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Reuniting the Kingdom
2180 BC – Civil War (a war between 2 groups in the same place.)
Bad times: drought, crops failed, famine (food shortage)
No longer 1 king, so nobles fought for power
2400 BC – Egypt reunited – this is beginning of Middle Kingdom
High point of Middle kingdom – Dynasty 12
Reuniting the Kingdom
Dynasty 12 – begins 1991 BC when vizier Amenehet from Lower Egypt become king
He conquered(and those who followed) northern Nubia
Fort set up to protect region
Built Walls of the Prince (series of forts) at Northern border to protect Nile Delta
Reuniting the Kingdom
Dynasty 12 – massive building projects
Middle Kingdom – advances in art and literature
wall-painting, jewelry, and earliest literature
Literature not only religious – also about everyday life
Trade increased – caravans between Egypt and southwestern Asia, east Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean region
Egypt had grain to trade and semi-precious stones, they needed wood and copper.
Copper from Syria , turquoise from Sinai Peninsula, wood from Lebanon, gold, ebony, ivory from Nubia
Trade
Caravans/trade dangerous, but brought wealth
Cost-benefit analysis = decide whether risks are worth benefits
After Dynasty 12 – attacks from invaders
Rulers weak – 70 kings during Dynasty 13
People from SW Asia came in – Egyptians called them Hyksos (rulers of foreign lands)
Trade
A Time of Invasion
Hyksos brought end to Middle Kingdom because superior military horse-drawn chariots, body armor, stronger bow and arrow
1640 BC – Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt
Hyksos – Dynasty 15 in Lower Egypt for 100 years
A Time of Invasion
Hyksos / Egypt = cultural exchange
Hyksos brought weapons, horses, looms, lute, and lyre
Hyksos took hieroglyphics, Egyptian gods
Hyksos also expanded trade routes to Crete (Greek island)
mid - 1500s BC – Egyptians rulers in South declared war on the Hyksos. They ended up driving Hyksos back to SW Asia
A Time of Invasion
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