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Risk of Chemicals

Tatsufumi Okino

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Chemicals

  = 

Pollutants?

Toxins?

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The LD50 Values of Secected ChemicalsLD50 : The lethal dose for 50% of a population

Chemical LD50 

(mg/kg)

Chemical LD50 

(mg/kg)

Sugar 29,700 DDT 100

Ethanol 14,000 Arsenic 48

Vinegar 3,310 Parathion 3.6

Sodium chloride 3,000 Strychnine 2

 Atrazine 1,870 Nicotine 1

Malathion 1,200 Aflatoxin-B 0.009

 Aspirin 1,000 Dioxin 0.001

Caffeine 130 Botulin toxin 0.00001

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Mercury (Minamata disease)

• A chemical plant discharged mercury-containing

residues into Minamata Bay. The

methylmercury bioaccumulated especially in fish.

Hundreds of people died from this source  since1950. The target organ for methylmercury is the

brain.

• The poisonings at Minamata must surely rank as

one of the major environmental disasters of modern times (Environmental

Chemistry by Colin Baird and Michael Cann).

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Cadmium (itai-itai or “ouch-ouch”

disease in Jintsu River, named in

1955)

• Rice was contaminated with dissolved

cadmium from a zinc mining.• Particularly older women contracted a

degenerative bone disease. Some of the

Ca2+ ions in the bones are replaced byCd2+ ions since they have the same

charge and are virtually the same size.

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 Arsenic in Drinking Water 

• Drinking water derived from groundwater 

is a major source of arsenic for people in

South Asia. The problem arose from the

creation of tens of millions of tube wells,which mine ground-water that was

previously inaccessible.

• Skin disorders

• Jozankei in Sapporo

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RoHS Directives

• ECA: Electronic Components, Assemblies

& Materials Association

• Lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent

chromium, polybrominated biphenyls

(PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers

(PBDE)

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Lead-free

• Large household appliances

• Small household appliances

• IT and telecommunication equipment

• Consumer equipment• Lighting equipment

• Electrical and electronic tools

• Toys (including leisure and sports equipment)

• Automatic dispensers

• (solder)

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End Use of Lead in USA

http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/lead-use.pdf 

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REACH

• Registration, Evaluation and Authorization

of Chemicals

• European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

• Substances in quantities of 1 tone or more

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The Overall Aims of REACH

• Protection of human health and the environment

• Maintenance and enhancement of thecompetitiveness of the EU chemical industry

• Prevention of fragmentation of the internalmarket

• Increased transparency

• Integration with international efforts

• Promotion of non-animal testing

• Conformity with EU international obligationsunder the WTO.

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EU Policy on the Environment

• CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THETREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEANCOMMUNITY

• Article 174:

• 1. Community policy on the environment shallcontribute to pursuit of the following objectives:

• — preserving, protecting and improving thequality of the environment,

• — protecting human health,

• — prudent and rational utilization of naturalresources,

• — promoting measures at international level todeal with regional or worldwide environmental

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EU Policy on the Environment

• Article 174: 

• 2. Community policy on the environment shallaim at a high level of protection taking into

account the diversity of situations in the variousregions of the Community. It shall be based onthe precautionary principle and on theprinciples that preventive action should be taken,that environmental damage should as a prioritybe rectified at source and that the polluter should pay.

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Evaluation and Regulation of 

Chemical Substances in Japan

• Chemical Substances Control Law

• New chemical substance

 – Planned manufacture or import

(nationwide) totals over 1 tonne/year 

• Established after PCB issue

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PCBs

• Polychlorinated biphenyls

• Are widely used as coolants and insulating fluids

for transformers and capacitors

• Are not acutely toxic to humans

• Probable human carcinogen

• Persistency and bioaccumulation

• Yusho disease (oil disease) in 1968, Japan – About 14,000 people who had consumed the

contaminated rice oil were affected

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Chemical Substances Control

Law

• Biodegradability

• Bioaccumulation

• Long-term toxicity for humans• Toxicity for plants and animals

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Deaths per 100,000 population

Risk Table by Prof. Yasui

• Starvation (in the world) 1460

• Smoking (smoker) 365

• Cancer 250

• Obesity 140• Cardiac disease 127

• Alcohol 117

• Suicide 24

• Carcinogen on the job 17

• Traffic accident 9

http://www.yasuienv.net/RiskTableWhy.htm (in Japanese)

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Deaths per 100,000 population

Risk Table by Prof. Yasui

• Harmful substances 0.3

• Natural disaster 0.1

• Food poisoning 0.004• Residual agricultural chemicals 0.002

• Food additive 0.0002

• BSE 0.0000001

Ri k i l id f d idi

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Risk : a practical guide for deciding

what's really safe and what's really

dangerous in the world around you/ David Ropeik and George Gray

• Accident

• Alcohol

• Diesel Emissions

• Environmental tobacco smokes

• Motor Vehicles

• Nuclear Power, X-ray, Mad Cow Disease, Asbestos, Foodborne Illness, Genetically

Modified Food etc

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Trends of Malaria in South East Asia Region

(1948-2004)

million

IRS: Indoor Residual Spraying

DDT

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IRS (Indoor Residual Spraying)

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Why IRS had not been

recommended until 2009?

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EU Policy on the Environment

• Article 174: 

• 2. Community policy on the environment shallaim at a high level of protection taking into

account the diversity of situations in the variousregions of the Community. It shall be based onthe precautionary principle and on theprinciples that preventive action should be taken,that environmental damage should as a prioritybe rectified at source and that the polluter should pay.

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LD50 of toxins (µg/kg weight)

• Botulinum toxin 0.00003(mouse)0.01 (human)

• Maitotoxin (ciguatera) 0.05 (mouse)

• Ciguatoxin 0.35 (mouse)

• 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxine) 0.6-20 (marmot)100-3000(mouse)

• Saxitoxin (shellfish toxin) 0.7 (human)

• Tetrodotoxin (puffer toxin) 8 (mouse)10-40 (human)

• Sarin 200 (human)

• Aflatoxin B1 (mycotoxin) 300 (human)

• Potassium cyanide 3000 (human)

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Ex-primier and president-candidate

of Ukraina

Mr. Yushchenko

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LD50 of toxins (µg/kg weight)

• Botulinum toxin 0.00003(mouse)0.01 (human)

• Maitotoxin (ciguatera) 0.05 (mouse)

• Ciguatoxin 0.35 (mouse)

• 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxine) 0.6-20 (marmot)100-3000(mouse)

• Saxitoxin (shellfish toxin) 0.7 (human)

• Tetrodotoxin (puffer toxin) 8 (mouse)10-40 (human)

• Sarin 200 (human)

• Aflatoxin B1 (mycotoxin) 300 (human)

• Potassium cyanide 3000 (human)

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Dioxins

• A family of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

• Dioxins are not made intentionally, but are

formed as contaminants in several large-

scale processes, including combustion,

paper pulp bleaching with chlorine and

manufacture of certain chlorophenol

chemicals.

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Issues for Discussion

• Discuss which chemical is required the

most regulatory control for environmental

reasons.

• Should the precautionary principle be

applied for regulation of chemicals?

• Discuss an optimum chemical

management style.