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Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and Introduction. I > Clicker Question (Sample) Which of the following questions best describes my I > clicker experience thus far? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 1: The Human Body… An Orientation and
Introduction
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.2 Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems.
Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2 CO2
Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients
Urinary systemEliminates nitrogenouswastes andexcess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2
O2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
NailsSkin
Hair
(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3b The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3c The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Skeletalmuscles
(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Brain
NervesSpinalcord
(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3e The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Pineal gland
Pituitarygland
ThyroidglandThymus
AdrenalglandPancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3g The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Lymphaticvessels
Red bonemarrow
Thoracicduct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3f The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Heart
Bloodvessels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3h The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Nasalcavity
BronchusPharynx
LarynxTrachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3i The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Liver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Largeintestine
StomachSmallintestine
RectumAnus
(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3j The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Kidney
Ureter
UrinarybladderUrethra
(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.3k-l The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Prostategland
Ductusdeferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ovary
Uterinetube
Mammaryglands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.4 Interaction among the elements of a homeostatic control system.
Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetects change.
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Output:Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.
Responseof effector feeds back to reduce the effect ofstimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.
Receptor Effector
ControlCenter
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BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
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Figure 1.5 Regulation of body temperature by a negative feedback mechanism.
Sweat glands activated
Shiveringbegins
StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE
Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter
Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter
Afferentpathway
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
Efferentpathway
Information sentalong the efferentpathway toeffectors
Information sentalong the efferentpathway to effectors
StimulusBody temperature falls
ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain
ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain
EffectorsSweat glands
EffectorsSkeletal muscles
Control Center(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Control Center(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
ResponseEvaporation of sweatBody temperature falls;stimulus ends
ResponseBody temperature rises;stimulus ends
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 Summary of the positive feedback mechanism regulating formation of a platelet plug.
Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Positivefeedbackloop
Break or tearoccurs in blood vessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to site and release chemicals.
Released chemicals attract more platelets.
Platelet plugforms.
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Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
CervicalCervical
Back (dorsal)
(a) Anterior/Ventral (b) Posterior/Dorsal
Pubic (genital)
Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental
Thoracic Sternal Axillary Mammary
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
Abdominal Umbilical
Pelvic Inguinal
(groin)
Upper limb Acromial
Brachial (arm) Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial
(forearm) Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand) Pollex Metacarpal Palmar Digital
Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Calcaneal Metatarsal Digital Plantar Hallux
Cephalic Otic Occipital (back
of head)
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Transverse plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal plane
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas
Aorta
Vertebralcolumn
Spinal cord
Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall
Rectum IntestinesLeft andright lungs
Liver HeartStomach
SpleenArm
(a) Frontal section (through torso)
(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)
(c) Median section (midsagittal)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranialcavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)
Cranialcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Vertebralcavity
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Rightlumbarregion
Leftlumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Lefthypochondriac
region
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon oflarge intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Diaphragm
Stomach
Descending colonof large intestine
Transverse colonof large intestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)
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