DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION PROCESS OF TRANSLATING

DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION

PROCESS OF TRANSLATING

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

DEFINITION

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one

language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another

language (TL). (Catford, 1965)

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another

language in the way that the author intended the text.

(Newmark, 1988: 5)

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation, and cultural context of the

source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its

meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning

using lexicon and grammatical structure which are

appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural

context. (Larson, 1984: 3)

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

ORIGINAL TEXT (source language)

ANALYZING DRAFTING

REVISINGTRANSLATION TEXT

(target language)FINALIZING

PROCESS OF TRANSLATING

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

MAIN PURPOSES OF ANALYZING

Learning the stylistic scale

(degree of language)

Learning the readership

(age, education, gender)

Understandingwhat it is about

(by reading)

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Stylistic Scale (Degree of Formality)

Official

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Colloquialism

Slang

Taboo

(Newmark, 1988)

You can’t feed your face here

Please don’t eat here

The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited in this establishment

Lay off the nosh

You are requested not to consume food in this establishment

Lay off the fucking nosh

Eating is not allowed here

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Official

The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited

in this establishment

Formal

You are requested not to consume food in this establishment

Neutral

Eating is not allowed here

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Informal

Please don’t eat here

Colloquialism

You can’t feed your face here

Slang

Lay off the nosh

Taboo

Lay off the fucking nosh

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

STYLISTIC SCALE and TRANSLATION

Official

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Colloquialism

Slang

Taboo

Official

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Colloquialism

Slang

Taboo

Degree of Formality

target language(translation text)

source language(original text)

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

THE APPROACHES TO ANALYZING(how do we start translating)

(Newmark, 1988: 21)

You start translating sentence by sentence, for say the first paragraph or

chapter, to get the feel and the tone of the text, and then you

deliberately sit back, review the position, and read the rest of the SL

text. (when you trust your intuition)

You read the whole text two or three times, and find the intention,

register, tone, mark the difficult words and passages and start

translating only when you have taken your bearings. (when you trust your

power of analysis)

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

ANALYZING DRAFTING REVISING FINALIZING

Understanding & identifying

10 PERCENT 40 PERCENTS 40 PERCENTS 10 PERCENT

general reproduction accuracy naturalness

Time Management

METAPHOR and SIMILE

METAPHOR AND SIMILE

METAPHOR and SIMILE

DEFINITION

A figure of speech used to replace normal or literal language in order help

others understand or enjoy the message.

--- The substitution of one idea or object with another ---

METAPHOR and SIMILE

KINDS OF METAPHOR

Dead Metaphor

Living Metaphor

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Dead Metaphor

A metaphor which has lost its poetic meaning and not considered as

figurative language any longer due to its frequent use

examples:

economic wheel – giant step - etc

Living Metaphor

Considered as figurative language and still contains poetic meaning

ex:

An angry sky - You are a rose among thorns - etc.

METAPHOR and SIMILE

STRATEGIES TO TRANSLATE METAPHOR

1. Translation of metaphor by reproducing the same image

2. Translation of metaphor by replacing the image in SL

with a standard image in TL

3. Translation of metaphor or simile by sense

4. Translation of metaphor by metaphor or simile plus

sense

5. Translation of metaphor by simile

METAPHOR and SIMILE

1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR BY REPRODUCING THE

SAME IMAGE

laut cinta langkah raksasa

sea of love giant step

roda perekonomian

economic wheel

sinar harapan

ray of hope

METAPHOR and SIMILE

economic growth

pertumbuhan ekonomi

stony silence angry sky

kebisuan yang membatu langit yang marah

Omar Mochtar is the lion of the desert

Omar Mochtar adalah singa padang pasir

King Richard, the lion heart

Raja Richard, si hati singa

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Tubuh manusia adalah laboratorium hidup

Human body is a living laboratory

Jakarta adalah jantung Indonesia.

Jakarta is the heart of Indonesia

Experience is the best teacher.

Pengalaman adalah guru terbaik

Jerusalem is the city of God.

Yerusalem adalah kota Tuhan

METAPHOR and SIMILE

2. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR

BY REPLACING THE IMAGE IN SL WITH THE STANDARD

IMAGE IN TL

Your car has wings

Lari mobilmu seperti setan

Mobilmu kencang bagaikan terbang

METAPHOR and SIMILE

3. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR OR SIMILE BY SENSE

Jerussalem is the city of God

Yerusalem adalah tempat Tuhan menurunkan sebagian wahyu

dan nabiNya.

Time has wings.

Waktu berlalu begitu cepat

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Bagai pungguk merindukan bulan.

Dreaming the impossible thing.

Dia ular berbisa.

He’s very dangerous.

The best advice is found on the pillow. 

Setelah tidur nyenyak semalaman, mungkin kita akan

mendapatkan jawaban dari persoalan kita

METAPHOR and SIMILE

The pen is mightier than the sword.

Tulisan dan kata-kata memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar dari pada senjata dan perang

Stolen fruit is the sweetest.

Sesuatu yang dilarang itu sangat menggoda

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Makanan yang sehat menjauhkan kita dari penyakit.

METAPHOR and SIMILE

4. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR by METAPHOR OR SIMILE

PLUS SENSE

Jerussalem is the city of God

Yerusalem adalah kota Tuhan, karena di tempat inilah Tuhan

menurunkan sebagian wahyu dan nabi-Nya. Yerusalem

dianggap sebagai tempat yang sangat suci oleh umat Yahudi,

Kristen, dan Islam.

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Time has wings.

Waktu bagai memiliki sayap, berlalu begitu cepat.

Dia ular berbisa.

He’s a snake. He’s very dangerous

METAPHOR and SIMILE

5. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR BY SIMILE

Time has wings

Waktu bagaikan memiliki sayap

METAPHOR and SIMILE

S I M I L E

Tempat ini seperti kuburan.

This place is just like a graveyard

Engkau laksana bintang.

You are like a star

Mohammad Ali, dance like a butterfly, sting like a bee.

Mohammad Ali, menari bagai kupu-kupu, menyengat bagai lebah

METAPHOR and SIMILE

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METAPHOR AND SIMILE

Metaphor is an equation while Simile is an approximation

Metaphor

A wire is a road for electrons

Simile

A good book is like a good meal

Cloud is like cotton candy

S H I F T

TRANSPOSITION AND MODULATION

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

S H I F T(TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

“Transposition is a translation procedure involving a change

in the grammar from SL to TL”(Newmark, 1988: 85)

“Modulasi melibatkan pergeseran makna karena terjadi

perubahan perpektif dan sudut pandang”(Machali, 2000: 69)

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 1(transposition)

A shift from singular into plural (plural into singular)

bunga-bunga : flowers

banyak rumah : many houses

tiga mobil : three cars

sepasang celana : a pair of trousers

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 2-AA structural change that involves word-position in phrase

1 - 2 - 3

3 - 2 - 1

rumah - bercat merah - yang besar

big - red - house

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

long - dark - hair

rambut - hitam pekat - yang panjang

splendid ancient electric train

kereta api listrik kuno yang sangat bagus(Machali, 2000)

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

phrase with adverb

1 – 2 – 3

3 – 1 - 2

highly - recommended - system

sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

Shift 2-B

A structural change that involves word-position in sentence

Isu tentang HAM sudah kami bahas semenjak lima tahun yang lalu.

We have been discussing the issue of human rights since five years ago

Buku ini harus kamu baca

You must read the book

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

Shift 3 a change in part of speech

noun + noun noun + noun adverb + verb

verb + noun adj + noun verb + adj

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

mesin pembunuh

killing machine

bahan kimia chemical material

partai politik political party

...is categorically prohibited.

…dikategorikan terlarang.

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

in sentence

…… for the pursuit of happiness.

…untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 4 from explicit into implicit

(implicit into explicit)

Pria yang berdiri di sana itu adalah paman saya

The man (who is) standing there is my uncle.

implicit

The man standing there is my uncle

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 5from clause into particular type of phrase

(phrase into clause) – (phrase with adjective verb)

bayi yang menangis binatang yang berpikir

crying baby thinking animal

burung yang berkicau

singing bird

Jendral yang senantiasa tersenyum

Smiling General

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 6from word into phrase or clause

(clause into word)

cozy

suasana nyaman, hangat, dan akrab

incommunicado

kondisi terputus komunikasi dengan dunia luar

interchangeability

kondisi bisa saling dipertukarkan

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 7(modulation)

specific meaning general meaning

padi : rice

gabah: rice

beras : rice

nasi : rice

kakak : brother, sister

adik: : brother, sister

SHIFT OR TRANSPOSITIONNAD MODULATION

paklek : paman : uncle

pakde : paman : uncle

assassinate : membunuh

murder : membunuh

kill : membunuh

anggur : grape

anggur : wine

mendengar : listen

mendengar : hear

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 8(modulation)

coining a new term for a series of word

train : berlatih

training : pelatihan

trainer : pelatih

trainee : peserta pelatihan