A Little Review The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

A Little ReviewThe Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment

1. Which best describes Voltaire’s personal faith?

(A) There is no God(B) God is everywhere and controls everything(C) God set the world in motion but then retreated and let it be(D) God is dead

2. Romanticism changed the direction of the Enlightenment by emphasizing

(A) Skepticism over reason(B) Empirical evidence over reason(C) Emotion over reason(D) The unconscious mind over reason

3. Which of these works was published first? (A) Newton’s Principia(B) Copernicus’s On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres(C) Fontenelle’s Plurality of Worlds(D) Galileo’s “Starry Messenger”

4. Credited with perfecting the experimental method: one example is that he rolled wooden balls down a ramp to measure their acceleration rate:

(A) Galileo(B) Newton(C) Descartes(D) Bacon

5. Madame du Chatelet is credited with

A. Hosting a salon where philosophers and scientists met

B. Her work in astronomy, including the discovery of several new stars

C. Volunteering her children for smallpox inoculation

D. Translating Newton’s Principia into French

6. What was the centerpiece of Newton's work? (A) The doctrine of uniformity (B) The law of inertia (C) The law of universal gravitation (D) The special theory of relativity

7. With which idea were thinkers like Pierre Bayle and David Hume associated? (A) Romanticism(B) Skepticism(C) Mercantilism(D) Rationalism

8. Which form of government did Locke prefer? (A) Absolute monarchy(B) Direct democracy(C) Representative democracy(D) Anarchy

9. The Neoclassic style was differentiated from the Baroque because

A) it was characterized by restraint and discipline.

B) it aimed at grandiose effects.

C) it was found mainly in Protestant countries.

D) it included art forms beyond painting.

10. Which scientist was so inspirational that he’s credited with starting the Enlightenment? (A) Newton(B) Galileo (C) Kepler (D) Copernicus

11. Montesquieu’s Persian Letters argues for (A) Freedom of speech(B) Separation of powers (C) Humane treatment of children

(D) Tolerance for other cultures

12. Which author and work is matched incorrectly?

A) Montesquieu, Two Treatises on Government

B) Locke, On Human Understanding.

C) d’Holbach, System of Nature

D) Fontenelle, On the Plurality of Worlds

13. He said “cogito ergo sum.” (“I think, therefore I am.”) and invented the deductive method

(A) Francis Bacon(B) Andreas Vesalius(C) Thomas Hobbes(D) Rene Descartes

14. Which of these had the most negative view of human nature?

(A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau(B) Voltaire(C) John Locke(D) Thomas Hobbes

A little Enlightened

review: Important terms and a few names from Chapter 18

15. Aristotle believed in an earth-centered, or

_____, universe

geocentric

16. Reasoning that begins with a

hypothesis and then proceeds to collecting

evidence

Deduction

17. An object orbiting the sun travels in

an_____, according to Kepler

Ellipse

18. Locke’s term: We are born “blank

slates,” or_____ ____Tabula rasa

19. Voltaire believed in God, but only in a God who created the universe and

then let it run, like a watchmaker. He was

therefore a ……Deist

20. “Empiricism” is another name for

______reasoning, Bacon’s innovation.Inductive

21. One who believes that nothing can ever be known with 100%

certainty

Skeptic

22. Madame Geoffrin’s was the best-known of these Enlightenment

meeting-places

Salons

23. When Voltaire said “Crush the infamous thing,” what was he

referring to?

The Catholic Church

24. A sun-centered universe

Heliocentric

25. In his Essay on Human Understanding, Locke asserted we are born as “blank slates,” or, in his Latin term…

• Tabula Rasa

26. Act of bringing information together to form a new hypothesis,

e.g., the Newtonian_______

Synthesis

27. Montesquieu’s belief about the

executive, judicial, legislative functions of

government

Separation of Powers

28. This is called a…

• Pediment

29. Rousseau’s term: Rulers rule according

to the “__________ ____” of the people

“General Will”

30. Term, and book title,

associated with Thomas Hobbes—it refers to a

powerful, dictatorial ruler

• Leviathan

31. One example of

applied science: This was a British

school for navigators

• Gresham College

32. John Churchill’s Blenheim

Palace includes gardens designed by_______?

• “Capability” Brown

33. Another term for inductive reasoning?

Empiricism

34. Madame Geoffrin’s was the best-known of these Enlightenment

meeting-places

Salons

35. From Chapter 16: What was the English

equivalent of the salon—where the ideas of the

day were discussed freely?

• Coffeehouses

36. As a group, French Enlightenment thinkers

were known as…

Philosophes

37. Galileo’s telescope and the newly-invented

microscope both depended on the

innovations in this field of study, which also

fascinated Newton

Optics

38. Galileo was charged with ___ by the

Inquisition for publishing his astronomical

discoveries.• Heresy

39. This Benjamin West painting illustrates what three elements of

Neoclassicism?

• Order, Harmony, Balance

40. Translate: Cogito ergo sum

“I think, therefore I am.”

41. This David painting is an example of ____style

• Neoclassic

42. This David

painting is an

example of

____style

• Romantic

43. Washington D.C’s buildings are a tribute to Greece and Rome. What governmental

traditions did we inherit from both?

• Greece (Athens): Direct democracy

• Rome: Republican (representative) democracy

44. Diderot edited and helped to

compile the first of these

Encyclopedias

45. This is called a…

• Portico

46. Galileo is credited with perfecting the

_______Method

Scientific, or Experimental(either is okay)

47. Madame du Chatelet translated

this.

Principia

48. Bernard de Fontenelle’s ______of

Worlds helped to explain the new

science to lay people.Plurality

49. Baron d’Holbach would have loved this Keanu Reeves movie,

about humans controlled by forces

outside their control.The Matrix

50. Both Rousseau and the Beatles would have

believed that the “Genie Experiment” lacked this vital, irrational, element

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