Do Now: Tuesday, Sept. 16 Objective: Major Bones of Skeleton Do Now: 1.List as many parts of the...

Do Now: Tuesday, Sept. 16

• Objective: Major Bones of Skeleton

• Do Now:1.List as many parts of the skeletal system as

you can (at least 5).2.List as many joints as you can think of in your

body (at least 5).

Skeletal System and Major Bones of the Skeleton

Please note that this power point will takeabout 3 days to complete

Day 1 Slides 1-60Day 2 Slides 61-102

Day 3 Slides 103-189

What Is It?1. Skeletal System:framework of bones andother tissues that supportsthe body (206 bones)

Human SkeletonOur bodies are made

up of 206 bones.

Babies have more than 206 bones

because their bones have not fused

(grown) together all the way.

Functions:2. Skeletal System Functions:• gives body structure• protects internal organs• works with muscles to allow body to move

Charlie Brown

Skeletal System: Gives the body structure

Skeletal System: Gives the body structure

Support!

Skeletal System: Protects Organs

SkeletalSystem providessupport andprotection for ourinternal organs.

Ex: ribcageprotects lungs& heart.

What does the skull protect?

Skeletal System: Helps us move!

Why Are Bones Important?

3. Bones store calcium and other minerals

4. Bones make blood cells:• Bone marrow: tissue inside

bones that makes blood.

The bones of theskeletal systemproduce blood cellsand store importantminerals such ascalcium andphosphorus.

Bones: Make Blood

Bones: Make Blood

Joints5. Joints: place where two or

more bones meet, allow us to move.

Major Bones of the Skeleton

BONE #1: CRANIUM

1. Cranium:

• Skull• Protects the brain

Label the Skeleton

10

1112

1314

1516

1718

19

202122

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

BONE #2: Mandible

2. Mandible:

• Jaw• Strongest bone in face

Label the Skeleton

BONE #3: CLAVICLE

3. Clavicle:

• The collarbone

Label the Skeleton

BONE #4: SCAPULA

4. Scapula:• Shoulder blade• Connects the arms to body

Label the Skeleton

BONE #5: HUMERUS

5. Humerus:

• Upper arm

Label the Skeleton

BONE #6: RADIUS

6. Radius•Forearm bone•On thumb side

Label the Skeleton

BONE #7: ULNA

7. Ulna•Forearm bone•On pinky side

Label the Skeleton

Review:ARM

BONES

BONE #8: CARPALS

8. Carpals• 8 wrist bones

Label the Skeleton

BONE #9: METACARPALS

9. Metacarpals• 5 bones in the hand•Join wrist to fingers

Label the Skeleton

BONE #10: PHALANGES

10. Phalanges•Finger bones•3 in each finger(only 2 in thumb)

Label the Skeleton

Review: HAND BONES

BONE #11: Sternum

11. Sternum:- Breastbone

Label the Skeleton

BONE #12: RIB CAGE

12. Rib cage• Protects heart and lungs•12 pairs

Label the Skeleton

BONE #13: VERTEBRAE

13. Vertebrae• 26 bones of the spine

Label the Skeleton

Vertebrae

BONE #14: PELVIS

14. Pelvis•Ilium: hands on hips•Ischium: “sit bones”•Pubis: connects hip bones together

Label the Skeleton

BONE #15: FEMUR

15. Femur

• Thigh bone• Largest/strongest bone in body

Label the Skeleton

BONE #16: PATELLA

BONE #16: PATELLA

16. Patella

• Knee cap

Label the Skeleton

BONE #17: FIBULA

17. Fibula

• Calf bone• Smallest of leg bones

Label the Skeleton

BONE #18: TIBIA

18. Tibia

• Shin bone

Label the Skeleton

BONE #19: TARSALS

19. Tarsals• 7 ankle bones

Label the Skeleton

BONE #20: METATARSALS

20. Metatarsals• 5 foot bones

Label the Skeleton

BONE #21: PHALANGES

21. Phalanges:•14 toes•3 in each toe (only 2 in big toe)

Label the Skeleton

Guided Practice

• With a partner, make 21 post-it notes with the major bones that we learned today.

• Then, using one person as the “skeleton,” label each bone.

Do Now: Wednesday, Sept 17

Objective: Major Bones of Skeleton

Do Now: 1. What are the three main functions of the

skeletal system?2. What are the two main reasons bones are

important?

Whiteboard Practice

• Whiteboards rules:– Only write on the boards the answers to the

questions– You will have about 15 seconds to answer the

question.– Keep your answers to yourself.– I will tell you when to raise the boards up.– Participation points: you will receive a zero for the

day if you do not participate on every question

Label the Skeleton

Which bone is it?

• 1. Protects the brain?• 2. Jaw?• 3. Protects the heart and lungs?• 4. Spine?• 5. Thigh bone?• 6. Ankle?• 7. Wrist?• 8. Upper arm?

Which bone is it?

• 9. Forearm bone on pinky side?• 10. Forearm bone on thumb side?• 11. Fingers and toes?• 12. Sit bones?• 13. Hands on hips?• 14. Knee cap?• 15. Shoulder blade?• 16. Collarbone?

More Practice….Mr. C. Says

• Directions:– Sit down when you get one of the bones incorrect.– Only point to the bone if I say, “Mr. C. says…”

Last person standing gets 5 bonus points on quiz on FRIDAY!

Independent Practice

• Take out a sheet of paper.• When I point to one of the bones on the

skeleton, write the name of the bone on your sheet of paper.

• See how many you can get right.• You will be graded on participation, not

accuracy.

Do Now: Wed., Sept. 17

• Objective: Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

• Do Now:– What is your jaw bone?– What is the strongest/biggest bone in your body?– What is the difference between the radius and ulna?– What is the difference between the tibia and fibula?– What bone is the knee cap?

Skeletal System Divisions

• Skeletal system is divided into 2 major parts:– Axial Skeleton– Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

• 80 bones• Function:

– Forms the longitudinal axis of the body– Bones are fused together – little range of motion

Axial Skeleton

• Consists of:• Skull: cranium and facial bones• Vertebral column • Rib cage and sternum (bony thorax)

Appendicular Skeleton

• 126 bones• Function:

– Movement of the axial skeleton (lower limbs)– Manipulating objects (upper limbs)

Appendicular Skeleton

• Consists of:– Upper limb (arm)– Pectoral girdle (attach arm body)– Lower limb (leg)– Pelvic girdle (attach leg to body)

Practice

• Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton Coloring– Choose one color and color the axial skeleton.– Choose another color and color the appendicular

skeleton.– Label the major bones.– Answer the practice questions.

Quick write: Thursday, Nov. 18

• Objective: Joints

• Do Now: What is a joint? List 5 examples of joints in your body.

What is a joint?

• A place where two or more bones are joined together!

Joints

• Three types of joints:– Fixed– Partially moveable– Moveable

Fixed Joints

• A fixed joint does not move; it is fixed in place!

Example: cranium

Partially Moveable Joints

• A partially moveable joint allows for some movement, but not much!

Example: vertebrae

Moveable Joints

• A moveable joint allows for complete movement of the bones!

There are 5 types of moveable joints… ball-and-socket

hinge pivot gliding saddle

Ball-and-Socket

• A ball and socket joint allows bones to swing in almost any direction– Produce a variety of movements

Examples: Shoulder: humerus meets scapula Hip: femur meets pelvis

Hinge• A hinge joint allows movement in ONE direction

– Motion in only one plane– Like opening/closing a door

Examples: Knee: tibia and femur Finger/toe: phalanges Elbow: humerus meets radius/ulna

Pivot

• A pivot joint is when one bone rests and rotates from a certain point– Allows a rotation similar to turning

a dial

Example: neck Forearm: radius meets ulna

Gliding• A gliding joint is where two bones that can move

separately meet– Allows a variety of side-to side movements

Example: Wrist: carpals Ankle: tarsals

Saddle• A saddle joint is when one bone moves

back and forth on the other bone

Example: Thumb:

metacarpal meets phalange

Knee?

Hinge

Wrist?

Gliding

Vertebrae?

Partially Moveable

Cranium?

Fixed

Thumb?

Saddle

Moves in any direction?

Ball-and-Socket

Shoulder?

Ball-and-Socket

Only slight movement?

Partially Moveable

Hip?

Ball-and-Socket

No movement?

Fixed

Elbow?

Hinge

Rotating from side to side?

Pivot

Moves in only ONE direction?

Hinge

Neck?

Pivot

Practice

• Human skeleton• Graphic organizer - chart• Labeling worksheet• Practice questions

Do Now: Thursday, September 18

• Objective: Bones Quiz and Skeletal System Reading

• Do Now: What bone is…– Ankle?– Wrist?– Back?– Collarbone?– Shoulder blade?– Upper arm?

Human Skeleton Reading

• With a partner, read through the Human Skeleton Reading and answer the following questions in your notes:– 1. How many bones do adults have?– 2. Who has more bones: babies or adults? Why?– 3. Bones grow by turning ____________ to bone.– 4. In how many years do your bones grow enough to

form a new skeleton?– 5. What is the smallest, biggest, most useless, and

funny bone?

Do Now: Thursday, September 18

• Objective: Development of Bone

• Do Now: 1.What type of joint is the elbow and knee?2.What type of joint is the hip and shoulder?3.What is the only saddle joint in the body?4.What is the only fixed joint in the body?**Open books to page 365.

Graphic Reading Organizer• Vocabulary: osteoblasts, ossification, osteocytes,

osteoclasts, osteoporosis• 1. What are the purposes of bone?• 2. What happens during ossification from osteoblasts to

periosteum?• 3. How is bone deposited, broken down, and replaced?• 4. What do osteoclasts do and how do they do it?• 5. What is osteoporosis and what does it have to do

with calcium?

• Objective: How to Distinguish Males from Females

• Do Now: What do you think are some differences between male and female skeletons?

Upcoming Agenda

• Forensic Anthropology: ~one week

• Handwriting Analysis/Chromatography: two weeks (LABS, LABS, LABS)

• Toxicology and Drugs: three weeks(project)

END OF 3rd Quarter!

Textbook Reading

• Read pages 365-368 and complete the guiding reading questions.

• For extra credit, complete activity 13-2 on page 381.

Do Now: Thursday, Feb. 3

• Objective: FA Case Studies

• Do Now: Get a computer out and complete two case study summaries.

Last day of Forensic Anthropology is today!Bones Episode tomorrow!

Slides that Follow…

• Chapter Notes

• Gender• Age• Height

• Bone Quiz

Forensic Anthropology(F.A.)

• A type of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the human skeletal system for purposes of identifying unknown remains

• Information gathered from the skeletal remains of an individual is the principal source of information about an unidentified individual

Questions can be Answered Using Forensic Anthropology

• Are the remains animal or human?• Are the remains male or female?• What is the age of the victim?• What was the manner of death?

– Natural, accidental, homicidal, suicidal, undetermined

• What was the cause of death?– Millions of possibilities; usually determined by

injuries to the body

Forensic Anthropology Requires Knowledge of

the Skeleton1. Skull 11. Fibula

2. Mandible 12. Tibia

3. Clavicle 13. Iliac Crest

4. Sternum 14. Os Pubis

5. Xyphoid Process

6. Humerus

7. Radius

8. Ulna

9. Os Coxae

10. Femur

Animal or Human?

• Osteology--the study of bones • Human and animal bones have very

different structures• When partial bones are only available,

scientists look at the osteons – Osteons are the holes in bones that carry blood– In animals, they form regular patterns– In humans, the patterns are known to be more

random

Male or Female?• Bones in the male skeleton tend to be larger

than those of the female skeleton• The os pubis, sacrum, and the ilium of the

pelvis are bones that have the most obvious differences between men and women

Male or Female?

• The ventral arc on the female pelvic bones is also more defined than that of the male pelvic bones

Male or Female?

Male or Female?

Male or Female?

MaleFemale

Age?

• Growth plates called epiphyses form together and eventually unite with age.

Age?

• Cranial sutures also form a completely connected skull by a certain age

Age?

• Scientists use the general age for sutures to fuse and compare that age to how formed together these bones are and can make a general age estimate

Race?• Caucasoid:

– Descriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian Descent

– Characteristics:• Long, narrow nasal aperture• A Triangular Palate• Oval Eye Orbits• Narrow Zygomatic Arches• Narrow Mandibles

Race?

Race?

• Negroid:– A descriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and

Melanesian decent– Characteristics:

• Wide Nasal Aperture• A Rectangular Palate• Square Eye Orbits• Pronounced Zygomatic Arches• Long bones are longer and have greater density

Race?

Race?

• Mongoloid:– Descriptor for people of Asian, Native American,

and Polynesian descent– Characteristics:

• Rounded nasal aperture• Parabolic palate• Rounded eye orbits• Wide zygomatic arches• Pointed mandibles

Race?

Facial Reconstruction• Used when traditional methods of

identification are not useful• Uses standard tissue thickness and facial

muscles to build a new face on a skull• The skull and skeleton gives information

about age, race, and gender• Not totally accurate and is more of an art

form based in science

Steps in Facial Reconstruction

• Establish age, gender, and if possible, race

• Glue tissue markers to landmarks directly on the skull for tissue thickness

Steps in Facial Reconstruction

• Mark muscle insertion points and mount markers for thickness of tissue

• Mount eyes in sockets at the proper depth• Apply clay to the skull following the

contours, using markers and muscle insertion points

• Make measurements to determine nose thickness and length and the mouth thickness and width

Steps in Facial Reconstruction

• Cover the skull with layers of skin and add the details of the face

Facial Reconstruction

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Catalyst 02.01.10

• As a forensic anthropologist you are given a set of human remains (bones) and are asked to give as much information as you can to the investigators. What kind of information can you give them? Explain.

• Take out the bone activity from yesterday, we will discuss it after attendance.

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Chapter 13 Forensic Anthropology: What We Learn from Bones

By the end of this chapter you will be able to:

• describe how bone is formed • distinguish between male and female skeletal remains • explain how bones contain a record of injuries and

disease • describe how a person’s approximate age could be

determined • discuss the role of mitochondrial DNA in bone

identification

All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2009

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Historical Development Historical Development

1. 1800s: scientists began studying skulls.2. 1932: FBI opened the first crime lab. 3. FBI + Smithsonian Institute = BFF.4. Soldiers killed in World War II were identified using

anthropologic techniques.

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Characteristics of Bone

• What are the characteristics of bone?– They are alive.– They grow and repair damage.– They are rigid, but slightly flexible. WHY is this a

good thing?• What are the functions of bone?

– Movement / support / protection– Store calcium (Ca) – Create RBCs in bone marrow

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Development of Bone

• Bones originate from cells called osteoblasts. • They migrate to the center of cartilage

production and deposit minerals (Ca mostly). • Throughout life, bones are broken down,

deposited, and replaced. WHY?• Osteoclasts break down bone to reshape the

skeleton and remove cell waste.

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Development of Bone

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Number of Bones

• How many bones do you have in your body?– Adults have an average of

206 bones.• Some have more, some

have less, WHY?– Infants have 450 bones,

WHY?

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How Bones Connect

• Bones are held together at joints by: a. cartilage—wraps the ends of bones

and keeps them from scraping one another.

b. ligaments—connect two or more bones together.

c. tendons—connect muscle to bone.

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Aging of Bones• Until about 30 years of age, bones increase in size. • Deterioration after 30 can be slowed with exercise.• Which is the picture of

osteoporosis? Why?

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What Bones Can Tell Us What Bones Can Tell Us

• Osteobiography tells about a person through the study of the skeleton.

• The bones of a right-handed person, for example, would be slightly larger than the bones of the left arm. WHY?

• Forensic scientists realize that bones contain a record of the physical life. Give examples.

• Analyzing bones can reveal clues to such things as gender, age, height, and health.

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Gender

• Look at chart 13.11 on page 367.– Reconstruct this chart in your notes. Study the

chart as you work and be prepared to answer the questions on the next slide.

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Gender

• Is the female skull smoother than the male’s? • Which frontal bone is lower and sloping? • Are the male’s eye orbits more circular? • Which jaw is more square, with an angle that

is closer to 90o?

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Gender

• One of the easiest methods of determining the gender of a skeleton is by examining the pelvis.

• The surface of a woman’s pelvis can be scared. WHY?

• The sub pubic angle of the female pelvis is greater than 90o; the male’s, less.

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Gender – Male or Female?

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Conclusion Questions

• What can bones tell us about a person?• What are four differences between a male

and female skeleton?• Homework: Read pgs 362-368 and review

notes. Prepare for a bone quiz tomorrow. – Focus on the differences between a male and

female pelvis and the development of bones.

Catalyst 1.29.09

• Can we know for sure that a skeleton is male or female if we only look at brow ridge on the skull? Explain.

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Age

• During life, many of the 450 bones a person has at birth grow together, finally forming 206 bones.

• As the cartilage between them is replaced, an epiphysis line is visible.

• When the cartilage is fully replaced, the line is no longer visible.

• This information can be used to approximate a skeleton’s age.

Age

• Epiphyseal Lines

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How to Distinguish Age

• Different bones mature at different rates.• So using multiple bone characteristics we can

estimate age.• Like gender we need to look at many

indicators, not just one.• Look at the chart on page 370. Reflect on

what this means for a person’s skeleton.

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How to Distinguish Age

• By about age 30, the suture at the back of the skull will have closed.

• By about age 32, the suture running across the top of the skull, back to front, will have closed.

• By about age 50, the suture running side to side over the top of the skull, near the front, will have closed.

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Height

• Like age and gender height can be estimated as well. Why is this important?

• The approximate height of a person can be calculated from one of the long bones even if just one of those is found.

• Gender and race will need to be taken into consideration in making the estimate (if possible).

How to Distinguish Race

• Why is this more difficult and less precise than height, gender and age?

• Can be done using the skull and femur bones.• Look at the chart on page 13.21 what are the

three general race categories forensic anthropologists use?

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Facial Reconstruction

• A face is formed by the skull with the muscles and tissues on top of the skull.

• Theoretically, nonetheless, a face can be rebuilt from just skeletal remains.

• Facial markers are positioned at critical locations on a skull, and clay is contoured to follow the height of the markers.

• Today, computer programs perform a similar function. • These computer programs also can age missing persons

and criminals.

Facial Reconstruction

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DNA Evidence

• Bone contains little nuclear DNA. • But it does contain mitochondrial DNA. What is this?• Long after nuclear DNA has been lost through tissue

degeneration, mitochondrial DNA can be obtained from bone.

• Results can be compared with living relatives on the mother’s side of the family to identify skeletal remains.

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Skeletal Trauma Analysis Skeletal Trauma Analysis

• Forensic anthropologists often determine if damage to bones occurred before or after death. Why is this important?

• Definite distinctions exist between patterns on bones made by weapons and the patterns created by the environment after death.

• Sharp-force trauma, blunt-force trauma, gunshot wounds, and knife wounds all have distinctive patterns.

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Conclusion QuestionsConclusion Questions

• What are three human characteristics that can be determined from a skeleton? Why are these important?

• What type of DNA can be found in a skeleton?• What is facial reconstruction, why is it

important?• HOMEWORK: Read pgs369-373 finish activities

13.1-13.2

Distinguishing Sex - Skulls

• Eye shape (square vs. round)

MaleFemale

Jaw shape (more square vs. V-shaped)

Brow ridge (thicker vs. thinner)

Distinguishing Gender - Skulls

• Occipital Protuberance (present in males)

Distinguishing Gender - Skulls

• Frontal bone – low & sloping vs. high & rounded

Male Female

Surface – rough & bumpy vs. smooth Jaw angle – about 90° vs. greater than 90°

Was this person male or female?

Distinguishing Sex – Pelvis

• Subpubic angle –90° in females, less in males

Distinguishing Gender – Pelvis

• Pelvic cavity – big vs. small

• Sacrum – curved out in females, inward in males

• Female pelvis may have scarring from childbirth.

Was this person male or female?

Distinguishing Gender – Thigh Bones

• The femur is thicker in males and joins the pelvis at a straighter angle than in females.

Estimating Age - Skull

• Skull plates grow together, forming suture marks.• Teeth erupt with age

Estimating Age – Skull

• Suture marks where plates joined disappear with age.

Estimating Age – Cartilaginous Lines

• Many bones grow together as we age, replacing cartilage with bone.

• Different bones fuse at different ages.

Estimating Age – Cartilaginous Lines

• In long bones, the line of remaining cartilage is called the epiphysis.

• It disappears at different ages in different long bones.

Distinguishing Race

• Difficult due to mixed heritage• Done by comparing shape of eye sockets,

absence or presence of nasal spine, measuring the nasal opening, and comparing the projection of the upper jaw.

Estimating Height

• Done by measuring the long bones: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, & fibula

• Length is put into a formula that is different depending on race and gender.

Catalyst 1.28.09

• Is the background a male or female pelvis? Justify your answer.

• Take out your notes and begin studying for today’s quiz. You will have 5 minutes. Focus on:– Bone Development– Gender differences.

• SKULL• PELVIS

Homework

• Review your notes and today’s activities.– Turn in any missing assignments or late work!

Bone Quiz

5. Skull A

Bone Quiz

6. Skull B

Bone Quiz

7. Skull C

Bone Quiz

8. Skull D

Bone Quiz

9. Pelvis E

Bone Quiz

10. Pelvis F

11. Pelvis G

Bone Quiz

12. Pelvis H

Activity 13.1 & 13.2

• Title and Date your lab book for Activity 13.1.– For Procedure A: Write #’s 1-4 and estimate the

age of the individual.– For Procedure A.1 (not found in your book) using

figure 13-19 (pg. 370) develop two new problems using at least two different bone fusion indicators.

• Example: Humerous bones in the head are fused, but the pubis and ischium are not completely united.

Activity 13.1 & 13.2

• Title and Date your lab book for Activity 13.2.– For Procedure A: Write out case #’s 1-4 answer

the question then name the gender of the individual. Explain your reasoning.

– For Procedure A.1 (not found in your book) using your book develop two new cases using at least two different bone indicators.

• Example: No scaring on the pelvis and smooth bones of the skull? What is the gender of the individual?