CONIFERS

Pines (Pinus)

Abies (Fir)

Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir)

Picea (Spruce)

Juniperus (Juniper)

Cupressus (Cypress)

Sporophyte

Primary Growth: Shoot Apex

Primary Growth: Stele

Endarch Xylem Development

Primary Growth: Xylem

(Circular Bordered Pits)

Fig. 17-17 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Xylem: Tracheids

Xylem: Bordered Pit Pairs

Fig. 17-17 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Phloem: Sieve Elements = Sieve Cells

Fig. 3-18 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Leaf Anatomy I

Leaves: One Vein versus Two Veins

Soft Pines (Pinon Pines, Southwestern White Pine)

Hard Pines (Ponderosa Pine,Chihuahua Pine)

Leaf Anatomy II

Conifer Shoot Secondary Growth

Roots

Root Primary Growth

Root Secondary Growth

Megasporogenesis: Megastrobilus(Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)

MegasporogenesisOvule (= Integument + Megasporangum), Megasporocyte (2n)

(Bract, Ovuliferous Scale)

Fig. 17-28 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone I(Lebachia, Ernestiodendron)

Putative Origin of Compound Female Cone II(Pseudovoltzia, Voltzia)

Fig. 17-29 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1n)

Integument

Micropyle

Megasporangium

Pollen Chamber

Functional Megaspore

Megasporogenesis: Meiosis, 4 Megaspores (1n)

Megagametogenesis: Free Nuclear Stage

Megagametogenesis: Cellular Stage (with Archegonia)

Megagametogenesis: Archegonia

1-6 Archegonia / Gametophyte

1-2 Tiers of Four Neck Cells

Egg Cell Covered by Layer of Cells

Microsporogenesis(Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

Microsporogenesis(Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

Microsporogenesis(Microsporophyll, Microsporangium)

Fig. 23-24 in Bold et al. 1987

Microgametogenesis I(Inside the Microsporangium)

• Prothallial Cell 1• Prothallial Cell 2• Generative Cell• Tube Nucleus

Microgametogenesis II(After Pollination)

Fig. 23-24 in Bold et al. 1987

• Generative Cell (Ultimately, Body Cell and Stalk Cell)• Body Cell (Ultimately, Sperm Cells 1 and 2)• Stalk Cell

Fertilization

Fig. 17-37a in Gifford and Foster 2010

Early Embryogeny

Fig. 17-37 C-G in Gifford and Foster 1989

Early Embryogeny

Fig. 17-37 H-I in Gifford and Foster 1989

Embryonal Suspensors

Fig. 17-37 J in Gifford and Foster 1989

Cleavage Polyembryony

Mature Embryo inside Seed

Fig. 17-36 in Gifford and Foster 2010

Ponderosa Pine Seeds

Pine Reproductive Cycle

Fig. 17-30 in Gifford and Foster 1989