Upload
rudini-sudewa
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 1/36
Risk of Chemicals
Tatsufumi Okino
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 2/36
Chemicals
=
Pollutants?
Toxins?
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 3/36
The LD50 Values of Secected ChemicalsLD50 : The lethal dose for 50% of a population
Chemical LD50
(mg/kg)
Chemical LD50
(mg/kg)
Sugar 29,700 DDT 100
Ethanol 14,000 Arsenic 48
Vinegar 3,310 Parathion 3.6
Sodium chloride 3,000 Strychnine 2
Atrazine 1,870 Nicotine 1
Malathion 1,200 Aflatoxin-B 0.009
Aspirin 1,000 Dioxin 0.001
Caffeine 130 Botulin toxin 0.00001
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 4/36
Mercury (Minamata disease)
• A chemical plant discharged mercury-containing
residues into Minamata Bay. The
methylmercury bioaccumulated especially in fish.
Hundreds of people died from this source since1950. The target organ for methylmercury is the
brain.
• The poisonings at Minamata must surely rank as
one of the major environmental disasters of modern times (Environmental
Chemistry by Colin Baird and Michael Cann).
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 5/36
Cadmium (itai-itai or “ouch-ouch”
disease in Jintsu River, named in
1955)
• Rice was contaminated with dissolved
cadmium from a zinc mining.• Particularly older women contracted a
degenerative bone disease. Some of the
Ca2+ ions in the bones are replaced byCd2+ ions since they have the same
charge and are virtually the same size.
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 6/36
Arsenic in Drinking Water
• Drinking water derived from groundwater
is a major source of arsenic for people in
South Asia. The problem arose from the
creation of tens of millions of tube wells,which mine ground-water that was
previously inaccessible.
• Skin disorders
• Jozankei in Sapporo
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 7/36
RoHS Directives
• ECA: Electronic Components, Assemblies
& Materials Association
• Lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, polybrominated biphenyls
(PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDE)
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 8/36
Lead-free
• Large household appliances
• Small household appliances
• IT and telecommunication equipment
• Consumer equipment• Lighting equipment
• Electrical and electronic tools
• Toys (including leisure and sports equipment)
• Automatic dispensers
• (solder)
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 9/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 10/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 11/36
End Use of Lead in USA
http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/lead-use.pdf
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 12/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 13/36
REACH
• Registration, Evaluation and Authorization
of Chemicals
• European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
• Substances in quantities of 1 tone or more
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 14/36
The Overall Aims of REACH
• Protection of human health and the environment
• Maintenance and enhancement of thecompetitiveness of the EU chemical industry
• Prevention of fragmentation of the internalmarket
• Increased transparency
• Integration with international efforts
• Promotion of non-animal testing
• Conformity with EU international obligationsunder the WTO.
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 15/36
EU Policy on the Environment
• CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THETREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEANCOMMUNITY
• Article 174:
• 1. Community policy on the environment shallcontribute to pursuit of the following objectives:
• — preserving, protecting and improving thequality of the environment,
• — protecting human health,
• — prudent and rational utilization of naturalresources,
• — promoting measures at international level todeal with regional or worldwide environmental
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 16/36
EU Policy on the Environment
• Article 174:
• 2. Community policy on the environment shallaim at a high level of protection taking into
account the diversity of situations in the variousregions of the Community. It shall be based onthe precautionary principle and on theprinciples that preventive action should be taken,that environmental damage should as a prioritybe rectified at source and that the polluter should pay.
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 17/36
Evaluation and Regulation of
Chemical Substances in Japan
• Chemical Substances Control Law
• New chemical substance
– Planned manufacture or import
(nationwide) totals over 1 tonne/year
• Established after PCB issue
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 18/36
PCBs
• Polychlorinated biphenyls
• Are widely used as coolants and insulating fluids
for transformers and capacitors
• Are not acutely toxic to humans
• Probable human carcinogen
• Persistency and bioaccumulation
• Yusho disease (oil disease) in 1968, Japan – About 14,000 people who had consumed the
contaminated rice oil were affected
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 19/36
Chemical Substances Control
Law
• Biodegradability
• Bioaccumulation
• Long-term toxicity for humans• Toxicity for plants and animals
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 20/36
Deaths per 100,000 population
Risk Table by Prof. Yasui
• Starvation (in the world) 1460
• Smoking (smoker) 365
• Cancer 250
• Obesity 140• Cardiac disease 127
• Alcohol 117
• Suicide 24
• Carcinogen on the job 17
• Traffic accident 9
http://www.yasuienv.net/RiskTableWhy.htm (in Japanese)
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 21/36
Deaths per 100,000 population
Risk Table by Prof. Yasui
• Harmful substances 0.3
• Natural disaster 0.1
• Food poisoning 0.004• Residual agricultural chemicals 0.002
• Food additive 0.0002
• BSE 0.0000001
Ri k i l id f d idi
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 22/36
Risk : a practical guide for deciding
what's really safe and what's really
dangerous in the world around you/ David Ropeik and George Gray
• Accident
• Alcohol
• Diesel Emissions
• Environmental tobacco smokes
• Motor Vehicles
• Nuclear Power, X-ray, Mad Cow Disease, Asbestos, Foodborne Illness, Genetically
Modified Food etc
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 23/36
Trends of Malaria in South East Asia Region
(1948-2004)
million
IRS: Indoor Residual Spraying
DDT
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 24/36
IRS (Indoor Residual Spraying)
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 25/36
Why IRS had not been
recommended until 2009?
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 26/36
EU Policy on the Environment
• Article 174:
• 2. Community policy on the environment shallaim at a high level of protection taking into
account the diversity of situations in the variousregions of the Community. It shall be based onthe precautionary principle and on theprinciples that preventive action should be taken,that environmental damage should as a prioritybe rectified at source and that the polluter should pay.
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 27/36
LD50 of toxins (µg/kg weight)
• Botulinum toxin 0.00003(mouse)0.01 (human)
• Maitotoxin (ciguatera) 0.05 (mouse)
• Ciguatoxin 0.35 (mouse)
• 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxine) 0.6-20 (marmot)100-3000(mouse)
• Saxitoxin (shellfish toxin) 0.7 (human)
• Tetrodotoxin (puffer toxin) 8 (mouse)10-40 (human)
• Sarin 200 (human)
• Aflatoxin B1 (mycotoxin) 300 (human)
• Potassium cyanide 3000 (human)
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 28/36
Ex-primier and president-candidate
of Ukraina
Mr. Yushchenko
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 29/36
LD50 of toxins (µg/kg weight)
• Botulinum toxin 0.00003(mouse)0.01 (human)
• Maitotoxin (ciguatera) 0.05 (mouse)
• Ciguatoxin 0.35 (mouse)
• 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxine) 0.6-20 (marmot)100-3000(mouse)
• Saxitoxin (shellfish toxin) 0.7 (human)
• Tetrodotoxin (puffer toxin) 8 (mouse)10-40 (human)
• Sarin 200 (human)
• Aflatoxin B1 (mycotoxin) 300 (human)
• Potassium cyanide 3000 (human)
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 30/36
Dioxins
• A family of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
• Dioxins are not made intentionally, but are
formed as contaminants in several large-
scale processes, including combustion,
paper pulp bleaching with chlorine and
manufacture of certain chlorophenol
chemicals.
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 31/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 32/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 33/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 34/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 35/36
7/27/2019 Am Pare1307 Okino Pw
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/am-pare1307-okino-pw 36/36
Issues for Discussion
• Discuss which chemical is required the
most regulatory control for environmental
reasons.
• Should the precautionary principle be
applied for regulation of chemicals?
• Discuss an optimum chemical
management style.