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Changing Environments to promote better Public Health
February 8, 2007
Robert S. Ogilvie PhD
Oakland, CA 11/22/08
Local Government Powers that influence the Built Environment
Local Land Use Plans (general or comprehensive plans)
Implementing Local Land Use Plans
Zoning
Conditional Use
Specific Plans
Development Review
Economic Development and Redevelopment
Local Land Use Plans
General or comprehensive plans
A “blueprint” to guide local land use decisions
Covers a 20-30 year time period
SHOULD INCLUDE health supporting goals and policies
Zoning
Zoning ordinances commonly include designations for:
• Public
• Open Space
• Agricultural
• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
• Mixed Use
Zoning and Public Health
Zoning is the most fundamental regulatory tool cities and counties use to shape land use and the built environment. As such, it is a key strategy for enhancing community health and livability.
Zoning ordinances can:
• Help ensure residences are within walking distance from destinations such as parks, transit stops, schools, and grocery stores
• Influence where farmers’ markets, community gardens, and grocery stores are located
• Restrict locations of fast-food and other unhealthy businesses
• Protect communities from pollution and other health hazards
Fast Food Availability and MarketingZoning Ordinances can:
Limiting the number or concentration of “formula” restaurants
Ban or limit drive-through food outlets throughout jurisdiction, or within certain geographic areas (e.g., around schools)
Identify fast-food restaurants, liquor, and convenience stores as “conditional uses” only; instate conditional use review upon lease renewal or at point of business sale
FOR LEASE
Fast Food Availability and Marketing
Zoning ordinances:
Can take time to have an affect on the neighborhood environment if existing businesses are “grandfathered”
Example: Fast food moratorium in South Los Angeles
One way to affect existing businesses:
A “deemed approved” ordinance: local government can revoke the business licenses if the business is not operating in a way that upholds community health, safety, and welfare
Access to and Availability of Healthy Foods
Identify grocery store development as a priority in Redevelopment Plans
Help with location and expansion, and streamlining fees and permitting processes for urban food retail
Utilizing redevelopment, development agreements, and other mechanisms to create economic development opportunities for food retail development
Utilize available incentives and economic development assistance, such as assistance with site location and other expenses (signage, facades, refrigeration, etc)
Source: http://flickr.com/photos/pushshove/11696665/
Other Sources of Healthy Food : Working with small stores and “corner stores”
Advocate for local resources and assistance for small stores to be sources of healthy food
www.healthycornerstores.org – New Resource!!
Voluntary Policies - Work with stores to: Reduce amount of unhealthy advertising & POP
Clear checkout lanes of candy, gum, and other unhealthy foods
Place high-sugar breakfast cereal on shelves above children's eye level
Use colorful displays of fruits and vegetables
Participate in programs such as '5-a-Day' or 'Champions for Change'
Offer recipes for quick and healthy meals
Offer samples of fruits and vegetables
Visibly post price information*
* Covered by consumer protection laws
Family-friendly/healthy store policies
What do Redevelopment Agencies do?
1. Tax increment financing*
2. Land assembly (eminent domain)
3. Improve blighted conditions
4. Master planning authority
5. Mobilize other public funds to incentivize neighborhood revitalization
*Note: the budget of the Redevelopment Agency is separate from the city/county budget
Fighting Blight through Redevelopment
There are two types of blight according to California redevelopment law:
1.physical blight
2.economic blight
Economic blight defined
Serious residential overcrowding ... An excess of bars, liquor stores, or adult-oriented businesses that has resulted in significant public health, safety, or welfare problems.
A high crime rate that constitutes a serious threat to the public safety and welfare.
creating political momentum for change
Consider potential motivators: Tax revenue Job creation Quality of life Business development Blight removal
Participate in public engagement processes
Pulling the “Built Environment Policy Levers”
There are many opportunities for public comment
Teach what you’ve learned here today – there is a connection between land use and economic development decisions and healthy communities
Help your clients and patients think about their communities differently
You don’t need to become a planner to have input in the process
Personal stories are very powerful – help your clients and patients tell theirs
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