Chapter 20 Foreign and Military Policy. The Shape of the Twentieth Century The history of the...

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Foreign and Military Foreign and Military Policy Policy

The Shape of the Twentieth Century

The history of the twentieth century can be summarized--excessively briefly--in five propositions:

First, that the history of the twentieth century was overwhelmingly economic history.

Second, that the twentieth century saw the material wealth of humankind explode beyond all previous imagining.

Third, that because of advances in technology, productivity, and organization--and the feelings of social dislocation anddisquiet that these advances generated--the twentieth century’s tyrannies were the most brutal and barbaric in history.

Fourth, that the twentieth century saw the relative economic gulf between different economies grow at a rapid pace.

.

Fifth and last, that economic policy--the management of their economies by governments--in the twentieth century was at best inept. Little was known or learned about how to manage a market or a mixed economy.

GlobalizationGlobalization Write a short paragraph about what Write a short paragraph about what

the term means to you?the term means to you?

Listen to Definition Given By Tom Listen to Definition Given By Tom Friedman, New York TimesFriedman, New York Times

http://http://www.lexusandtheolivetree.com/audiwww.lexusandtheolivetree.com/audiolist.htmolist.htm

Effects of the September 11 attacksEffects of the September 11 attacks

Public consciousness about international terrorism Public consciousness about international terrorism Outbursts of patriotism Outbursts of patriotism Confidence in government Confidence in government Emergence of important fundamental questions Emergence of important fundamental questions

How to wage a "war" against terrorism? How to wage a "war" against terrorism? How to hold other nations accountable? How to hold other nations accountable? How to act when other nations fight terrorism? How to act when other nations fight terrorism? Does such a war require military to be redesigned?Does such a war require military to be redesigned?

Reemergence of classic questions Reemergence of classic questions Do we only support nations that are reasonably free Do we only support nations that are reasonably free

and democratic? and democratic? Are we the world's policemen?Are we the world's policemen?

Foreign Policy

THEME A

Foreign Policy As Majoritarian PoliticsTo many outside observers, democracies can not apply the firmness of purpose, efficiency of execution, secrecy, and patience that effective foreign policy requires.

Majoritarian politics concerns itself with the issues of war, peace, and global diplomacy.

Majoritarian politicsMajoritarian politics

Perceived to confer widespread benefits, Perceived to confer widespread benefits, impose widespread costs impose widespread costs

Examples Examples War War Military alliances Military alliances Nuclear test ban or strategic arms limitation Nuclear test ban or strategic arms limitation

treaties treaties Response to Berlin blockade by Soviets Response to Berlin blockade by Soviets Cuban missile crisis Cuban missile crisis Covert CIA operations Covert CIA operations Diplomatic recognition of People's Republic of ChinaDiplomatic recognition of People's Republic of China

Interest group politics tariff battles in which the user of imports as well as their opponents (workers) are well organized.

Interest group politicsInterest group politics

Identifiable groups pitted against one Identifiable groups pitted against one another for costs, benefits another for costs, benefits

Examples Examples Cyprus policy: Greeks versus Turks Cyprus policy: Greeks versus Turks Tariffs: Japanese versus steelTariffs: Japanese versus steel

Client Politics Providing aid to corporations or

American historical support of Israel

Client politicsClient politics

Benefits to identifiable group, without Benefits to identifiable group, without apparent costs to any distinct group apparent costs to any distinct group

Example: Israel policy (transformation to Example: Israel policy (transformation to interest group politics?)interest group politics?)

Entrepreneurial politicsEntrepreneurial politics::

Congress the central political arenaCongress the central political arena When a multinational corporation is When a multinational corporation is

caught in a scandalcaught in a scandal Free Trade NegotiationsFree Trade Negotiations Removal of Tariffs/Domestic Removal of Tariffs/Domestic

SubsidiesSubsidies

Who has power?Who has power?

Majoritarian politics: president dominates; Majoritarian politics: president dominates; public opinion supports but does not guide public opinion supports but does not guide

Interest group or client politics: larger Interest group or client politics: larger congressional role congressional role

Entrepreneurial politics: Congress the Entrepreneurial politics: Congress the central political arenacentral political arena

The Supreme Court has fairly consistently held that the conduct of foreign policy is a political question to be decided between the president and congress.

The president is commander in chief of the armed forces, appoints ambassadors, and negotiates treaties.

The Senate approves treaties and ambassadorial appointments.

Congress must appropriate money to fund military ventures and it alone can declare war.

Congressional limitations on the president:1. Limits economic aid to other countries.2. War Powers Act - which requires congressional approval of any commitment of troops over 60 days.

Chadha case - the Supreme Court struck down a portion of the act that authorized legislative vetoes to control arms sales abroad.

3. Congressional intelligence oversight committees to control CIA activities, including covert operations

In times of crisis the public supports the president.

Mass opinion supports war policies as long as they appear successful.

Presidential box score - No Declaration of Presidential box score - No Declaration of WarWar

1801: Jefferson sends navy to Barbary1801: Jefferson sends navy to Barbary 1845: Polk sends troops to Mexico 1845: Polk sends troops to Mexico 1861: Lincoln blockades Southern ports 1861: Lincoln blockades Southern ports 1940: FDR sends destroyers to Britain 1940: FDR sends destroyers to Britain 1950: Truman sends troops to Korea 1950: Truman sends troops to Korea 1960s: Kennedy and Johnson send forces to 1960s: Kennedy and Johnson send forces to

Vietnam Vietnam 1983: Reagan sends troops to Grenada1983: Reagan sends troops to Grenada 1989: Bush orders invasion of Panama1989: Bush orders invasion of Panama 1990: Bush sends forces into Kuwait1990: Bush sends forces into Kuwait 1999: Clinton orders bombing of Serbian forces 1999: Clinton orders bombing of Serbian forces 2001: Bush sends troops to Afghanistan2001: Bush sends troops to Afghanistan 2003: Bush Sends troops to Iraq2003: Bush Sends troops to Iraq

THEME BThe Foreign Policy Elite

Public opinion provides support for presidential initiatives in foreign policy but no specific direction. In foreign policy, more than in other policy areas elite worldviews.

THEME BThe Foreign Policy Elite

A world view is a more or less comprehensive picture of critical problems facing the United States in the world and the appropriate ways of responding

Mass versus elite opinionMass versus elite opinion

Mass opinion Mass opinion Generally poorly informed Generally poorly informed Generally supportive of president Generally supportive of president Conservative, less internationalistConservative, less internationalist

Elite opinion Elite opinion Better informed Better informed Opinions change more rapidly (Vietnam) Opinions change more rapidly (Vietnam) Protest on moral or philosophical grounds Protest on moral or philosophical grounds More internationalistMore internationalist

Four Worldviews

1. Isolationism - prior to Munich and Pearl Harbor2. Containment and Antiappeasement3. Vietnam Paradigm - Disengagement or Neo-isolationism4. Human Rights

Isolation paradigmIsolation paradigm

Opposes involvement Opposes involvement in European wars in European wars

Adopted after World Adopted after World War I because war War I because war accomplished littleaccomplished little

Containment paradigmContainment paradigm

Reaction to appeasement of Hitler in Munich Reaction to appeasement of Hitler in Munich Pearl Harbor ended isolationism in United States Pearl Harbor ended isolationism in United States Postwar policy to resist Soviet expansionismPostwar policy to resist Soviet expansionism

Disengagement ("Vietnam") Disengagement ("Vietnam") paradigmparadigm

Reaction to military defeat and political disaster Reaction to military defeat and political disaster of Vietnam of Vietnam

Crisis interpreted in three ways Crisis interpreted in three ways Correct worldview but failed to try hard Correct worldview but failed to try hard

enough enough Correct worldview but applied in wrong place Correct worldview but applied in wrong place Worldview itself wrongWorldview itself wrong

Requires Complex Cost Benefit AnalysisRequires Complex Cost Benefit Analysis

Human rights ParadigmHuman rights Paradigm

Clinton had a disinterest in foreign policy and his Clinton had a disinterest in foreign policy and his advisors believed in disengagement. advisors believed in disengagement.

Clinton's strongest congressional supporters Clinton's strongest congressional supporters argued against the Gulf War but advocated argued against the Gulf War but advocated military intervention in Kosovo. military intervention in Kosovo.

Change in view explained by concern for human Change in view explained by concern for human rights and belief that situation in Kosovo rights and belief that situation in Kosovo amounted to genocide amounted to genocide

Conservatives who supported containment in Conservatives who supported containment in Gulf War urged disengagement in KosovoGulf War urged disengagement in Kosovo

New Paradigm – DisarmamentNew Paradigm – Disarmament

The politics of coalition building Should the United States act "alone?" If so, in what circumstances?

See National Security Policy of the United States at:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html

THEME CRadical Revisionism and American

Imperialism

In general, revisionists tend to place most of the blame for the cold war and subsequent international tensions upon the United States. According to them it was America's inordinate (and unrealistic) fears of Soviet communism.

THEME CRadical Revisionism and American

Imperialism

They claim American military strength and diplomacy are oriented toward protecting those markets at any costs. This view is contradicted by examples from Vietman, Korea and Israel.

Military Policy

From the beginning of U.S. history the basic principle has

been to ensure civilian control of the

military.

Waging Modern WarWaging Modern War

Interview with General Wesley ClarkInterview with General Wesley Clark

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/converhttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/conversation/jan-june01/clark_06-15.htmlsation/jan-june01/clark_06-15.html##

Military power more important after collapse Military power more important after collapse of Soviet Union and end of Cold Warof Soviet Union and end of Cold War

Military force used to attack Iraq, defend Military force used to attack Iraq, defend Kosovo, maintain order in Bosnia, and Kosovo, maintain order in Bosnia, and occupy Haiti and Somalia occupy Haiti and Somalia

Several nations have long-range rockets Several nations have long-range rockets and weapons of destruction and weapons of destruction

Many nations feel threatened by neighbors Many nations feel threatened by neighbors Russia still has nuclear weaponsRussia still has nuclear weapons

THEME A - How Are Military Decisions Made

The conventional view of national defense policy making is that it is an example of majoritarian politics, with cost and benefits widely distributed. The rival theory of the military industrial complex holds that spending for national defense is the result of client politics.

Majoritarian or ClientMajoritarian or Client

Majoritarian view of military Majoritarian view of military Almost all Americans benefit, almost all pay Almost all Americans benefit, almost all pay President is the commander-in-chief President is the commander-in-chief Congress plays largely a supportive roleCongress plays largely a supportive role

Client view of military Client view of military Real beneficiaries of military spending--Real beneficiaries of military spending--

general, admirals, big corporations, members general, admirals, big corporations, members of Congress whose districts get fat defense of Congress whose districts get fat defense contracts--but everyone pays contracts--but everyone pays

Military-industrial complex shapes what is Military-industrial complex shapes what is spentspent

National Security Act of 1947National Security Act of 1947

Department of Defense Department of Defense Secretary of Defense (civilian, as are secretaries Secretary of Defense (civilian, as are secretaries

of the army, navy, and air force) of the army, navy, and air force) Joint Chiefs of Staff (military)Joint Chiefs of Staff (military)

Reasons for separate uniformed services Reasons for separate uniformed services Fear that unified military will become too Fear that unified military will become too

powerful powerful Desire of services to preserve their autonomy Desire of services to preserve their autonomy Interservice rivalries intended by Congress to Interservice rivalries intended by Congress to

receive maximum informationreceive maximum information

1986 defense reorganization plan1986 defense reorganization plan

Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff Composed of uniformed head of each service with a Composed of uniformed head of each service with a

chair and vice chair appointed by the president and chair and vice chair appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate confirmed by the Senate

Chair since 1986 principal military adviser to presidentChair since 1986 principal military adviser to president Joint Staff Joint Staff

Officers from each service assisting JCS Officers from each service assisting JCS Since 1986 serves chair; promoted at same rateSince 1986 serves chair; promoted at same rate

The services The services Each service headed by a civilian secretary responsible Each service headed by a civilian secretary responsible

for purchasing and public affairs for purchasing and public affairs Senior military officer oversees discipline and trainingSenior military officer oversees discipline and training

The chain of command The chain of command Chair of JCS does not have combat command Chair of JCS does not have combat command Uncertainty whether 1986 changes will workUncertainty whether 1986 changes will work

What do we get for our money?

1. Personnel including pensions - Pensions hardest to control2. Big Ticket Items - Cost overruns "Fly before you Buy"3. Small ticket items - $435 hammer4. Readiness - first to get cut5. Bases

Personnel Personnel

From draft to all-volunteer force in 1973 From draft to all-volunteer force in 1973 Volunteer force improved as result of: Volunteer force improved as result of:

Increases in military pay Increases in military pay Rising civilian unemploymentRising civilian unemployment

Changes in military Changes in military More women in military More women in military Ban of women on combat ships lifted in 1993 but Ban of women on combat ships lifted in 1993 but

Congress to be consulted if ground combat Congress to be consulted if ground combat involved involved

"Don't ask, don't tell" compromise adopted by "Don't ask, don't tell" compromise adopted by Clinton on homosexuals in militaryClinton on homosexuals in military

Big-ticket hardwareBig-ticket hardware

Main reasons for cost overruns Main reasons for cost overruns Unpredictability of cost of new items Unpredictability of cost of new items Contractor incentives to underestimate at first Contractor incentives to underestimate at first Military chiefs want best weapons money can Military chiefs want best weapons money can

buy buy "Sole sourcing" of weapons without competitive "Sole sourcing" of weapons without competitive

bids bids Holding down budget by "stretching out" Holding down budget by "stretching out"

productionproduction Latter four factors can be controlled; first Latter four factors can be controlled; first

cannotcannot

Small-ticket itemsSmall-ticket items

Seemingly outrageous prices come from Seemingly outrageous prices come from allocation of overhead,($435 hammer) allocation of overhead,($435 hammer) small run of items produced small run of items produced

Others result from "gold-plating" Others result from "gold-plating" phenomenonphenomenon

Readiness, favorite area for short-term Readiness, favorite area for short-term

budget cuttingbudget cutting

Other cuts would hurt constituents Other cuts would hurt constituents Cuts here show up quickly in money savedCuts here show up quickly in money saved

Bases – Client PoliticsBases – Client Politics

At one time, a lot of bases opened and few At one time, a lot of bases opened and few closed closed

Commission on Base Realignment and Commission on Base Realignment and Closure created to take client politics out Closure created to take client politics out of base closingsof base closings

THEME B - Politics and the Future of Military Spending

See next several charts.

American slowdowns in productivity, chronic budget deficits, and increasing foreign debt have militated against the continuing rates of military expansion. The collapse of the Soviet Union increased the decline.

Public Sentiment on Defense Public Sentiment on Defense Spending, 1960-1998Spending, 1960-1998

Updated from The Public Perspective (August/September 1997), 19.

Public Sentiment on Defense Public Sentiment on Defense Spending, 1960- 2002Spending, 1960- 2002

Trends in Military Spending (in Trends in Military Spending (in constant dollars)constant dollars) to 2000to 2000

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), “National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2000.”

Trends in Military Spending (in Trends in Military Spending (in constant dollars)constant dollars) to 2002to 2002

Welcome to the Department of Defense

We are America’s ... Oldest Oldest

companycompany Largest Largest

companycompany Busiest Busiest

companycompany Most successful Most successful

companycompany

How we evolved

America’s oldest company

War Department (1789)

Department of the Navy (1798)

SecDef position createdSecDef position created Nat’l Mil Estab

DoD created (1949)DoD created (1949) Dept. of Defense

Dept. of the Army

19471947

Dept. of the AF

17751775 17751775 17751775 17981798

1.4 million active 1.4 million active dutyduty

654,000 civilians654,000 civilians 1.2 million Guard 1.2 million Guard

and Reserveand Reserve 2.0 million 2.0 million

retirees & retirees & families receiving families receiving benefitsbenefits

America’s largest company

5.3 million strong

America’s largest company

Operates from Operates from more than 6,000 more than 6,000 locationslocations

Using more than Using more than 30 million acres30 million acres

More than 600,000 More than 600,000 buildings and buildings and structuresstructures

Our global infrastructure

Worldwide presence

America’s largest company

More than 146 countriesMore than 146 countries Some 473,881 personnel overseas or afloatSome 473,881 personnel overseas or afloat

Budget/ Company Revenue* Employees*

DoD $371 billion 2,036,000

Wal-Mart 227 billion 1,383,000

ExxonMobil 200 billion 97,900

GM 181 billion 365,000

Ford 160 billion 354,400 America’s largest company

In comparison ...In comparison ...

We hire the best

Most successful company

Forces Work Forces Work Force*Force*

High school diplomasHigh school diplomas 95% 79% 95% 79%

Masters degreesMasters degrees 5.6% 4.9% 5.6% 4.9%

Who we work for

Chief Chief Executive Executive OfficerOfficer

The President of the United States

Who we work for

Board of Board of directorsdirectors

The United States Congress

Who we work for

StockholdersStockholders

The American peopleThe American people

Unified CommandsOffice, Joint Chiefs of Staff

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Services train and equip

Department of DefenseMilitary Departments

U.S. ArmyU.S. Army U.S. Air Force U.S. NavyU.S. Marine

Corps

Military DepartmentsMilitary Departments Unified CommandsChairman of the JCS

Office of the Secretary of Defense

U.S. Coast Guard

Department of Transportation

Guard & Reserve Wartime military Wartime military

support support HumanitarianHumanitarian PeacekeepingPeacekeeping Homeland Homeland

SecuritySecurity

All military departments

Military Departments Unified CommandsChairman of the JCS

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Office of the Chairman, JCSSecretary of Defense

Deputy Secretary of Defense

Director,Joint Staff

J-1Manpower and

Personnel

J-2Intelligence

(DIA)

J-3Operations

J-4Logistics

J-5Strategic

Plans & Policy

J-6Command,ControlCommunications

Computers

J-7Operational

Plans & Interoperability

J-8Force Structure,

Resources &Assessment

Unified CommandsChairman of the JCS

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Military Departments Unified Commands

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Military Departments

Plans and coordinates

Vice Chairman, JCSChairman, JCS

Chief of Staff, ArmyCommandant, Marine Corps

Chief of Naval OperationsChief of Staff, Air Force

Unified CommandersUnified Commanders Direct link to President & Secretary of DefenseDirect link to President & Secretary of Defense 5 Commanders have geographical responsibility5 Commanders have geographical responsibility 4 Commanders have worldwide responsibility4 Commanders have worldwide responsibility

Secretary of DefenseDeputy Secretary of Defense

CentralCommand

SouthernCommand

Joint Forces

CommandPacific

CommandEuropeanCommand

SpecialOperationsCommand

StrategicCommand

SpaceCommand

Trans-portation

Command

Unified CommandsCommandsOffice, Joint Chiefs of Staff

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Military Departments Chairman of the JCS

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Military Departments

What we doWhat we do

WarfightingWarfighting HumanitarianHumanitarian PeacekeepingPeacekeeping EvacuationEvacuation Homeland Homeland

SecuritySecurity

Our most important resourceOur most important resource

It’s not tanks, It’s not tanks, planes or planes or ships, it’s …ships, it’s …

peoplepeople

How the World Has Changed – World’s 5 Largest Urban Areas (million population)

1000

Cordova .45

Kaifeng (China) .40

Constantinople (Istanbul) .30

Angkor .20

Kyoto .18

How the World Has Changed – World’s 5 Largest Urban Areas (million population)

1800

Peking (Beijing) 1.1

London .86

Canton .80

Edo (Tokyo) .69

Constantinople (Istanbul) .57

How the World Has Changed – World’s 5 Largest Urban Areas (million population)

1900

London 6.5

New York 4.2

Paris 3.3

Berlin 2.7

Chicago 1.7

How the World Has Changed – World’s 5 Largest Urban Areas (million population)

2000

Tokyo 26.5

Sao Paulo 18.3

Mexico City 18.3

New York 16.8

Mumbai (Bombay) 16.5

David GergenDavid GergenUNO ABC BreakfastUNO ABC Breakfast

October 2003October 2003

Today, the United States represents Today, the United States represents 5% of the world’s population. It 5% of the world’s population. It produces 25% of the world’s gross produces 25% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). We are domestic product (GDP). We are probably the greatest world power probably the greatest world power since Rome. We that power goes the since Rome. We that power goes the responsibility of stewardship. Part of responsibility of stewardship. Part of stewardship is listening to the rest of stewardship is listening to the rest of the world.the world.

For more information about this topic, link to the Metropolitan Community College Political Science Web Site

http://socsci.mccneb.edu/pos/polscmain.htm

http://www.state.gov

http://www.dod.gov/

SELF TEST