2019-20 - Science, Technology & Innovation Policy

R&D RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS AT A GLANCE 2019-20

i

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STATISTICSAT A GLANCE

2019-20

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI-110016 (INDIA)

March 2020


ii


FOREWORD

The Department of Science & Technology (DST) is primarily a policy making body for S&T sector in India. The role and criticality of data in the formulation of evidence-based policies is paramount for building a strong and viable science, research and innovation ecosystem for the country. National Science and Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS), DST has been continuously engaged in generating Database for S&T sector since 1973 and for international comparability, UNESCO/OECD guidelines on standards/concepts/definitions have been adopted for collection of science statistics.

Salient findings of the national S&T survey launched in the year 2018-19 for compilation of the latest R&D Statistics and Indicators are presented here mainly in the form of graphical presentations. Scope and coverage of data on R&D expenditure and human resources has been enlarged by including multinational companies and enterprises not covered by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) under its R&D recognition scheme. Further the survey analysis has been complemented and enriched by the secondary sources such as higher education in S&T, patents etc. including bibliometric analysis of scientific publications.

Planning and execution of the national S&T survey is an in-house exercise of DST. It is a culmination of the NSTMIS, DST team effort comprising Dr. Parveen Arora, Dr. A. N. Rai and Mr. P. K. Arya.

I thank all scientific agencies and in-house R&D labs in public and private for providing data / inputs contained in this compilation. It is hoped that this publication would be useful for evidence based planning for Indian Science Sector.

(Prof. Ashutosh Sharma) Secretary

Department of Science & Technology Government of IndiaMarch 2020


iv


1

MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS � The Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) in the country has been consistently increasing over the years and has nearly tripled from Rs. 39,437.77

crore in 2007- 08 to Rs. 1,13,825.03 crore in 2017-18. It is estimated to be Rs. 1,23,847.70 crore in 2018-19.

� India’s GERD as percentage of GDP remained at 0.7% during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively.

� India’s per capita R&D expenditure has increased to PPP $ 47.2 in 2017-18 from PPP $ 29.2 in 2007-08.

* Estimated. Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India

0.60

0.62

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.70

0.72

0.74

0.76

0.78

0.80

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000550006000065000700007500080000850009000095000

100000105000110000115000120000125000130000135000

1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19*

GER

D as

Per

cent

age

of G

DP

R&D

Expe

nditu

re(R

s. C

rore

)

NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE AND ITS PERCENTAGE WITH GDP

R&D Expenditure R&D as % of GDP


2

� R&D expenditure and GDP, in absolute terms have shown a consistent rising trend over the years. The annual growth rate of R&D (both at current and constant prices) remained higher than that of GDP prior to 2000-01 while fluctuating thereafter.

� GDP since 2009-10 onwards (both at current and constant prices) has surpassed the annual rate of growth of R&D. One of the reasons could be the revision of the GDP series with a new base year 2011-12 involving a comprehensive coverage of industrial and service sectors, thus leading to higher GDP and its growth rate.

*estimated

� India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) increased to 63.2 billion PPP $ in 2017-18 from 50.3 billion PPP$ in 2014-15. It is estimated to be 68.8 billion PPP$ in 2018-19.

� India accounted for 2.9% share in World GERD during 2017-18.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1999

-00

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

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-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

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-10

2010

-11

2011

-12

2012

-13

2013

-14

2014

-15

2015

-16

2016

-17

2017

-18

2018

-19*

R&D EXPENDITURE AND GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AT CURRENT PRICES

Perc

enta

ge

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

1999

-00

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

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-05

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-08

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2010

-11

2012

-13

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-14

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2015

-16

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-17

2017

-18

2018

-19*

GDP R&D

R&D EXPENDITURE AND GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AT CONSTANT PRICES

Perc

enta

ge

GDP R&D


3

� World GERD increased to 2192.38 billion PPP$ in 2017-18 from 1859.13 billion PPP$ in 2014-15 . It is estimated to be 2323.92 billion PPP$ in 2018-19.

� Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is mainly driven by the Government sector comprising of Central Government 45.4%, State Governments 6.4%, Higher Education 6.8% and Public Sector Industry 4.6% with Private Sector Industry contributing 36.8% during 2017-18.

Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India

45.4%

36.8%

6.4%4.6%

6.8%

NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE BY SECTOR , 2017-18

Central Government

Private Sector Industry

State Sector

Public Sector Industry

Higher Educa�on Sector


4

� During the year 2017-18, 93% of the R&D expenditure incurred by Central Government sources came from 12 major scientific agencies.

� Amongst the 12 Central Government major scientific agencies, DRDO accounted for the maximum share of 31.6% of R&D expenditure followed by DOS (19.0%), ICAR (11.1%), DAE (10.8%), CSIR (9.5%) and DST (7.3%), DBT ( 3.7%) and ICMR (3.1%),MoES (2.3%), MEITY (0.8%), MoEFCC (0.5%), MNRE (0.1%) during 2017-18.

Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

0.0

2000.0

4000.0

6000.0

8000.0

10000.0

12000.0

14000.0

16000.0

DRDO DoS DAE ICAR CSIR DST DBT ICMR

R&D

Expe

nditu

re(R

s.Cr

ore)

R&D EXPENDITURE BY SELECT SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES

2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 2017-18


5

� Business Enterprise (Industrial) sector participation in GERD has been just over 40% during the last 5 years.

� Public sector R&D units spent 0.29% of their sales turnover on R&D as compared to 1.48% by Private sector in 2017-18.


75.772.5

76.8

67.4 65.162.5 64.5 65.8

62.459.0

54.8 56.0 57.5 57.6 57.5 58.6 58.7

24.327.5

23.2

32.6 34.937.5 35.5 34.2

37.641.0

45.2 44.0 42.5 42.4 42.5 41.4 41.3

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Perc

enta

ge S

hare

PERCENTAGE SHARE OF GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR IN GERD

Government Business Sector

1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19*


6

� During 2017-18, Public Sector R&D was led by Defence Industries followed by Fuels and Industrial Machinery while Drugs and Pharma, Transportation, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering Industries etc dominated the Private Sector R&D.

� In industrial R&D, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals occupied the first place with a share of 24.3% followed by Transportation 16.4%, information Technology 8.7%, Chemical (other than fertilizer) 7.2% and Defence Industries 6.8% respectively during 2017-18.


R&D EXPENDITURE BY LEADING INDUSTRIES GROUPS, 2017-18

Public Sector Private Sector

Drugs & Pharmaceu�calsTransporta�on

Informa�on TechnologyDefence Industries

FuelsChemicals ( Other Than Fer�lizers)

Bio-Technology

Electrical & ElectronicsMetallurgical Industries

Telecommunica�onsSoap, Cosme�cs, Toiletries

Industrial MachineryMedical & Surgical ApplicancesMisc. Mechanical Egg. Industry

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000


7

� India stands in contrast with select developed and emerging economies with nearly 60% participation in GERD being made by the government including Higher Education Sector. Though participation of Higher Education Sector in GERD by India is quite low among the select countries.

� In most of the developed and emerging economies, the participation of Business Enterprises in GERD is generally more than 50%. In fact it is more than 70% for China, Japan, Korea and USA.


13 715 13 13

52

13 8

36

1130

187 10

5352

7865 69

41

61 7931 79

60

5568

73

31 41

721 17

724

12

27

8 927 24 13

0102030405060708090

100

PARTICIAPTION OF GOVERNMENT, BUSINESS ENTERPRISE & HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR, 2017-18

GERD by Government GERD by Business Enterprise GERD by Higher Educa�on Other

Perc

enta

ge

Australia

Canad

aChina

France

German

yIndia

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Republic of K

orea

Russian

Federa�

onSp

ain UKUSA


8

� Extramural R&D support by Central Government Agencies increased to Rs. 2454.02 crore in 2016-17 from Rs 2002.12 crores in 2014-15. Its share in the national GERD was 2.4% during 2016-17.

� The Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) were the two major players contributing 63% and 14% respectively of the total extramural R&D support in the country during 2016-17.

� Academic sector received 70% of the total extramural R&D support during the year 2016 -17.


1,535.7347.4

232.790.4

58.945.3

37.126.1

18.016.013.59.77.66.35.82.70.8

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600

DSTDBT

DRDOMNRE

DAECSIR

ICMRMEITY

ISROMoEFDSIR

MoESAYUSH

ICARMoSMoPPCRA

Extramural R&D Support (Rs. Crore)

Age

ncy

AGENCY-WISE SUPPORT TO EXTRAMURAL R&D PROJECTS, 2016-17

Number of Projects: 4711Approved Cost : Rs. 2454.02 Crores


9

� Women participation in extramural R&D projects has increased significantly to 24% in 2016-17 from 13% in 2000-01 due to various initiatives undertaken by the Government in S&T sector. In absolute terms, 941 women Principal Investigators (PIs) during 2016-17 availed extramural R&D support as against 232 in 2000-01.

� As on 1st April 2018, nearly 5.52 lakh personnel were employed in the R&D establishments in the country including in-house R&D units of public and private sector industries. Out of which, 3.42 lakh (61.8%) were performing R&D activities while 0.98 lakh (17.9%) and 1.12 lakh (20.3%) personnel were engaged in auxiliary and administrative / non-technical support activities.

� As on 1st April 2018, there were 56,747 (16.6%) women out of total 3.42 lakh R&D personnel directly engaged in R&D activities.


8779 76 78 76

69 73 73 71 67 71 74 76

1321 24 22 24

31 27 27 29 33 29 26 24

0102030405060708090

100

2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Perc

enta

ge

GENDER PARTICIPATION IN EXTRAMURAL R&D SUPPORT BY CENTRAL S&T AGENCIES

Male(PI) Female(PI)


10

� Out of the total 40,813 Doctorates in the country, 24,474 (60.0%) Doctorates were from the S&T discipline during 2018-19. India occupies 3rd rank in terms of number of Ph. D.’s awarded in Science and Engineering (S&E) after USA (39,710 in 2016) and China (34,440 in 2015).

� India spent 0.7% of its GDP on R&D in 2017-18, while the same among other developing BRICS countries was Brazil 1.3%, Russian Federation 1.1%, China 2.1% and South Africa 0.8%. This ratio was 0.5% for Mexico, 0.2% for Pakistan and 0.1% for Sri Lanka.

� Most of the developed countries spent more than 2% of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on R&D.


Australia

Brazil Canada

China

Denmark Finland

France

Germany

Hungary

India

Israel

Italy

Japan

Malaysia

Korea Republic

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Pakistan Philippines

Russian Fed.

Singapore

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sweden Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

Venezuela0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0R&D EXPENDITURE AS % OF GDP FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2017

R&D

Exp

endi

ture

as

% o

f G

DP


11

� Number of researchers per million population in India has increased to 255 in 2017 from 218 in 2015 and 110 in 2000.

� Among the developed countries, Israel topped the list having with 8,342 researchers per million population in the world followed by Denmark (7,899), Sweden(7,597), Republic of Korea (7,498) and Finland (6,722) during 2017.

� India’s R&D expenditure per researcher was 185 (‘000 PPP$) during 2017-18 and was ahead of Russian Federation, Israel, Hungary, Spain and UK.

� India’s scientific publication output has shown a rising trend during the last decade. India has grown faster than many developed and developing countries such as USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan, Korea, Brazil, etc.


AustraliaBrazil

Canada

China

France

Germany

India

ItalyJapan

NetherlandsRepublic of Korea

Russian Federa�on

Spain United Kingdom

USASwitzerland

Israel

Mexico

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Sweden

Philippines

75100125150175200225250275300325350375400425

GER

D Pe

r Res

earc

her (

'000

PPP

$)

GERD PER RESEARCHER FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2017


12

� India’s significant increase in research output is reflected in publication databases: by 50% from 90,864 in 2011 to 1,36,238 in 2016 in SCOPUS; by 36.5 % from 47,081 in 2011 to 64,267 in 2016 in SCI; and by 83.1% from 74,143 in 2011 to 1,35,788 in 2018 in NSF.

� During 2011-2016, India’s growth rate of scientific publication as per the SCOPUS and SCI database was 8.4% and 6.4% as against the world average of 1.9% and 3.7% respectively. It was 10.7% as against the world average of 3.8% during 2008-18 as per the NSF database.

� India’s share in global research publication output has increased over the years as reflected in publication databases: 5.4% in 2016 from 4.0% in 2011 in SCOPUS; 4.1% in 2016 from 3.6% in 2011 in SCI; and 5.3% in 2018 from 3.6% in 2011 in NSF.

Source: NSTMIS, DST Commissioned Study (SCOPUS; SCI Database), 2019 and NSF database, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2020.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Num

ber o

f Pub

lica�

ons

INDIA'S RESEARCH PUBLICATION TREND, 2000-2016

SCOPUS SCI NSF

Note: Data for the years 2017 & 2018 for SCOPUS and SCI database is as per Advanced trends.


13

� During 2018, India was ranked at 3rd , 5th and 9th in scientific publication output as per the NSF, SCOPUS and SCI database respectively. It is primarily due to varing methodological choices adopted by different citation databases. India is ranked ahead of many developed and developing countries including BRICS except China.

� During 2011-16 as per SCI database, India’s largest share of global research publications were in Chemistry (7.2%), Agricultural Sciences (6.6%), Pharmacology and Toxicology (6.3%), Material Science (6.2%), Physics (5.2%), Biology and Bio-chemistry (4.9%),Engineering (4.7%) and Microbiology (4.6%).

Source: NSTMIS, DST Commissioned Study (SCI; SCOPUS Database), 2019 and NSF database, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2020

12

7 7

65

5 5 5 5

13

1010

1211

910 10 10

910

7

66

66

43 3 3

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

SCOPUS Rank SCI Rank NSF Rank

Rank


14

� During 2011-16 as per SCOPUS database, India’s largest share of global research publications were in Pharmacology and Toxicology (13.2.%) followed by Veterinary Sciences (7.4%), Chemistry (7.1%), Chemical Engineering (6.8%),computer Science (6.2%), Material Science (5.6%), Energy (5.4%), Environmental Science (5.3%), Physics & Astronomy (5.2%), Engineering (5.0%) and Agricultural & Biological Sciences (5.0%).

� India’s growth is quite aggressive at the very top end of the excellence scale. India held 4.3% of world share in top 25%, 3.6% in top 10%, 3.4 % in top 5% and 2.8% in top 1% of highly cited publications during 2016. The highly cited publications were mainly concentrated in the fields such as Engineering, Physics & Astronomy, Computer Science and Material Science.

INDIA’S OUTPUT, IMPACT AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER, 2011-16

Source: NSTMIS, DST Commissioned Study (SCOPUS Database), 2019

0.0%1.0%2.0%3.0%4.0%5.0%6.0%Output share

2011

Academic-corporatecollabora�on share Cita�on share

Top cited 25% share

Top cited 10% share

Top cited 5% share

Top cited 1% shareTop CiteScore 25% share

Top CiteScore 10% share



2016


15

� During 2017-18 a total of 47,854 patents were filed in India. Out of which 15,550 (32%) patents were filed by Indian residents.

� As per WIPO report 2019, India is ranked at 9th position in terms of Resident Patent Filing activity in the world.

� Patent applications filed in India are dominated by disciplines like Mechanical, Chemical, Computer/Electronics and Communication.

� Nearly 62% of the foreign patents filed in India during 2017-18 were from four countries viz USA (31.5%), Japan (13.9%), Germany (8.6%) and China (8.0%).

Source: Controller General of Patents, Design and Trade Marks-Annual reports

0

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2000-01 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Num

ber o

f Pat

ents

Seal

ed

Year

NUMBER OF PATENTS SEALED IN INDIA

Indian Foreign Total % Indian share

Perc

enta

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16

� India’s Patent Applications Filed and Granted at USPTO have shown a rising trend since 2005 onwards.

Source: USPTO (Patent Application Filed data available only upto 2015)

0

1000

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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Num

ber

PATENTS FILED AND GRANTED AT USPTO

Applica�on Filed Granted by Country of Origin Granted by Assignee Country


17

� According to WIPO, India’s Patent Office stands at the 7th position among the top 10 Patent Filing Offices in the world.

Source: WIPO Report, 2019

90

48

81 77

47

69

33

66

1220

10

52

19 23

53

31

67

34

8880

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

China USA Japan Rep ofKorea

EPO Germany India Russian Fed Canada Brazil

Resident Non-Resident

PATENT APPLICATIONS FILED BY RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT AT SELECTPATENT OFFICE, 2018


18

� Total 6,862 R&D institutions were surveyed as a part of the National R&D Survey 2018-19. 63% of the R&D Institutions surveyed were in the private sector.

Source: NSTMIS, DST, Government of India

DISTRIBUTION OF R&D INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA - 2018

State Sector, 15%Central Government, 9%

Public Sector, 3%

Privatec Sector, 63%

Universi�es,10%

Total R&D Instu�ons: 6862


19

SALIENT FEATURES

The forthcoming edition of the Research & Development Statistics 2019-20 contains detailed S&T Indicators Tables on the following themes:

� National R&D expenditure and break-up of this into various sectors

� National R&D expenditure and percentage of Gross National Product

� National R&D expenditure at current and constant prices

� R&D expenditure by Major Scientific Departments/Agencies

� R&D expenditure by Public/Joint Sector companies

� Sector-wise R&D Manpower etc.

Research & Development Statistics 2019-20 will also provide information from secondary sources on Enrolment and Outturn of S&T personnel, Patents as well as International S&T comparisons. The report is referred as a source book on S&T by the policy makers, planners, researchers, scientists and technologists both nationally and internationally.

NSTMIS SURVEY TEAM:Dr. Parveen Arora, Adviser & Head, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST ([email protected])Dr. A. N. Rai, Scientist ‘G’, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST ([email protected])Mr. P. K. Arya, Scientist ‘B’, CHORD (NSTMIS), DST ([email protected])

Acronym:AYUSH: Dept. of Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy

DRDO: Defence Research & Development Organisation

MeitY: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

MoS: Ministry of Steel

CSIR: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

DSIR: Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research

MNRE: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy

MoWR: Ministry of Water Resources

DAE: Department of Atomic Energy DST: Department of Science & Technology

MoEFCC: Ministry of Environment & Forest and Climate Change

PCRA: Petroleum Conservation Research Association

DBT: Department of Bio-Technology ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research

MoES: Ministry of Earth Sciences UGC: University Grants Commission

DoS: Department of Space ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation

MoP: Ministry of Power

Unit: 1 Crore = 10 million; 1 million = 10 lakh

The present publication is uploaded at

www.dst.gov.in ; www.nstmis-dst.org

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI-110016 (INDIA)

March 2020

Documents

2019-20 - Science, Technology & Innovation Policy