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CONIFERS
Pines (Pinus)
Abies (Fir)
Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir)
Picea (Spruce)
Juniperus (Juniper)
Cupressus (Cypress)
Sporophyte
Primary Growth: Shoot Apex
Primary Growth: Stele
Endarch Xylem Development
Primary Growth: Xylem
(Circular Bordered Pits)
Fig. 17-17 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Xylem: Tracheids
Xylem: Bordered Pit Pairs
Fig. 17-17 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Phloem: Sieve Elements = Sieve Cells
Fig. 3-18 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Leaf Anatomy I
Leaves: One Vein versus Two Veins
Soft Pines (Pinon Pines, Southwestern White Pine)
Hard Pines (Ponderosa Pine,Chihuahua Pine)
Leaf Anatomy II
Conifer Shoot Secondary Growth
Roots
Root Primary Growth
Root Secondary Growth
Megasporogenesis: Megastrobilus(Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)
MegasporogenesisOvule (= Integument + Megasporangum), Megasporocyte (2n)
(Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)
Fig. 17-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone I(Lebachia, Ernestiodendron)
Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone II(Pseudovoltzia, Voltzia)
Fig. 17-29 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1n)
Integument
Micropyle
Megasporangium
Pollen Chamber
Functional Megaspore
Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1n)
Megagametogenesis: Free Nuclear Stage
Megagametogenesis: Cellular Stage (with Archegonia)
Megagametogenesis: Archegonia
1-6 Archegonia / Gametophyte
1-2 Tiers of Four Neck Cells
Egg Cell Covered by Layer of Cells
Microsporogenesis(Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)
Microsporogenesis(Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)
Microsporogenesis(Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)
Fig. 23-24 in Bold et al. 1987
Microgametogenesis I(Inside the Microsporangium)
• Prothallial Cell 1• Prothallial Cell 2• Generative Cell• Tube Nucleus
Microgametogenesis II(After Pollination)
Fig. 23-24 in Bold et al. 1987
• Generative Cell (Ultimately, Body Cell and Stalk Cell)• Body Cell (Ultimately, Sperm Cells 1 and 2)• Stalk Cell
Fertilization
Fig. 17-37a in Gifford and Foster 2010
Early Embryogeny
Fig. 17-37 C-G in Gifford and Foster 1989
Early Embryogeny
Fig. 17-37 H-I in Gifford and Foster 1989
Embryonal Suspensors
Fig. 17-37 J in Gifford and Foster 1989
Cleavage Polyembryony
Mature Embryo inside Seed
Fig. 17-36 in Gifford and Foster 2010
Ponderosa Pine Seeds
Pine Reproductive Cycle
Fig. 17-30 in Gifford and Foster 1989
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