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© Becker Gábor 2018BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
raw materials: quartz sand, lime, cement and water + pore forming aggregatemanufacturing: grinding, mixing, maturation in forms, cutting, autoclaving
autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks
● lightweight, good thermal insulation, several strength (density) classes● exact geometry – 0.25-0.5 cm with (adhesive) mortar – thin joints● block height: 20 cm, length: 50 and 60 cm● wall thickness: 30, 37,5 50 cm ● U-value: 0.27-0.45 0.22-37 0.17 W/mK°
● easy to work with, can be cut with handsaw
AAC building blockswall design, masonry structures – building blocks 2
© Becker Gábor 2018BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
bonds of building blockswall design, masonry structures – building blocks 5
corner junction bond from fireclay building blocks
separating wall bond fromlimestone brick
separating wall bond from fireclay building blocks
flemish bond
© Becker Gábor 2018BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
role and function of ring beam
● holding the walls together● bearing horizontal forces (e.g. roof)● distributing concentrated loads (pillar, beam) ● distributing concentrated torque (balcony)● bridging openings (in case of combined ring-beam and
lintel)
full size – beam end is fixed
reduced size – beam resting on the wall
combined with lintel –working together
ring-beamwalls – design of walls, masonry structures – design of masonry structures
© Becker Gábor 2018BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
2. height (vertical) size coordination
unit: height of a block (m)+ horizontal joint (h)
good, if: - the parapet (PM) - opening's size (NM) - lintel (SZ)
can be divided by the height of a block (m)
M = n x (m+h) = PM + NM + SZ
no cut block is allowed under the prefabricated lintel!
vertical size coordinationwalls – design of walls, masonry structures – design of masonry structures
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
function, groupingdesign of walls 2 – lintels 1
lintels
function: top delimitation of the openings in walls, and bearing the loads above (door-window openings, mechanical breakthroughs)
grouping by:● form: arched and horizontal● structural design: arches and lintel beams
Ring beam
Lintel
Wall
Opening
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
flat arch segmental arch semi-circular arch
structurally bent pillar (shape is typical of the architecture of the given era)
arches
force diagram: beam with curved axis, only side pressure can occur in its cross section→ the support should be sized for side (shoulder) pressure
by their shape: with one or two center points
with two center points
walling of arches: like walling of pillars
● for exposed brick cladding
the appearance of the jointis important (carved
bricks, blocks)
archesdesign of walls – lintels 2
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
arches
walling of arches: like walling of pillars
● for exposed brick cladding the appearance of the joint is
important (carvedbricks, blocks)
archesdesign of walls – lintels 2
carved or key brick wedge-shape gap
small big
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
lintel beams - bent supports, transfer their loads to the masonry
homogeneouscomplex cross-
section
lintel beamsdesign of walls – lintels – lintel beams
• by material: - steel, - reinforced concrete (RC), - combined (ceramic+RC), aerated concrete+RC, different formwork elements+RC• structural design: - homogeneous or – complexcros-section
• when becomes loadbearing: - at once, - soon, later
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
● steel beams in the same number as the half-bricks in the wall thickness
● steel beams working together: screwing them together
● can be loaded immediately● any span on demand (dimensioned)● thermal bridge!● reveal design possibilities● fire protection: plaster or coating
● can be loaded immediately● large span (4.80 m)● thermal bridge!● reveal design possibilities
steel beam – at once
prefabricated RC beam - at once
steel, reinforced concretedesign of walls – lintel beams 2
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
prefabricated RC beam – at once
steel, reinforced concretedesign of walls – lintel beams 2
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.TanszékCeramic + RC - LATER
ceramic element only tension-zone● load-bearing capacity achieved with masonry
or concrete („D”)● can be loaded only after concrete works got hardened→ support needed
ceramic, formwork elementdesign of walls – lintel beams 3
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
block-high lintel – at onceceramic form, RC inside● load-bearing capacity achieved in
factory
ceramic, formwork elementdesign of walls – lintel beams 3
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
Formwork elements – not loadbearing!
- AFTER RC GOT HARDENED
● element/unit high● can be loaded only after
concrete got hardened→ support is needed
● additional thermal insulation
ceramic, formwork elementdesign of walls – lintel beams 4
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
partition wallsfunction, features, and grouping of partitions
features: ● self-supporting, non-load-bearing● thin and vibration-sensitive● load to slab● doors, lintels, piping, mechanical and electrical wiring are integrated
partition walls
role (function): internal space division and space separationspace separation: visual, acoustic + mechanical stress special: flat separating wall: Party wall (20 cm RC, 30 cm limestone or more solid ceramic)
grouping ● material: clay, gypsum, plasterboard (+ frame), limestone, aerated concrete, concrete, formwork elements (PS foam, Durisol - wood chips, etc.)● weight: lightweight part. wall <160 kg/m2, heavy part. wall >160 kg/m2
● technology: masonry, attached-bonded, plank, mounted frame-board, monolithic, large panel
● structural construction: homogeneous or multilayer ● structural design: small block, sheets, ceiling-high planks,
room-size board, framed ● plastering: plastered or without plaster (bonded, mounted)
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
requirements: strength, stiffness, acoustics,- water- and moisture-resistance, formability, possibility of mounting, fixability, load capacity, holding plaster layer
● strength: taking loads from usage - sharp and blunt bumps, even load (30kp/m2), slamming doors ● stiffness: ensuring rigidity even in case of non-displacement-free installation
(only place + wedge) and perforation (doors, mechanical installation)
framed (ribbed)small block plank
requirementspartition walls - overview
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
water and humidity tolerance: to resist water and moisture permanently● rooms on both sides of the space should be of approx. the same
relative humidity (vapor migration, warping can be=l/600)● sanitary rooms: wall insulation or installation of watertight cladding
acoustic: meet the requirements of air-borne sound insulation (RW depending on the function of separated rooms)
● acoustically: single-leaf, double-leaf● enclosure structure should be heavy but flexible● only few sound bridges allowed (flanking transmission: slab and wall
joints)
double-leafsingle-leaf
homogeneous wall
sound absorbing layer
partition wall
leaf
requirements 2partition walls - overview
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
shape and size tolerance:degree of length, width, thickness and angle deviation, edge curvature,
plane curvature should comply with the specificationsholding plaster finish:
frequent vibrations from use → only partition with suitable surface roughness (corrugation) can hold plaster
formability (cutting), fixability
● allow the reception of additional structures (socket, plinths, switches, plug sockets, lighting fixtures, etc.)
● reception of furniture and equipment of use (shelves, pictures), without damaging deformation● reception of mechanical equipment and wiring of the intended purpose
traditional mounting panel
requirements 3partition walls - overview
it is forbidden to integrate wire into the wall of residential and office premises designed for human habitation (even from the other side)!
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
partitions requiring plaster finish
● small brick, double brick, masonry
small block masonry partitions requiring plaster finish 1
half-brick shiner wall - brick laid on the long narrow side - barge position
folding wedges
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
● walled from partition blocks
walled from partition blocks partitions requiring plaster finish 2
fire-clay
fine ceramic
AAC
folding wedges
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
● walled from partition blocks
walled from partition blocks partitions requiring plaster finish 2
plasterboard, floor-high plankspartitions with no need of plastering 2
● plank-like, attached and bonded
hollow-section gypsum-perlite plank
gypsum ribbed plasterboard plank
T
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
● large-size panels, floor-high partitions
● wall-size monolithic cement-steel mesh partitions
large-size, cement-steel meshpartitions with no need of plastering 3
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
versions - various partitionspartitions
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszékapartment separating wall – PARTY WALL
role (function): space separation between two apartments
requirements: as for partition walls, but stronger mechanical and acoustic requirements: R’
W + C = 52 dB can be made from: 20 cm RC, 25-30 cm sandlime or heavy clay blockLOAD on slab: dimensioned beam!
Inserting into the wall is acoustically much more favorable!
slab connection: with soft acoustic plate
sandlime blockceramic
apartment separating wallhigh performance partition wall
overview floors - requirements, groupings
floors - purpose, flat floors and vaults
classification by ● material, ● technology, ● structural design, ● staticalscheme, ● rebars, ● position within the building
grouping of floors based on their structural design
parts of the floor (broader sense): load-bearing + floor structure
requirements for floors
● strength● durability● waterproofing● thermal insulation
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
● fire resistance requirements ● special requirements: vibration resistance, electrostatic charge
protection, transparency ● possibility of wire installation
● acoustic insulation
function, flat and vault floorsfloors - requirements, groupings
flat floors vaults
supported along one or more lines or point by point
transfers loads (shear forces, moments) to the walls/pillars
curved surfacetransfers loads with vault-pressure
to the retaining walls/pillars
according to the shape of the enclosure slabs (their load-bearing structures) can be
floor: space separating (covering) structure supported by walls or pillars; typically horizontal and flat, less often curved, occasionally inclined
purpose (function): space separation → load-bearing
secondary function: stiffening, optional: acoustic insulation, thermal insulation,waterproofing (precipitation or sanitary water)
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
*
flat and vault floors – examplesfloors - requirements, groupings
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
material technology structure
RC concrete
monolith, semi-
monolith prefab.
slab, row of beams, beam
steel mounted beam
timber mounted row of beams, beam
brick, stone
masonry vault
(roof)
roof
intermediate
basement
arcade
groupings of floors (their load-bearing structures) by● material● technology● structural design● static scheme● reinforcement● position within the building
.
statical scheme reinforcement positionone-way load-
bearingmild steel
bars roof
two-way load-bearing pre-stressed basement
dual supported post-stressed intermediate
Multiple support arcade
groupingsfloors - requirements, groupings
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
*
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
grouping of floors based on their structural design
beam floors
floors with beam
floors with closely placed ribs
floors with closely placed rib and hollow block
monolithic slabs
concrete panel slabs
structural designfloors - groupings 2
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
parts of the floor (broader sense): load-bearing + floor structure
the complete floor structure can include:
filling thermal insulation sound insulation
waterproofed slab double-layer floor suspended ceiling
filling thermal insulation sound insulation
waterproofing raised floor suspended ceiling
constructionfloors - the construction of the entire floor structure
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
requirements for floors : strength, sound insulation, thermal insulation, waterproofing (precipitation or sanitary water), fire resistance, special requirements, possibility of wire installation
strength: floors must always be dimensioned!
loads: ● permanent loads
(self-weight + weight of partitions)
● Useful (first three: live) loads: apartment - 1.5 kN/m2
office - 2 kN/m2
classroom - 3 kN/m2
snow load: p = h x γwind load: p = c x pt = c x γ/2 x ω2
(air density)
(speed)
strength – loadsrequirements for floors 1
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
determining cross section dimensions, size estimation
for prefabricated structures: MM < MH (kNm), q M < q H (kN/m)
monolithic structures - rules of thumb to estimate dimensions
beam:● dual supported
● multiple-supported
slab:● dual supported
● multiple-supported
h =
l 0
25
l 0
20
h =
v =
l 0
35-40
l 0
30
v =
strength - dimension estimationrequirements for floors 2
*
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
interpretation of partial fixing:
deflection - requirement: maximum allowed deflection
affected by: load, span, the inertia of the support, the elasticity of its material
monolithic and prefabricated slabs behave differently for deformations
deflection limits for HQ buildings l /400 - l /600 for other structures l /300
strength - fixed end, deflection requirements for floors 3
*
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
working together: distribution of the concentrated load on the slab to the adjacent elements (beams)
advantage: smaller load on one support, smaller cracks, provides reserve,e.g. no reinforcement is needed at reconstructions
measurement: ratio - it is good if V > 50 % (transmitted load)
for monolithic floors easy to solve, for prefabricated slabs can be solved only with additional structures (cross rib)
interpretation of together working and its additional
structures
strength - together workingrequirements for floors 4
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
multiple-support - for multi-span roofs → smaller moment, deflection andcrackfor monolithic floors easy to solve, for prefabricated slabs can be solved only with additional structures
durability requirements: - physical wear (should be a durable structure)- moral wear (consistency of structure, function and modernity, obsolescence)
waterproofing requirements:- always needed for roof floors (precipitation effect)- for intermediate floors: in case of group shower, or special technology- for balconies: protection of built-in layers (frost damages) and bottom surface
(plastering)
multiple-supporting, durability, water-proofingrequirements for floors 5
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszékthermal insulation requirements:
● always needed for floors separating spaces with differenttemperatures
● for structures joining the slab, being in contact with outdoor space (to prevent thermal bridge)
slabs thermal transmittancerequirements:
flat roof U=0,17 W/m2Karcade U=0,25 W/m2K attic floor U=0,17 W/m2K basement floor U=0,26 W/m2K
thermal insulationrequirements for floors 6
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
floors by their acoustic (structure-borne sound insulation) operation
contact floors
composite (multilayer) flooring
soft floorhard floor
tilingadhesive
wall-to-wall carpet, pvcfoam underlay
flooringbase concrete
floating layerslab
parquet
vibration insulating underlaying
sound absorbing filling
sleeper
slab slab
flexible floor floating floor
acoustical operation of floorsrequirements for floors 8 - sound insulation
T
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
fire protection features of construction products
goal: maintaining the building's stability for a specified period of time, limiting the spread of fire, serving the safety of escape and rescue
classification methods: ● fire class (reaction-to-fire) – description of the fire behavior of a building material or
a construction product (flammability - how difficult it is to ignite, rate of smoke development, burning dripping)A1, A2 B, C, D, E (F) s1, s2, s3 d0, d1, d2
● fire resistance limit – duration for which a building structure withstands the fire impact (R, E, I performance features + duration in minute – 15…240 minutes)
load-bearing capacity in case of fire
preservation of integrity (burning through)
thermal insulation capacity in case of fire
fire protection features of construction productswalls – requirements for walls – fire protection 2
fire protection requirements for floors
classification:● intermediate floor (general)● basement floor (increased requirement)● fire-retardant slab (around fire compartment)● roof support structure (bar-like elements (beam) - not space separation)● space separating structure of roof slab (structures of surface weight below 60
kg/m2 - sandwich panels, layers constructed on corrugated steel sheet)
examples of requirements:
floor type
building risk level and number of floors
Very Low,B+GF+R
Low, B+GF+2 Middle, B+GF+4
basement floor A2, REI 30 A2, REI 45 A2, REI 60
intermediate floor D, REI 15 C, REI 30 A2, REI 45
fire-retardant slab
A2, REI 30 A2, REI 30 A2, REI 60
fire protection requirementsrequirements for floors 12 - fire protection
© Becker Gábor 2017BME Ép.szerk.Tanszék
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