. 1

23-1

25)

adm

inis

trat

ors

and

staf

f, a

s w

ell a

s te

ache

rs a

nd m

ento

rs, t

ook

anac

tive

inte

rest

in th

e w

elfa

re o

f th

e st

uden

ts,

enco

urag

ing

them

, vis

iting

them

, fol

low

ing

up a

nddo

ing

ever

ythi

ng n

eces

sary

to k

eep

them

in th

epr

ogra

m.

Car

ing,

sup

port

ive

adul

ts a

re s

peci

fica

llym

entio

ned

as im

port

ant i

n 12

of

the

46 V

olum

e II

eval

uatio

ns. A

dditi

onal

Vol

ume

II e

valu

atio

nsm

entio

n th

e us

e of

men

tori

ng a

nd tu

tori

ng a

nd lo

wte

ache

r/st

uden

t rat

ios.

In

Car

eer

Aca

dem

y: J

unio

rR

OT

C (

Vol

ume

II, p

p. 1

2-14

), th

e st

uden

ts w

hopa

rtic

ipat

ed in

foc

us g

roup

s ag

reed

that

the

maj

orfa

ctor

in th

eir

succ

ess

was

not

nec

essa

rily

the

mili

tary

str

uctu

re, b

ut th

e nu

rtur

ing

envi

ronm

ent.

The

stu

dent

s w

ho r

espo

nded

to th

e su

rvey

sem

phas

ized

thei

r te

ache

rs' i

nter

est i

n th

em a

nd th

ein

divi

dual

atte

ntio

n th

ey r

ecei

ved.

The

low

sta

fftu

rnov

er in

Bea

cons

: New

Yor

k C

ity (

Vol

ume

II,

pp. 1

12-1

14)

allo

ws

yout

h to

bui

ld s

tabl

e an

d ca

ring

rela

tions

hips

with

sta

ff.

MO

RE

Thi

ngs

Tha

t DO

Mak

e a

Diff

eren

ce fo

r Y

outh

xi

It is

not

eno

ugh

for

prog

ram

s to

hav

esy

mpa

thet

ic a

dult

staf

f an

d vo

lunt

eers

. The

se a

dults

need

to b

e kn

owle

dgea

ble

as w

ell.

The

y sh

ould

rece

ive

exte

nsiv

e tr

aini

ng in

wor

king

eff

ectiv

ely

and

com

pass

iona

tely

with

you

ng p

eopl

e an

d in

pro

vidi

ngag

e-ap

prop

riat

e ac

tiviti

es th

at f

ollo

w s

ound

you

thde

velo

pmen

t pri

ncip

les.

Tw

elve

eva

luat

ions

inV

olum

e I

and

18 in

Vol

ume

II m

entio

ned

staf

f an

dvo

lunt

eer

deve

lopm

ent a

s cr

itica

l. Fo

r ex

ampl

e, B

ig

Bro

ther

s B

ig S

iste

rs (

Vol

ume

I, p

p. 1

01-1

03)

ensu

res

that

all

men

tors

are

car

eful

ly s

cree

ned

and

wel

l-tr

aine

d in

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

of th

eir

role

. The

4-H

: Kan

sas

City

, MO

pro

gram

(V

olum

e II

, pp.

109

-11

1) h

ires

pub

lic h

ousi

ng r

esid

ents

for

key

sta

ffpo

sitio

ns, o

ffer

ing

trai

ning

in p

erso

nal a

nd c

aree

rgu

idan

ce, c

onfl

ict r

esol

utio

n, in

terp

erso

nal r

elat

ions

and

curr

icul

um d

evel

opm

ent f

or a

min

imum

of

250

hour

s pe

r ye

ar.

Hig

h S

tand

ards

and

Exp

ecta

tions

The

con

cern

exp

ress

ed b

y so

me

pare

nts

and

othe

rs th

at s

choo

l-to-

wor

kin

itiat

ives

wou

ld n

egat

ivel

y im

pact

stud

ents

' aca

dem

ic le

arni

ng w

as n

otsu

ppor

ted

by th

e fin

ding

s.

Sch

ool-t

o-W

ork

New

Yor

kV

olum

e II,

pp

47-4

9

Car

ing

for

youn

g pe

ople

als

o m

eans

gui

ding

beha

vior

, cha

lleng

ing

stud

ents

and

insi

stin

g on

pers

onal

res

pons

ibili

ty a

nd a

ccou

ntab

ility

. You

thw

ill r

ise

to th

e ex

pect

atio

ns o

f ad

ults

they

trus

t and

will

ach

ieve

mor

e po

sitiv

e ou

tcom

es in

pro

gram

setti

ngs

with

thes

e ch

arac

teri

stic

s. E

ight

eva

luat

ions

in V

olum

e I

and

16 e

valu

atio

ns in

Vol

ume

IIem

phas

ized

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f hi

gh e

xpec

tatio

ns f

orbo

th a

cade

mic

ach

ieve

men

t and

beh

avio

r. F

orex

ampl

e, G

atew

ay to

Hig

her

Edu

catio

n (V

olum

e I,

pp. 2

2-25

) pr

epar

es p

rim

arily

low

- to

mid

dle-

inco

me

Afr

ican

Am

eric

an a

nd H

ispa

nic

stud

ents

for

hig

her

educ

atio

n an

d ca

reer

s in

sci

ence

, med

icin

e an

dte

chno

logy

thro

ugh

high

exp

ecta

tions

, a d

eman

ding

curr

icul

um a

nd a

str

ong

supp

ort s

yste

m.

Succ

essf

ul p

rogr

ams

do n

ot w

ater

dow

n th

eir

stan

dard

s to

acc

omm

odat

e "a

t-ri

sk"

stud

ents

. On

the

cont

rary

, the

y m

aint

ain

high

sta

ndar

ds a

nd o

ffer

supp

orts

so

that

all

stud

ents

can

atta

in th

ose

stan

dard

s. U

nfor

tuna

tely

, man

y sc

hool

s te

nd to

enro

ll lo

w-i

ncom

e, p

artic

ular

ly m

inor

ity s

tude

nts,

inle

ss a

cade

mic

ally

dem

andi

ng c

ours

es u

nder

the

assu

mpt

ion

that

they

wou

ld f

ail o

ther

wis

e an

d w

ould

be p

ushe

d in

to d

ropp

ing

out o

f sc

hool

. The

Com

pend

ia s

how

man

y ex

ampl

es in

whi

ch lo

w-

inco

me,

min

ority

, and

lim

ited

Eng

lish-

spea

king

stud

ents

suc

ceed

aca

dem

ical

ly a

t hig

h le

vels

whe

nch

alle

nged

. Alli

ance

for

Ach

ieve

men

t (V

olum

e II

,pp

. 3-5

), f

or e

xam

ple,

aim

s to

incr

ease

the

num

ber

of e

cono

mic

ally

dis

adva

ntag

ed s

tude

nts

purs

uing

post

seco

ndar

y ed

ucat

ion

and

show

s in

crea

ses

inm

inor

ity e

nrol

lmen

t in

colle

ge p

repa

rato

ry c

ours

es,

incl

udin

g ad

vanc

ed m

ath

cour

ses

and

incr

ease

s in

mat

h te

st s

core

s.

The

Com

pend

ia a

lso

show

that

hig

hex

pect

atio

ns a

nd s

tand

ards

pay

off

in c

aree

rde

velo

pmen

t ini

tiativ

es. T

he a

cade

mic

ach

ieve

men

tsan

d po

stse

cond

ary

atte

ndan

ce o

f yo

ung

peop

le in

thes

e in

itiat

ives

are

equ

al to

or

bette

r th

an y

oung

peop

le in

trad

ition

al a

cade

mic

edu

catio

n. T

his

find

ing

is h

elpf

ul in

alla

ying

fea

rs th

at p

rogr

ams

with

a ca

reer

foc

us w

ill le

ad to

low

er a

chie

vem

ent l

evel

s.T

he e

valu

atio

n of

Sch

ool-

to-W

ork:

New

Yor

k(V

olum

e II

, pp.

47-

49)

indi

cate

s th

at s

tude

nts

enro

lled

in a

dvan

ced

scie

nce

and

mat

h co

urse

s in

grea

ter

num

bers

than

stu

dent

s no

t inv

olve

d in

scho

ol-t

o-w

ork

and

atte

nded

two-

and

fou

r-ye

arco

llege

s at

sim

ilar

leve

ls.

Juk_

24;.)

r:

xii

MO

RE

Thi

ngs

Tha

t DO

Mak

e a

Diff

eren

ce fo

r Y

outh

Par

enta

l/Gua

rdia

nP

artic

ipat

ion

Stu

dent

s w

ho p

erce

ive

sign

ifica

ntpe

ople

in th

eir

lives

as

carin

g, a

nd s

eeth

emse

lves

as

conn

ecte

d to

oth

ers,

are

affo

rded

a s

igni

fican

t deg

ree

ofpr

otec

tion

from

a v

arie

ty o

f hea

lth r

isks

.In

the

fam

ily c

onte

xt, f

eelin

g co

nnec

ted

to p

aren

ts w

as m

uch

mor

e im

port

ant

than

the

amou

nt o

f tim

e sp

ent w

ithpa

rent

s as

a p

rote

ctiv

e fa

ctor

.In

the

scho

ol c

onte

xt, s

choo

l per

sonn

el w

how

ere

perc

eive

d by

the

stud

ents

to b

eca

ring

and

fair

had

a gr

eate

r im

pact

than

sch

ool p

olic

ies

gove

rnin

g st

uden

tbe

havi

or o

r cl

assr

oom

siz

e.

Ado

lesc

ent H

ealth

Vol

ume

II, p

p. 1

45-1

46

With

the

incr

ease

d re

aliz

atio

n of

the

impo

rtan

ce o

fca

ring

adu

lts in

the

lives

of

youn

g pe

ople

, man

ypr

ogra

ms

seem

to b

e re

achi

ng th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtan

tad

ults

in c

hild

ren'

s liv

es, t

he p

aren

ts o

r gu

ardi

ans.

Pare

nt a

nd g

uard

ian

part

icip

atio

n w

as s

peci

fica

llym

entio

ned

as c

ontr

ibut

ing

to p

rogr

am s

ucce

ss in

14

Vol

ume

II e

valu

atio

ns. A

ccor

ding

to th

ese

eval

uatio

ns, p

rogr

ams

appe

ar to

be

goin

g w

ell b

eyon

dtr

aditi

onal

goa

ls o

f pa

rent

al/g

uard

ian

"inv

olve

men

t,"(e

.g.,

occa

sion

al p

aren

t mee

tings

, cal

ls h

ome

for

mis

sed

clas

ses)

to a

ttain

"pa

rtic

ipat

ion.

"

Vol

ume

II p

rogr

am e

valu

atio

ns c

ited

such

stra

tegi

es a

s ho

me

visi

ts, i

nvol

vem

ent i

n sp

ecif

icsc

hool

act

iviti

es, a

dult

educ

atio

n cl

asse

s, li

nkag

es to

com

mun

ity s

ervi

ces

for

fam

ily m

embe

rs, a

nd o

n-go

ing

com

mun

icat

ion

betw

een

prog

ram

sta

ff a

nd f

amili

es.

For

exam

ple,

dis

tric

t-w

ide

refo

rms

in U

nion

City

Scho

ol D

istr

ict:

New

Jer

sey

(Vol

ume

II, p

p.63-65)

incl

uded

a "

Pare

nt U

nive

rsity

" of

feri

ng m

ath,

sci

ence

,E

nglis

h as

a S

econ

d L

angu

age,

par

entin

g an

dco

mpu

ter

clas

ses.

Add

ition

ally

, eva

luat

ions

rep

ort t

hat

pare

nts

or g

uard

ians

oft

en s

erve

as

deci

sion

-mak

ing

part

ners

, res

pect

ed s

take

hold

ers

and,

som

etim

es, p

aid

empl

oyee

s of

you

th p

rogr

ams.

Prac

titio

ners

who

ass

ist y

outh

with

mul

ti-cu

ltura

l bac

kgro

unds

sho

uld

note

that

the

Eng

lish

lang

uage

dev

elop

men

t pro

gram

s de

scri

bed

inV

olum

e II

em

phas

ize

activ

e pa

rent

al/g

uard

ian

part

icip

atio

n an

d su

ppor

t as

an e

ssen

tial c

ompo

nent

.In

Suc

cess

for

All/

Exi

to p

ara

Tod

os, p

aren

ts/

guar

dian

s ha

ve a

n op

en f

orum

thro

ugh

"Fam

ilySu

ppor

t Tea

ms"

to d

iscu

ss th

eir

child

's p

rogr

ess

with

teac

hers

(V

olum

e II

,pp. 90-92).

In iE

spai

iol

Aum

enta

tivo!

: Hou

ston

, TX

(V

olum

e II

, pp.

81-

83),

the

effo

rts

to in

volv

e pa

rent

/gua

rdia

ns in

the

prog

ram

wer

e so

suc

cess

ful t

hat t

heir

bili

ngua

lca

sew

orke

r w

as in

vite

d to

coo

rdin

ate

a di

stri

ct-w

ide

cam

paig

n to

incr

ease

par

ticip

atio

n of

Spa

nish

-sp

eaki

ng p

aren

ts/g

uard

ians

in s

choo

ls w

ithou

t the

prog

ram

.

In V

olum

e I,

par

ents

or

guar

dian

s w

ere

not a

sfr

eque

ntly

men

tione

d as

impo

rtan

t to

prog

ram

succ

ess.

It i

s no

t cle

ar if

they

wer

e le

ss in

volv

ed in

the

prog

ram

s or

if e

valu

ator

s di

d no

t foc

us o

n th

isas

pect

of

the

prog

ram

. Vol

ume

II e

valu

ator

s di

dno

t men

tion

pare

nts

or g

uard

ians

as

havi

ng a

rol

e in

care

er d

evel

opm

ent o

r se

rvic

e-le

arni

ng in

itiat

ives

.C

aree

r de

velo

pmen

t pro

gram

s, in

par

ticul

ar, s

houl

dse

ek to

incr

ease

par

ent/g

uard

ian

role

s to

fur

ther

acce

ptan

ce a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

of

thei

r go

als.

Impo

rtan

ce o

f Com

mun

ityY

outh

pro

gram

s ha

ve a