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R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
i
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STATISTICSAT A GLANCE
2019-20
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI-110016 (INDIA)
March 2020
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
ii
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
FOREWORD
The Department of Science & Technology (DST) is primarily a policy making body for S&T sector in India. The role and criticality of data in the formulation of evidence-based policies is paramount for building a strong and viable science, research and innovation ecosystem for the country. National Science and Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS), DST has been continuously engaged in generating Database for S&T sector since 1973 and for international comparability, UNESCO/OECD guidelines on standards/concepts/definitions have been adopted for collection of science statistics.
Salient findings of the national S&T survey launched in the year 2018-19 for compilation of the latest R&D Statistics and Indicators are presented here mainly in the form of graphical presentations. Scope and coverage of data on R&D expenditure and human resources has been enlarged by including multinational companies and enterprises not covered by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) under its R&D recognition scheme. Further the survey analysis has been complemented and enriched by the secondary sources such as higher education in S&T, patents etc. including bibliometric analysis of scientific publications.
Planning and execution of the national S&T survey is an in-house exercise of DST. It is a culmination of the NSTMIS, DST team effort comprising Dr. Parveen Arora, Dr. A. N. Rai and Mr. P. K. Arya.
I thank all scientific agencies and in-house R&D labs in public and private for providing data / inputs contained in this compilation. It is hoped that this publication would be useful for evidence based planning for Indian Science Sector.
(Prof. Ashutosh Sharma) Secretary
Department of Science & Technology Government of IndiaMarch 2020
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
1
MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS � The Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) in the country has been consistently increasing over the years and has nearly tripled from Rs. 39,437.77
crore in 2007- 08 to Rs. 1,13,825.03 crore in 2017-18. It is estimated to be Rs. 1,23,847.70 crore in 2018-19.
� India’s GERD as percentage of GDP remained at 0.7% during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively.
� India’s per capita R&D expenditure has increased to PPP $ 47.2 in 2017-18 from PPP $ 29.2 in 2007-08.
* Estimated. Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
05000
100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000550006000065000700007500080000850009000095000
100000105000110000115000120000125000130000135000
1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19*
GER
D as
Per
cent
age
of G
DP
R&D
Expe
nditu
re(R
s. C
rore
)
NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE AND ITS PERCENTAGE WITH GDP
R&D Expenditure R&D as % of GDP
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
2
� R&D expenditure and GDP, in absolute terms have shown a consistent rising trend over the years. The annual growth rate of R&D (both at current and constant prices) remained higher than that of GDP prior to 2000-01 while fluctuating thereafter.
� GDP since 2009-10 onwards (both at current and constant prices) has surpassed the annual rate of growth of R&D. One of the reasons could be the revision of the GDP series with a new base year 2011-12 involving a comprehensive coverage of industrial and service sectors, thus leading to higher GDP and its growth rate.
*estimated
� India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) increased to 63.2 billion PPP $ in 2017-18 from 50.3 billion PPP$ in 2014-15. It is estimated to be 68.8 billion PPP$ in 2018-19.
� India accounted for 2.9% share in World GERD during 2017-18.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
2016
-17
2017
-18
2018
-19*
R&D EXPENDITURE AND GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AT CURRENT PRICES
Perc
enta
ge
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
2016
-17
2017
-18
2018
-19*
GDP R&D
R&D EXPENDITURE AND GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AT CONSTANT PRICES
Perc
enta
ge
GDP R&D
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
3
� World GERD increased to 2192.38 billion PPP$ in 2017-18 from 1859.13 billion PPP$ in 2014-15 . It is estimated to be 2323.92 billion PPP$ in 2018-19.
� Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is mainly driven by the Government sector comprising of Central Government 45.4%, State Governments 6.4%, Higher Education 6.8% and Public Sector Industry 4.6% with Private Sector Industry contributing 36.8% during 2017-18.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India
45.4%
36.8%
6.4%4.6%
6.8%
NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE BY SECTOR , 2017-18
Central Government
Private Sector Industry
State Sector
Public Sector Industry
Higher Educa�on Sector
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
4
� During the year 2017-18, 93% of the R&D expenditure incurred by Central Government sources came from 12 major scientific agencies.
� Amongst the 12 Central Government major scientific agencies, DRDO accounted for the maximum share of 31.6% of R&D expenditure followed by DOS (19.0%), ICAR (11.1%), DAE (10.8%), CSIR (9.5%) and DST (7.3%), DBT ( 3.7%) and ICMR (3.1%),MoES (2.3%), MEITY (0.8%), MoEFCC (0.5%), MNRE (0.1%) during 2017-18.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
0.0
2000.0
4000.0
6000.0
8000.0
10000.0
12000.0
14000.0
16000.0
DRDO DoS DAE ICAR CSIR DST DBT ICMR
R&D
Expe
nditu
re(R
s.Cr
ore)
R&D EXPENDITURE BY SELECT SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES
2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 2017-18
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
5
� Business Enterprise (Industrial) sector participation in GERD has been just over 40% during the last 5 years.
� Public sector R&D units spent 0.29% of their sales turnover on R&D as compared to 1.48% by Private sector in 2017-18.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
75.772.5
76.8
67.4 65.162.5 64.5 65.8
62.459.0
54.8 56.0 57.5 57.6 57.5 58.6 58.7
24.327.5
23.2
32.6 34.937.5 35.5 34.2
37.641.0
45.2 44.0 42.5 42.4 42.5 41.4 41.3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Perc
enta
ge S
hare
PERCENTAGE SHARE OF GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR IN GERD
Government Business Sector
1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19*
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
6
� During 2017-18, Public Sector R&D was led by Defence Industries followed by Fuels and Industrial Machinery while Drugs and Pharma, Transportation, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering Industries etc dominated the Private Sector R&D.
� In industrial R&D, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals occupied the first place with a share of 24.3% followed by Transportation 16.4%, information Technology 8.7%, Chemical (other than fertilizer) 7.2% and Defence Industries 6.8% respectively during 2017-18.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
R&D EXPENDITURE BY LEADING INDUSTRIES GROUPS, 2017-18
Public Sector Private Sector
Drugs & Pharmaceu�calsTransporta�on
Informa�on TechnologyDefence Industries
FuelsChemicals ( Other Than Fer�lizers)
Bio-Technology
Electrical & ElectronicsMetallurgical Industries
Telecommunica�onsSoap, Cosme�cs, Toiletries
Industrial MachineryMedical & Surgical ApplicancesMisc. Mechanical Egg. Industry
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
7
� India stands in contrast with select developed and emerging economies with nearly 60% participation in GERD being made by the government including Higher Education Sector. Though participation of Higher Education Sector in GERD by India is quite low among the select countries.
� In most of the developed and emerging economies, the participation of Business Enterprises in GERD is generally more than 50%. In fact it is more than 70% for China, Japan, Korea and USA.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
13 715 13 13
52
13 8
36
1130
187 10
5352
7865 69
41
61 7931 79
60
5568
73
31 41
721 17
724
12
27
8 927 24 13
0102030405060708090
100
PARTICIAPTION OF GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS ENTERPRISE & HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR, 2017-18
GERD by Government GERD by Business Enterprise GERD by Higher Educa�on Other
Perc
enta
ge
Australia
Canad
aChina
France
German
yIndia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Republic of K
orea
Russian
Federa�
onSp
ain UKUSA
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
8
� Extramural R&D support by Central Government Agencies increased to Rs. 2454.02 crore in 2016-17 from Rs 2002.12 crores in 2014-15. Its share in the national GERD was 2.4% during 2016-17.
� The Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) were the two major players contributing 63% and 14% respectively of the total extramural R&D support in the country during 2016-17.
� Academic sector received 70% of the total extramural R&D support during the year 2016 -17.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
1,535.7347.4
232.790.4
58.945.3
37.126.1
18.016.013.59.77.66.35.82.70.8
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600
DSTDBT
DRDOMNRE
DAECSIR
ICMRMEITY
ISROMoEFDSIR
MoESAYUSH
ICARMoSMoPPCRA
Extramural R&D Support (Rs. Crore)
Age
ncy
AGENCY-WISE SUPPORT TO EXTRAMURAL R&D PROJECTS, 2016-17
Number of Projects: 4711Approved Cost : Rs. 2454.02 Crores
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
9
� Women participation in extramural R&D projects has increased significantly to 24% in 2016-17 from 13% in 2000-01 due to various initiatives undertaken by the Government in S&T sector. In absolute terms, 941 women Principal Investigators (PIs) during 2016-17 availed extramural R&D support as against 232 in 2000-01.
� As on 1st April 2018, nearly 5.52 lakh personnel were employed in the R&D establishments in the country including in-house R&D units of public and private sector industries. Out of which, 3.42 lakh (61.8%) were performing R&D activities while 0.98 lakh (17.9%) and 1.12 lakh (20.3%) personnel were engaged in auxiliary and administrative / non-technical support activities.
� As on 1st April 2018, there were 56,747 (16.6%) women out of total 3.42 lakh R&D personnel directly engaged in R&D activities.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India
8779 76 78 76
69 73 73 71 67 71 74 76
1321 24 22 24
31 27 27 29 33 29 26 24
0102030405060708090
100
2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Perc
enta
ge
GENDER PARTICIPATION IN EXTRAMURAL R&D SUPPORT BY CENTRAL S&T AGENCIES
Male(PI) Female(PI)
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
10
� Out of the total 40,813 Doctorates in the country, 24,474 (60.0%) Doctorates were from the S&T discipline during 2018-19. India occupies 3rd rank in terms of number of Ph. D.’s awarded in Science and Engineering (S&E) after USA (39,710 in 2016) and China (34,440 in 2015).
� India spent 0.7% of its GDP on R&D in 2017-18, while the same among other developing BRICS countries was Brazil 1.3%, Russian Federation 1.1%, China 2.1% and South Africa 0.8%. This ratio was 0.5% for Mexico, 0.2% for Pakistan and 0.1% for Sri Lanka.
� Most of the developed countries spent more than 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on R&D.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India
Australia
Brazil Canada
China
Denmark Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
India
Israel
Italy
Japan
Malaysia
Korea Republic
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Pakistan Philippines
Russian Fed.
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0R&D EXPENDITURE AS % OF GDP FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2017
R&D
Exp
endi
ture
as
% o
f G
DP
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� Number of researchers per million population in India has increased to 255 in 2017 from 218 in 2015 and 110 in 2000.
� Among the developed countries, Israel topped the list having with 8,342 researchers per million population in the world followed by Denmark (7,899), Sweden(7,597), Republic of Korea (7,498) and Finland (6,722) during 2017.
� India’s R&D expenditure per researcher was 185 (‘000 PPP$) during 2017-18 and was ahead of Russian Federation, Israel, Hungary, Spain and UK.
� India’s scientific publication output has shown a rising trend during the last decade. India has grown faster than many developed and developing countries such as USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan, Korea, Brazil, etc.
Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.
AustraliaBrazil
Canada
China
France
Germany
India
ItalyJapan
NetherlandsRepublic of Korea
Russian Federa�on
Spain United Kingdom
USASwitzerland
Israel
Mexico
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Philippines
75100125150175200225250275300325350375400425
GER
D Pe
r Res
earc
her (
'000
PPP
$)
GERD PER RESEARCHER FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2017
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� India’s significant increase in research output is reflected in publication databases: by 50% from 90,864 in 2011 to 1,36,238 in 2016 in SCOPUS; by 36.5 % from 47,081 in 2011 to 64,267 in 2016 in SCI; and by 83.1% from 74,143 in 2011 to 1,35,788 in 2018 in NSF.
� During 2011-2016, India’s growth rate of scientific publication as per the SCOPUS and SCI database was 8.4% and 6.4% as against the world average of 1.9% and 3.7% respectively. It was 10.7% as against the world average of 3.8% during 2008-18 as per the NSF database.
� India’s share in global research publication output has increased over the years as reflected in publication databases: 5.4% in 2016 from 4.0% in 2011 in SCOPUS; 4.1% in 2016 from 3.6% in 2011 in SCI; and 5.3% in 2018 from 3.6% in 2011 in NSF.
Source: NSTMIS, DST Commissioned Study (SCOPUS; SCI Database), 2019 and NSF database, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2020.
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Num
ber o
f Pub
lica�
ons
INDIA'S RESEARCH PUBLICATION TREND, 2000-2016
SCOPUS SCI NSF
Note: Data for the years 2017 & 2018 for SCOPUS and SCI database is as per Advanced trends.
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� During 2018, India was ranked at 3rd , 5th and 9th in scientific publication output as per the NSF, SCOPUS and SCI database respectively. It is primarily due to varing methodological choices adopted by different citation databases. India is ranked ahead of many developed and developing countries including BRICS except China.
� During 2011-16 as per SCI database, India’s largest share of global research publications were in Chemistry (7.2%), Agricultural Sciences (6.6%), Pharmacology and Toxicology (6.3%), Material Science (6.2%), Physics (5.2%), Biology and Bio-chemistry (4.9%),Engineering (4.7%) and Microbiology (4.6%).
Source: NSTMIS, DST Commissioned Study (SCI; SCOPUS Database), 2019 and NSF database, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2020
12
7 7
65
5 5 5 5
13
1010
1211
910 10 10
910
7
66
66
43 3 3
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SCOPUS Rank SCI Rank NSF Rank
Rank
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� During 2011-16 as per SCOPUS database, India’s largest share of global research publications were in Pharmacology and Toxicology (13.2.%) followed by Veterinary Sciences (7.4%), Chemistry (7.1%), Chemical Engineering (6.8%),computer Science (6.2%), Material Science (5.6%), Energy (5.4%), Environmental Science (5.3%), Physics & Astronomy (5.2%), Engineering (5.0%) and Agricultural & Biological Sciences (5.0%).
� India’s growth is quite aggressive at the very top end of the excellence scale. India held 4.3% of world share in top 25%, 3.6% in top 10%, 3.4 % in top 5% and 2.8% in top 1% of highly cited publications during 2016. The highly cited publications were mainly concentrated in the fields such as Engineering, Physics & Astronomy, Computer Science and Material Science.
INDIA’S OUTPUT, IMPACT AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER, 2011-16
Source: NSTMIS, DST Commissioned Study (SCOPUS Database), 2019
0.0%1.0%2.0%3.0%4.0%5.0%6.0%Output share
2011
Academic-corporatecollabora�on share Cita�on share
Top cited 25% share
Top cited 10% share
Top cited 5% share
Top cited 1% shareTop CiteScore 25% share
Top CiteScore 10% share
Top CiteScore 5% share
Top CiteScore 1% share
2016
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� During 2017-18 a total of 47,854 patents were filed in India. Out of which 15,550 (32%) patents were filed by Indian residents.
� As per WIPO report 2019, India is ranked at 9th position in terms of Resident Patent Filing activity in the world.
� Patent applications filed in India are dominated by disciplines like Mechanical, Chemical, Computer/Electronics and Communication.
� Nearly 62% of the foreign patents filed in India during 2017-18 were from four countries viz USA (31.5%), Japan (13.9%), Germany (8.6%) and China (8.0%).
Source: Controller General of Patents, Design and Trade Marks-Annual reports
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
Num
ber o
f Pat
ents
Seal
ed
Year
NUMBER OF PATENTS SEALED IN INDIA
Indian Foreign Total % Indian share
Perc
enta
ge
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� India’s Patent Applications Filed and Granted at USPTO have shown a rising trend since 2005 onwards.
Source: USPTO (Patent Application Filed data available only upto 2015)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Num
ber
PATENTS FILED AND GRANTED AT USPTO
Applica�on Filed Granted by Country of Origin Granted by Assignee Country
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
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� According to WIPO, India’s Patent Office stands at the 7th position among the top 10 Patent Filing Offices in the world.
Source: WIPO Report, 2019
90
48
81 77
47
69
33
66
1220
10
52
19 23
53
31
67
34
8880
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
China USA Japan Rep ofKorea
EPO Germany India Russian Fed Canada Brazil
Resident Non-Resident
PATENT APPLICATIONS FILED BY RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT AT SELECTPATENT OFFICE, 2018
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
18
� Total 6,862 R&D institutions were surveyed as a part of the National R&D Survey 2018-19. 63% of the R&D Institutions surveyed were in the private sector.
Source: NSTMIS, DST, Government of India
DISTRIBUTION OF R&D INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA - 2018
State Sector, 15%Central Government, 9%
Public Sector, 3%
Privatec Sector, 63%
Universi�es,10%
Total R&D Instu�ons: 6862
R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20
19
SALIENT FEATURES
The forthcoming edition of the Research & Development Statistics 2019-20 contains detailed S&T Indicators Tables on the following themes:
� National R&D expenditure and break-up of this into various sectors
� National R&D expenditure and percentage of Gross National Product
� National R&D expenditure at current and constant prices
� R&D expenditure by Major Scientific Departments/Agencies
� R&D expenditure by Public/Joint Sector companies
� Sector-wise R&D Manpower etc.
Research & Development Statistics 2019-20 will also provide information from secondary sources on Enrolment and Outturn of S&T personnel, Patents as well as International S&T comparisons. The report is referred as a source book on S&T by the policy makers, planners, researchers, scientists and technologists both nationally and internationally.
NSTMIS SURVEY TEAM:Dr. Parveen Arora, Adviser & Head, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST (parora@nic.in)Dr. A. N. Rai, Scientist ‘G’, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST (anrai@nic.in)Mr. P. K. Arya, Scientist ‘B’, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST (pk.arya@nic.in)
Acronym:AYUSH: Dept. of Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy
DRDO: Defence Research & Development Organisation
MeitY: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
MoS: Ministry of Steel
CSIR: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
DSIR: Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research
MNRE: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
MoWR: Ministry of Water Resources
DAE: Department of Atomic Energy DST: Department of Science & Technology
MoEFCC: Ministry of Environment & Forest and Climate Change
PCRA: Petroleum Conservation Research Association
DBT: Department of Bio-Technology ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research
MoES: Ministry of Earth Sciences UGC: University Grants Commission
DoS: Department of Space ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation
MoP: Ministry of Power
Unit: 1 Crore = 10 million; 1 million = 10 lakh
The present publication is uploaded at
www.dst.gov.in ; www.nstmis-dst.org
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI-110016 (INDIA)
March 2020
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