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Dr. Cristina Laureta
SPEECHmedium of oral communication that employs
a linguistic code (language);
through which one can express thoughts, feelings, & understand those of others who employ the same code
communication through verbal symbols motor act of verbal expression
COMMUNICATIONprocess of exchange of meanings between
individuals through a system of symbols
any means by which an individual relates experiences, ideas, knowledge, & feelings to another includes :
(a) speech (simplest) (b) writing (c) gestures (d) sign language
VOICEsound produced by the vibration of the vocal
folds & modified by resonators
CEREBRATION
ultimate center of all neural activity & controlling system of articulation.
neurologic network functions synergistically to mediate all aspects of oral communication.
any problems with interconnections, timing of motor impulses, or sensory feedback to brain can be detrimental to articulation / speech.
Neurologic Systems for Articulation Central nervous system CNS - main
Peripheral nervous system PNS - main
Autonomic nervous system ANS - assistance
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMbrain & spinal cordcontrol voluntary & involuntary overlapping
movements of the articulators
BRAIN cortex - billions of highly specialized ceils &
many pathways which interconnects the 2 hemispheres
of the brain & traverse deeper structures (brain stem & cerebellum)excitation of nerve cells provides innervation to
articulators necessary for speech production
3 oral communication centers : anterior; posterior: supplemental
1)POSTERIOR comm. center - receives & interprets oral communication lesion - causes problems in auditory processing or in
WERNICKE’s APHASIA
2)ANTERIOR comm. center - formulates & programs motor speech movements & expressive language lesion - results in VERBAL DYSPRAXIA, or in
BROCKA’s APHASIA
3)SUPPLEMENTAL comm. center - assists ANT. comm. center in carrying out it's expressive, motoric speech & language functions
Arcuate Fasciculus - connects ANT. & POST. comm. centers
Left ½ - controls speechRight ½ - controls reasoning & abstract
thinking
Arcuate fasciculus tracking is
displayed in dark blue
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMbrain cannot perform articulatory functions w/o help from
PNS, specifically cranial nerves (CN's V, VII, VIII. IX, X, XI, XII)
2 pathways descending from cortex to (1) brainstem (corticobulbar) & (2) spinal cord (corticospinal) require connection w/ CN's to move articulators
lesion in upper part of pathway results in muscle SPASTICITY (uncontrollable contraction)
lesion in lower part of pathway results In muscle FLACCIDITY
(lack of tone)
both types of involvement can be symptomatic of motor speech disorders known as DYSARTHRIA (problem in articulation - muscles either too weak or epileptic)
CRANIAL NERVES (CN's) ASSOCIATED WITH SPEECH /ARTICULATION1. CN V TRIGEMINAL (s-m)
largest & most important branch to speech.
sensory to deep structures of face, mouth, mandible; superficial sensation to mucosa of ant. 2/3 of tongue, cheeks, hard palate, lip.
motor to muscles of chewing , soft palate (levator), & suprahyoid muscles (digastric & mylohyoid).
lesion : 1) may affect articulation due to impaired tactile sensation of
ant. 2/3 of tongue & paralysis of muscles of mastication that control jaw movements.
2)resonance may be impaired because of soft palate involvement.
3)hearing may be impaired by paralysis of tensor tympani.
2. CN VII FACIAL (s-m)motor to stapedius muscle (middle ear), superficial
muscles of face & scalpSensory:
a) taste for ant. 2/3 of tongue ; parotid gland; soft palate b) deep pressure & position sense to facial muscles
(proprioception)
lesion: 1) paralysis of muscles of facial expression (Bell's Palsy) 2)pain behind or in ear 3)hearing loss 4)loss of taste 5)unilateral twitching of facial muscles 6)drooling 7)grimaces 8)loss of lacrimation during eating
pathology of nerve also affects verbal aspects of speech (i.e. facial expression)
3. CM VIII ACOUSTIC (s)concerned w/ hearing & balance2 parts :
COCHLEAR part - supplies auditory mechanism in inner ear
VESTIBULAR part - supplies balance mechanism in inner ear
Lesion: 1) auditory acuity deafness 2) word deafness 3) auditory hallucinations 4) tinnitus (ringing in ears) 5) vertigo (dizziness) 6) nystagmus (rapid, involuntary movements of eyeballs)
nerve impairment may seriously affect speech development & maintenance
4. CN IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (s-m)sensory to pharynx, soft palate, posterior 1/3 of
tongue, uvula, pillars of fauces, tonsils, eustachian tube, & tympanic cavity.
motor to pharyngeal & stylopharyngeus muscleslesion :
1) loss of gag reflex 2)loss of sensation to pharynx, tonsils, fauces, back of
tongue 3)loss of constriction of post. pharyngeal wail
movement 4)increased salivation 5)deviation of uvula 6)dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) 7)effect on speech - hypernasality & nasal air flow
associated w/ inadequate velopharyngeal closure related to defective sensory & motor functioning of the velopharyngeal structures; articulation somewhat impaired because of involvement of the back the tongue
5. CN X VAGUS (s-m)sensory to external auditory ear canal & to
various structures of pharynx & larynxmotor to pharynx., larynx, & base of the tonguelesion :
1) loss of voice 2) impaired voice 3) changes in vocal cord position 4) dysphagia 5) loss of gag reflex 6) pain 7) abnormal spontaneous sensation (paresthesia) in
pharynx, larynx, ext. auditory ear canal 8) lack of sensitivity of lower pharynx & larynx 9) speech effects, mainly in voice production, voice
quality, but can mildly affect articulation
6. CN XI SPINAL ACCESSORY (m)motor to intrinsic muscles of upper larynx,
pharynx, uvula, neck muscles (trapezius & sternocleidomastoid)
assists CN's IX & XLesion:
1) may affect phonation, resonation, rotating the head, shrugging the shoulders, raising the chin.
2) effect on phonation - result of intrinsic muscles of larynx unable to make fine adjustments.
3) effect on resonance - lack of pharyngeal constriction.
4) articulation can be affected because of faulty resonation & adverse postural positions of the neck & head.
7. CN XII HYPOGLOSSAL (s-m)provides for proprioceptive & kinesthetic
feedback from the tonguemotor to intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the
tonguemost Important nerve to articulationlesson:
1) unilateral/bilateral paralysis or paresis of the tongue.
2) unilateral upper motor neuronal Involvement (Spastic paralysis).
3) unilateral lower motor neuronal Involvement (Flaccid paralysis), sensory disturbances; arrhythmic tongue movement, & dysarthria.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMdivision of PNS ; supplies smooth muscles, viscera,
glandsdivisions :
sympathetic - prepares body for impending danger & more localized reactions (fight or flight).
parasympathetic - helps to maintain constant Internal body environment (vegetative reflex).
motor system which functions subconsciously, below the level of the cortex.
Lesion: 1) problems of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach,
Intestine, gall bladder, skin, salivary glands, & spleen.
2) effects on speech - suprasegmental features : rate, rhythm, inflection, loudness, pitch, stress, duration, juncture, tempo, voice quality.
OTHER BODILY SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN SPEECH PRODUCTION
in speech science, bodily systems condensed into 5 systemic processes involved in oral communication : 1. cerebration 2.respiration 3.phonation 4. resonation 5. articulation
Skeletal
Articular
Muscular
Vascular
Nervous
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Endocrine
Integurnentary
anatomy & physiology for speech production
provide functional aspects of speech mechanism
provide structures of speech mechanism
assist in emotional, prosodic, pragmatic, & other non-verbal
aspects of speech
The End
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