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8/3/2019 Ch 12 Energy and Climate Planning
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Community Energy and Climate Action Planning
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What is the Sustainable Community?
Green:
Restore and protect natural waters, biodiversity, air quality
Use land, energy, water, materials efficiently
Reduce carbon emissions
Resilient: Mitigate natural hazards
Adapt to environmental change
Livable:
Stable economy
Livable, affordable, accessible community
Healthy environment
Engaged public
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Why do we need theSustainable Communities?
To respond to non-sustainable trends:
The Water Imperative The Ecological Imperative
The Energy-Climate Change Imperative
The Land Use Sprawl Imperative The Affordable Livability Imperative
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The Energy-Climate Change Imperative Unsustainable patterns of energy use
Carbon-based fossil fuels cause global warming, climatechange and expected impacts:
increased human deaths from heat waves, floods, hurricanes,droughts, malnutrition, and infectious diseases;
water supply shortages;
spatial shifts of ecosystems and agricultural systems;
species extinction; and
coastal sea level rise and flooding
The Imperative:
Mitigate climate change by reducing GHG and carbon energy
Shift to more efficient, more secure, low-carbon energy options
Prepare for and adapt to the consequences of climate change
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Climate Change Scientific Consensus
Must have less than 2o
C global temperature increase or bust This requires maximum atmospheric 400-450 ppm CO2 Requires global emissions 50% of todays or less by 2050,
more (80%) for developed countries
But emissions trends are up, not down Its all about energy (mostly).
Per capita emissions: best indicator of change, most equitableindicator of contribution to climate change.
In US 80% reduction by 2050, means 88% per capita to makeup for population growth
the 12% solution: per capita emissions just 12% of todays
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Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index
2010 was hottest year on record!!
NASA, Jan 12, 2011
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Increase in Atmospheric CO2, 1958-20042007: 387 ppm
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390.6
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Needed decline inemissions to achieve400-450 ppm and75% probability that
we will have lessthan 2oC increase.
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But emissions continue to rise
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Lesson: Impact per capita is best,most equitable indicator
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Recent trends: Recession drop in developednations offset by rise in developing nations
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Its about energy
Global energy growing and still 86% carbonfossil fuels
Growth expected to continue without newpolicies, 45% more by 2030 still 80% fossil fuelsestimated 33 billion tons in 2010
International Energy Agency (IEA) also projectsa 450 ppm Scenario
Many argue that we need 350 ppm to keepwithin a 2oC rise (we are now at 390.6 ppm)
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International Energy AgencyReference, 550 and 450 Scenarios
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Even if we can keep T to 2oC
We need to adapt to significant climateinduced environmental changes byincreasing our resilience to
Extreme weather
Sea level rise
Water resource constraints
Agricultural economies
Ecosystem changes
Resulting mass migration and relocation?
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Climate change and extreme weather:Is the last year and the last month a sign of things to come?
Australia floods
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Urban Heat Island (UHI) andExtreme Heat Events (EHE)
Georgia Tech UCL Data Cities
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Oh, by the way, we have otherenergy problems
Oil 40% of our energy still comes from petroleum,
reserves are concentrated in the volatile Middle East, and
the date when global oil production will peak looms closer.Carbon
global climate change is upon us, and
we are still 80% dependent on carbon-emitting fossil fuels
Global Demand Growth the developing world needs energy;
China's energy use is doubling every 9 years
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The End of Cheap Oil Oil Reserves
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125
BillionBarrelsperYear
History
Mean
USGS Estimates of Ultimate Recovery
Ultimate Recovery
Probability BBls
-------------------- ---------Low (95 %) 2,248
Mean (expected value) 3,003High (5 %) 3,896
7.8% Growth1963-1973
2% Growth
& DeclineHigh Prices CanAffect Demand4.1% Decline
1979-1983
2016
U.S. EIA Estimate of Global Oil Peak based on USGS mean ultimate recovery(sharp peak postpones peak but would be fatal to the economy)
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Coal:MountaintopRemoval
Mining
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our energy problem is complicated bythree factors:
Slow Progress toward Alternatives to oil, carbon, and demand growth
Change is Hard because of uncertainty, social norms, and
vested interests
Time is Short the time to act was yesterday.
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Solutions?
Improve efficiency of energy use to reducedemand growth
Replace oil with other sources
Increase carbon-free energy sources Reduce fossil fuel use and/or sequester carbon
emissions
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Pacala & Socolow (2004) Carbon Stabilization Wedges
Need Seven 1-GtC/year wedges by 2054 to be on road to stabilization Possible sources of wedges:
4 - energy efficiency4 - renewable energy
3 - CO2 capture & storage2 - forestry and agricultural soils1 - nuclear power
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What about non-carbon sources?
Nuclear (after Fukushima?)
Coal with carbon capture and sequestion ? Renewable energy
Wind
Solar photovoltaics (PV) Solar thermal electric
Biofuels
Hydroelectric Geothermal
Other: tidal, wave
Energy efficiency
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Nuclear Power is stagnant
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
CapacityGW
World Nuclear Capacity, 1980-2008
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U.S. Nuclear capacity and generation
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MIT Study on Future of Nuclear Power
Costs are key factor: private investors arenot willing to make risks without largegovernment backing
Safety in the age of terrorism
Proliferation of radioactive materials andweapons
Radioactive Wastes must be stored andmonitored for longer than we can imagine
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How to achieve Sustainable Energy?
Advance sustainable energy Technologies
Consumer and community Choice for
efficiency, conservation, non-carbon energy
Public Policies to
Advance sustainable energy technologies
Enhance consumer and community choice
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Some big questions remain Oil and natural gas: how much (resource), how much (cost)?
Hydro-fracking natural gas impacts? Coal: not just carbon problems. Mining and AQ impacts. Carbon capture and storage: Technically feasible on large scale?
When and how much will it cost? What cost carbon? Carbon cap & trade vs. carbon tax. When? If?
What impact?
Nuclear: Safe? Acceptable? Next generation when? cost? Wind: how much, how fast? Photovoltaics: when can we bring the cost down to $1/W? 2020? Biofuels: benefits & impacts of cellulosic ethanol & algal biodiesel Smart grid: what is it? cost and barriers to achieve it? Electric batteries: energy density, cost, when? Electricity transmission needs and constraints Energy Efficiency:cheapest, fastest, cleanesthow come we
havent achieved the potential? Energy Conservation: comes down to consumption. Can we be
satisfied? Can we adopt conserving behavior?
Energy Policy?
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Energy Policy?Obama on Energy 3/30/11
In the face of Japans nuclear disaster, the Gulf oilspill, Mideast unrest, $4/gallon gas by this summer,coal mine impacts, natural gas hydro-frackingdebate, to say nothing of climate change.
What he said:
Cut oil imports by 1/3 by 2025
Generate 80% of electricity from clean energy sources by
2035 1 million electric vehicles by 2015, more natural gas
vehicles, advanced biofuels
Auto efficiency standards for 2017-25
Production from existing federal leases for oil & gas
Th S t i bl C it
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The Sustainable Community Planning, design and construction applied at
different scales from building to site toneighborhood to community to region
Resilience objectives:
Natural hazard mitigation and adaptation
Environmental objectives:
Energy, water, land and material efficiency;renewable energy; climate change mitigation
Water and air quality protection, waste minimization
Biodiversity preservation
Affordable Livability objectives:
Affordable housing
Accessible mobility
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Start small: Building Scale
Energy efficiency technologies
Thermal envelope efficiency
HVAC system efficiency
Whole Building electricity: lighting, equipment
Building size
Water efficiency devices
Retrofit existing buildings
Affordable comfort
Building Scale: Thermal Envelope: still basis for codes
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Inside Ti
Ta
qwalls
qdoors
qceiling
qwindows
qfloor
qinfiltration
qtot= q walls+ q windows+ q ceiling+ q floor+ q doors+ q infiltration
Ambient
Building Scale: Thermal Envelope: still basis for codes
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Thermal/HVAC energy efficiency
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Whole Building Energy
Whole Building: Goes beyondEnvelope + Infiltration + HVAC
to include
ElectricityAppliances & equipment
Lighting
The Great Story of Refrigerator Efficiency
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Source: David Goldstein
New United States Refrigerator Use v. Time
and Retail Prices
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
AverageEnergyUseorPrice
0
5
10
15
20
25
Refrigeratorvolume(cubi
cfeet)
Energy Use per Unit
(kWh/Year)
Refrigerator
Size (cubic ft)
Refrigerator Price
in 1983 $
$ 1,270
$ 462
The Great Story of Refrigerator EfficiencySince 1975, 25% bigger, 1/3 the energy, 1/3 the cost
1st State Standards (CA)
1st Federal Standards
More stringentStandards
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Building Retrofit: Weatherization
Energy use depends on building design, size, location, consumer choice
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Energy use depends on building design, size, location, consumer choice
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Suburban
Average
Suburban
Green
Urban SF
Average
Urban SF
Green
Urban MF Urban MF
Green
12571 50
2150
21
108
56 90
4527
18
184
92
147
74 61
49
MillionBtu/yr
Typical Residential Energy Use by Design Type
Primary Electric
Heating
Transport
219
297
140 138
88
417
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Site Scale
On-site generation: produce electricityon-site
Low Impact Development: manage storm-water on-site
Rainwater harvesting: produce water on-site
Effi i O it ti
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Efficiency + On-site generation =Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB)
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Rooftop Photovoltaics:Building and Sites as Powerplants
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Rooftop PV in Munich
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My 4.3 kW PV System
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Neighborhood Scale
Neighborhood/community energy systems Combined heat & power
Neighborhood solar
Sustainable land use Compact, Mixed use, Walkable Design
5 Ds: Density, Diversity, Design, Destinationaccessibility, Distance to transit
Neighborhood LID: Light Imprint Design
Green Infrastructure
Affordable housing and mobility
Neighborhood Energy: Mannheim
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Neighborhood Energy: MannheimCHP & District Heating: 5 t-CO2/cap
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Mannheim Coal Co-Generation
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SonomaMountain
Village
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Sonoma Mountain Village 1.14 MW PV system, enough to power 1000 homes
Eco-districts:
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Eco-districts:focus on one neighborhood at a time
Portlands 5 Eco-districts
P tl d E di t i t
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Portland Eco-districtDesigns and Technologies
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The Land Use Sprawl Imperative Sprawl: land consumptive, dispersed, auto-dependent
land development made up of homogeneous segregatedland uses heavily dependent on collector roads.
Consumes natural habitat and agricultural land
Drives up vehicle miles traveled, oil consumption, GHG emissions
Social impacts of isolated, auto dependent, sedentary lifestyles
Unsustainable patterns of land use
The Imperative:
manage land use and development and arrest sprawl to protect water, agriculture, habitats
to conserve energy and materials and reduce GHG emissions
design and plan livable and healthy communities
reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) & oil & GHG emissions
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Urban Sprawl & the Environment:
converts and fragments farmland fragments wildlife habitat impacts watersheds and streams consumes energy and resources
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Baltimore-Washington
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Highway & Development Patterns through 1960
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Highway & Development Patterns through 1997
U S Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
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U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)1960-2005, projections to 2025
Millions
Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years
Energy and Land Use, Building size, Consumer choice
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Suburban
Average
Suburban
Green
Urban SF
Average
Urban SF
Green
Urban MF Urban MF
Green
12571 50
2150
21
108
56 90
4527
18
184
92
147
74 61
49
MillionBtu/yr
Typical Household Energy Use by Design Type
Primary Electric
Heating
Transport
219
297
140 138
88
417
Boston: vehicle CO2/acre & CO2/household
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Boston: vehicle CO2/acre & CO2/household
Lessons:1. Impact per capita is best, most equitable indicator2. Urbanism and density are keys to reducing impact per capita
Sustainable Land Use
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Sustainable Land Use
Smart Growth (neighborhood scale):
Grow where infrastructure exists Infill development and redevelopment
New Urbanism Design:
Compact, mixed use, walk-able neighborhoods Neo-traditional neighborhoods
5 Ds of Sustainable Land Use: Density: population/employment per acre
Diversity: mixed use residential/commercial/jobs
Design: aesthetics, sidewalks, street connectivity
Destination accessibility: ease of trip from pt. of origin
Distance to Transit: 1/4 to mile from home or work
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The NeighborhoodThe optimal size of a neighborhood
is a quarter-mile from center toedge. For most people, a quartermile is a five-minute walk. For aneighborhood to feel walkable,many daily needs should besupplied within this five-minute
walk. That includes not only homes,but stores, workplaces, schools,houses of worship, and recreationalareas.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
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TOD Arlington County VA
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TOD Arlington County, VA
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Community to Metro Scale
Smart Growth (metro scale)
Transit options: light rail commuterrail, express bus
Transit oriented development (TOD)
Urban Growth Boundaries
Regional Green Infrastructure Regional waste management, recycling
Regional wastewater reclamation
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TheRegionalContext
for TOD
Regional
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gSmart
Growth:the Urban
GrowthBoundary
Necessaryto Arrest
Sprawl?
Portland
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Portland
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Portland MAX Light Rail
The 20-minute Complete Neighborhood Concept
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Beyond the Region:
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Beyond the Region:Vehicle Technology & Fuels
Game changing technologies to reduce oil,GHG emissions, urban air pollution, allwithout reduction of VMT:
Biofuels
Vehicle electrification
Vehicles-to-grid in distributed energysystem
Whole Community Energy and Vehicles:
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Plug-in Hybrids
All electricvehicles
Flex-fuel Plug-in Hybrid
Less gasoline, lower cost, lower emissions
Whole Community Energy and Vehicles:Vehicle Electrification and Biofuels
Tesla Model S, 2011Nissan LEAF, 2010
Prius Plug In,2012
GM Volt, 2011
Regional Wind and Cellulosic Biofuels
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Regional Wind and Cellulosic Biofuelsto fuel flex-fuel/hybrid/electric vehicles
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or Plug-in cars
Electric Drive Vehicles:
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ect c e e c es Gas-equivalent Price per Gallon and CO2 Emissions
One-quarter the cost ofgasoline
(12/kWh, $3.50/gal)
One-half the CO2 emissions asgasoline
(average U.S. electricitysources: 50% coal)
PNW Lab National Study (Kintner-Meyer, et al, 2007):G id i f 73% VMT b BEV/PHEV
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Grid capacity for 73% VMT by BEV/PHEV
AREA AND COST OF PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR PRIUS+
The PV Garage could easily charge a vehicle for 30-45 all-electric miles per day
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ASSUMPTIONS: 9 kWh/day from grid PV kW STC-to-Grid AC efficiency 75% PV Solar-to-kW efficiency 14% PV south-facing, Lat-15o tilt PV @ $4/W dc STC
Small 1-car garage 14x22 = 310 ft2
CITY Hr/day 1-sun kW STC AREA (ft2) PV ($)
Atlanta 5.0 2.40 184 9,600$
Boston 4.5 2.67 205 10,667$
Boulder 5.4 2.22 171 8,889$
Los Angeles 5.5 2.18 168 8,727$
Madison 4.1 2.93 225 11,707$
Phoenix 6.4 1.88 144 7,500$
Power
Conditioning
Unit
DC
AC
AC
PVs
Utility
Grid
QuickT ime and aTI FF( U ncompr essed) decompr essor
ar e needed t o see t hi s pict ur e.
Area and cost ofRooftop photovoltaicsto charge Plug-in Priusfor 30-45 miles per day
in selected cities (Randolph & Masters, 2008)
M PV G 4 3 kW 4 b k
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My PV Garage: 4.3 kW, 4-yr payback
Vehicles-to-Grid (V2G) Electricity Storage
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Fleet of plug-in vehicles enable a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power storagesystem.
Vehicles batteries (charged primarily at night) provide a bank of storage forthe grid when parked and plugged in at parking decks during the day whenpeak power is needed most.
Smart grid system would enable feed-in to grid
Pathways tothe Sustainable Community
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the Sustainable Community Advance sustainable energy & water & land Technologies &
Designs
Transform the Market for sustainable affordable designs attractingPrivate Investment
Enhance consumer and community Choice for sustainabletechnologies and sustainable lifestyle
Community Planning to Remove barriers, Educate public Initiate sustainability plans, climate action plans, community choice,
building and land use regulations & incentives, transit plans, and other
Public Policies to
Advance sustainable technologies into the market Enhance consumer and community choice
Enable Community Sustainability Planning
Create accessible, affordable and livable communities
Education to retool professions, train workforce, and fuel the
social movement for sustainable communities
The Role of Green and
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e o e o G ee a dSustainable Rating Systems
Some clarity, assurance, accountability
Good information to help counter misinformation
Education Motivate action
Green/Sustainability Rating Systems
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Buildings LEED suite for NC, EB, CI, H
ENERGY STAR, Earth Craft, Passiv Haus
New DOE Home Energy Score for retrofits
Neighborhoods
LEED-ND
Community STAR Community (USGBC, ICLEI, CAP)
State programs
Sustainable Jersey
Virginia Green Community Challenge
LEED-ND Neighborhood Development
Title # Credits Points % of total
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Location Efficiency 7 28 25%Reduced Automobile Dependence 2 to 6
Environmental Preservation 13 11%Compact, Complete, & Connected Neighborhoods 22 42 37%
Compact Development 1 to 5Transit-Oriented Compactness 1Diversity of Uses 1 to 3Comprehensively Designed Walkable Streets 2Superior Pedestrian Experience 1 to 2Transit Amenities 1
Access to Nearby Communities 1Resource Efficiency 17 25 22%Certified Green Building 1 to 5Energy Efficiency in Buildings 1 to 3Heat Island Reduction 1Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1On-Site Power Generation 1
On-Site Renewable Energy Sources 1Reuse of Materials 1Recycled Content 1Regionally Provided Materials 1Construction Waste Management 1
Other 2 6TOTAL 48 114 100%
Certified: 46 56; Silver: 57 67; Gold: 68 90; Platinum: 91 114
Sustainable Community
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yPlanning
Integration into Comprehensive Plans
Climate Action Plans
Community Energy Plans
Sustainability Plans
Sustainable Community
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Codes & Policies Help from above: federal & state policies
Building energy codes
Land use ordinances: UGB, TOD, form-based codes
Land acquisition, banking, transfer of development rights
(TDR) for green infrastructure Tax & financial incentives/disincentives
First-cost investment tax credits and rebates
ROI options: production tax credits, feed-in rates/tariffs (FIT), renewableenergy credits (RECs)
Innovative financing: PACE (property assessed clean energy)-type programs
Municipal utilities: Demand-side efficiency programs
Combined heat & power
Renewable energy incentives: rebates, FIT
The Climate Action Challenge
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The Climate Action Challenge
Technical Basis Global Scale Issue
93
You AreHere
What are climate action plans?
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What are climate action plans?
toreduce
greenhous
e gasemissions.
Strategic plans
94
What are climate action plans?
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What are climate action plans?
Strategic plansto
increasecommunity
resilienceto theimpacts of
climatechange.
95
8 Reasons for Preparing a CAP
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8 Reasons for Preparing a CAP
Globalleadership
Energyefficiency
Greencommunity
Statepolicy
Grantfunding
Strategicplanning
Publicawareness
Communityresilience
96
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97
U.S. Mayors
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yClimate Protection Agreement
1,044 signatories as of 1/10/11 98
CAP Adoption Trends
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CAP Adoption Trends
0
10
20
3040
50
60
7080
90
NumberofCAPs
Year Adopted or Status
99
What is a Climate Action Plan?
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What is a Climate Action Plan?
Both communities following ICLEIs fivemilestone protocol:
1. Conduct a baseline GHG emission inventory
and forecast
2. Adopt an emissions reduction target
3. Develop a local Climate Action Plan
4. Implement policies and measures
5. Monitor and verify results
1. Blacksburg Inventory: End-use Energy,2006
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2006
Blacksburg Inventory: CO2 Emissions,2006
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2006
35%68%
Blacksburgs Energy & GHG Emissions 2006
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Blacksburg s Energy & GHG Emissions, 2006
Transport
Transport
Residential
Residential
2. Town of Blacksburg Goals
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Proposed Virginia Tech Goals
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Virginia Tech GHG emissionsReal data 2000-2006, extrapolated back to 1990, projected forward to 2025
Virginia Energy Plan Goal to 2025, Various Goals to 2050
188
316
461
255
38
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
2017
2020
2023
2026
2029
2032
2035
2038
2041
2044
2047
2050
thousandtons
Trajectory to 80% below 1990 GHG emissions by 2050:Goal of Obama Administration,
Long term Goal of Virginia Climate Change Commission,
Goal of Town of Blacksburg
Virginia Energy Plan
2000 level emissions
BAU: 2%/yr
Virginia Goals
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Virginia GHG Emissions, 1980-2005, with Goals of 2005 Virginia Energy Plan,
2008 Goals of Virginia Climate Change Commission and Governor Kaine
ResidentialCommercial
Industrial
Transportation
Electric Power
177
131
95
124
19
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
2028
2031
2034
2037
2040
2043
2046
2049
millionmetricton
s
Virginia Energy Plan
30% below 2025 projection
Virginia Climate Commission Goal
Governor Kaine Goal
80% below 1990 by 2050
(5% below 2005)
U.S. CO2 emissions 1949-2006
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U.S. CO2 emissions 1949 2006Cap & Trade Legislation Goals to 2050
Natural gas
Petroleum
Coal
Total
Boxer-Lieberman-Warner
1734
Boucher-Dingall
1196
5981
1002
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1
949
1
952
1
955
1
958
1
961
1
964
1
967
1
970
1
973
1
976
1
979
1
982
1
985
1
988
1
991
1
994
1
997
2
000
2
003
2
006
2
009
2
012
2
015
2
018
2
021
2
024
2
027
2
030
2
033
2
036
2
039
2
042
2
045
2
048
millionmetricton
Obama
8/3/2019 Ch 12 Energy and Climate Planning
108/111
108
W d A l i C i S i
3. Blacksburg CAP, 2011
8/3/2019 Ch 12 Energy and Climate Planning
109/111
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
TonsCO2-e
Wedge Analysis -- Conservative ScenariosBio-Energy
Wind Energy
PV - Public Buildings
PV - CommercialPV - Residential
Industrial - All
Commercial - Appliances
Commercial - Water Heating
Commercial - Lighting
Commercial - Heating and Cooling
Residential - New MFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - New MFH - Water HeatingResidential - New MFH - Heating and Cooling
Residential - New SFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - New SFH - Water Heating
Residential - New SFH - Heating and Cooling
Residential - Existing MFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - Existing MFH - Water Heating
Residential - Existing MFH - Heating and Cooling
Residential - Existing SFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - Existing SFH - Water Heating
Residential - Existing SFH - Heating and Cooling
Vehicle Efficiency
Alternative Transportation
Remaining Gap Between Projection and Target
2050 Target - 80% Below 1990 Level
Blacksburg CAP, 2011
8/3/2019 Ch 12 Energy and Climate Planning
110/111
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
TonsCO2-e
Wedge Analysis -- Maximum ScenariosBio-Energy
Wind Energy
PV - Public Buildings
PV - Commercial
PV - Residential
Industrial - All
Commercial - Appliances
Commercial - Water Heating
Commercial - Lighting
Commercial - Heating and Cooling
Residential - New MFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - New MFH - Water Heating
Residential - New MFH - Heating and Cooling
Residential - New SFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - New SFH - Water Heating
Residential - New SFH - Heating and Cooling
Residential - Existing MFH - Appliances and Lighting
Residential - Existing MFH - Water Heating
Residential - Existing MFH - Heating and Cooling
Residential - Existing SFH - Appliances and LightingResidential - Existing SFH - Water Heating
Residential - Existing SFH - Heating and Cooling
Vehicle Efficiency
Alernative Transportation
Remaining Gap Between Projection and Target
2050 Target - 80% Below 1990 Level
4 Implementation
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111/111
4. Implementation
Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit Blacksburg rebates for home energy audits
community alliance for energy efficiency
(cafe2): facilitates audits and retrofit work
Recommended