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Chapter 25 Land Empires in
the Age of Imperialism, 1800-
1870
The Ottoman Empire
Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840 In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt and
defeated the Mamluk.
Returned to France. In 1801 French forces withdrew, leaving ________ in control of the new Egyptian state.
French practices
Ibrahim invaded Syria and started similar reforms there.
Ali ruled until 1849
– Family 1952
Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853
Sultan Selim III introduced European reform
– Military, central government, taxation, and land tenure
– These reforms led to opposition from the Janissaries
– Serbian peasants helped defeat the Janissary uprising and went on to make Serbia independent of the Ottoman Empire
Selim’s other opponents, ulama distrusted his reforms. Why?
– Suspends reform but was executed
Greek independence 1829
– Triumph for European civilization
Allies:
Sultan Mahmud II
– Uses popular outrage to reform
New army
Elimination of Janissaries
Reduction of religious elites
Tanzimat reforms
–Abdul Mejid 1839
Tanzimat – European Reform
French and German training
General education
Foreign instructors
Language
Education stimulated urban wealth
Clothing
Equal taxation
Equal access to courts for all males
– Women Forced women to give up inheritance to
husbands
Competition
The Crimean War and Its Aftermath 1853-1856
Russian’s southward expansion led to the Crimean War w/ the Ottoman Empire
– Enemies:
– Loss blocked expansion
into the Middle East and
Eastern Europe
Significant changes
– Russian government discredited
– French and English propaganda
Turk-French unity
– Warfare
Modernized
Percussion caps and breech-loading rifles
Machine guns
Railways to transfer weapons
Trench warfare
Ottoman changes – Continuation of European model
Urbanization
Wage labor classes
– Problems Fiscal problems
Foreign loans
Trade deficit
inflation
In the 1860s and 1870s discussion of a law that would have permitted all men to vote left Muslims worried that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society. This worry may have contributed to Muslim hostilities against Christians in the Ottoman territories in Europe, Armenia, and the Middle East.
Young Ottomans
– Constitutionalism
– Liberal reform
– Turkish national state
– In 1876 a ____ was granted but a coup placed a more ______ ruler on the throne;
Result:
The Russian Empire
Russia and Europe
In 1700, only __% lived in cities; very slow development of infrastructure and transportation.
What prevented development of western modernization?
Russia and Asia
At end of 18th century, Russian Empire extended from ____ Ocean to _____.
In the 19th century expansion brought conflict with: China, Japan, Iran, and Ottoman Empire.
______ took steps to prevent Russia from gaining control of all of Central Asia.
Cultural Trends
Contact with Russia since late 17th century.
Opposition to reform came from wealthy families fearing imperial despotism.
Penalties from Crimean War
Developed cultural relations with Europe while the Ottoman would ultimately succumb to European imperialism.
The Qing Empire
Economic and Social Disorder, 1800-1839
When Qing conquered China in 1600s, they restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy thus…
Population strain
– Itinerant farmhands,
laborers, and merchants
Discontent in Qing China
– Minorities
– Government
– Foreign merchants
– Manifested in a series of rebellions
White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)
The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839-1850 Qin did not take British seriously or the
growth of opium trade propagated in China.
– Banned in 1839
– Lin Zenxu was sent
to Canton to deal with matter.
– Opium War (1939-44)
ended with the Treaty of Nanking.
The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864
Guangxi providence
– Poor farmers
– Poverty
– Ethnic divisions
Hakka
“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
– Hong Xiuquan; Canton
– Recruits
– Captured Nanjing in 1853
– Fell to Chinese/British/French
– Legacy:
20-30 million deaths
Depopulation
Massive destruction of
Property and land
Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864-1875 ____ led to the Tongzhi Restoration.
Reform modeled after _____.
Aristocrats
Unable to prevent the Qing Empire from disintegrating into a set of large power zones in which provincial governors exercised real authority.
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