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Designing CLT BuildingsPresented By – Robert De Brincat
INTRODUCTION CLT Design Considerations• Optimum CLT Design & Building Applications• Strength / Serviceability / Vibration / Fire / Acoustics• Floor, Wall & Lateral Design
CLT Supply & Design Resources• CLT Material Properties & Supplier Involvement• Design Resources Available• Design, Construction & Importation Process• SmartStruct & Tilling Timber
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER PROJECTS
• Optimum Slab Span – 4.5m to 5.5m• Simple Compartment & Wall Layouts• Minimal Load Transfer Between Floors• Optimum Building Height – 5 to 8 Levels• Residential & Commercial Developments• Lightweight Construction & Poor Foundations• Speed of Construction
Suitable Applications & Benefits
Affordable Housing - Austria
Das Post Hotel - Austria
Lee Valley Athletics Village
Lee Valley Athletics Village
Lee Valley Athletics Village
Lee Valley Athletics Village
Woodlands Trust
Woodlands Trust
Woodlands Trust
Woodlands Trust
Woodlands Trust
Woodlands Trust
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERAvailable Finishes
• Architectural Visual Finish– Smoothly Edge Glued– Individual Boards Planned
• Industrial Visual Finish– Individual boards Sanded or Brushed
• Non-Visual Finish– Unexposed Panels
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERAvailable Finishes
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERAvailable Finishes
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER
Floors – Walls – Shafts
Design Considerations
CLT FLOOR DESIGNTwo Way Slab Performance
CLT FLOOR DESIGNTwo Way Slab Performance
Wall Below CLT
CLT FLOOR DESIGNMoment Capacity
• Moment Capacity Relative to Member Size• Increased with Laminated Area• Increased with Material Area• Increase with Effective Area & Lever Arm
CLT FLOOR DESIGNMoment Capacity
• Moment Capacities Vary between CLT Products• Moment Capacity Provided by CLT Supplier
• Importance of Understanding Moment Capacity
– Longitudinal Shear Due to Bending– Rolling Shear Between Timber Layers– Effective Bending Stiffness
CLT FLOOR DESIGNLongitudinal Shear Due to Bending
Longitudinal Shear
Solid Section Non Laminated Section
CLT FLOOR DESIGN
Rolling Shear is Dependent on Many FactorsTimber Species; Cross Layer Density; Lamination Thickness; Moisture
Content; Sawing Pattern; Cross Sectional Size and Geometry
Rolling Shear
CLT FLOOR DESIGNRolling Shear
• Effective Bending Stiffness Dependent on Rolling Shear• Transverse Layers Modeled as Theoretical Connectors
Between Longitudinal Layers• ϒ Factor → Effective Moment of Inertia → Effective
Bending Stiffness. ϒ = 0 (No Connection) ϒ = 1 (Fully Rigid)
• Rolling Shear Modulus (GR) Predetermined by Supplier
CLT FLOOR DESIGNDesign Capacities
• Rolling Shear Modulus used to Calculate Effective Bending Stiffness
• Effective Bending Stiffness used to Calculate;– Moment Capacity– Shear Capacity– Deflection
Design Capacities Provided by CLT Manufacturer
CLT WALL DESIGNTwo Way Wall & Beam Performance
Beam Configuration Wall Configuration
CLT WALL DESIGNCompression Members
Applicable to both Wall & Column Applications
Pparallel ≤ F’c Aparallel
Pparallel = Load Applied Parallel to the Fibres
F’c = Adjusted Compression Strength
Aparallel = Area of Layers with Fibres Running Parallel to the Direction of the Load
CLT WALL DESIGNTension Members
Tension Loads can only be Resisted by the Layers where the Grain Runs Parallel to the Applied Load
Tparallel ≤ F’t Aparallel
Tparallel = Load Applied Parallel to the Fibres
F’t = Adjusted Tensile Strength
Aparallel = Area of Layers with Fibres Running Parallel to the Direction of the Load
CLT LATERAL DESIGNShear Walls & Diaphragms
• Resistance to Wind & Seismic Loadings• Wall & Floor Panels Designed as Shear Walls & Diaphragms• Panel Shear Strength will vary based on Fastener Size,
Fastener Spacing, Fastener Location, & CLT Shear Strength• Deflection Determined by Engineering Principles & Testing
CLT is a Suitable Substitute for Concrete in Lift Shaft & Building Core Design
CLT LATERAL DESIGNSeismic Design
• CLT Panel Connectors Provide Primary Source of Yielding while CLT Panel Remains Elastic
• Special Seismic Detailing Required for CLT– Fasteners Loaded in Shear– CLT Member Design at Connections– Nominal Connection Capacity– Fastener Withdrawal
CLT CONNECTIONSFloor Details
Single Surface Spline
Internal Spline
Half Lapped
Double Surface Spline
CLT CONNECTIONSWall/Concrete Floor Details
Metal Bracket Metal Plate Metal Shoe
CLT CONNECTIONSWall/Floor Details
Straight Screw
Straight Screw
Angled Screw
Steel Bracket
Steel Bracket
CLT CONNECTIONSWall/Floor Roof Details
Double Bracket
Bracket & Screw Bearing Angle
Block & Screw
CLT VIBRATION DESIGNMaterial Characteristics
• Damping is Approx. 1%• Area Mass is 50 – 150kg/m2• Fundamental Natural Frequency > 9Hz• Footstep Force causes Transient Vibrations which
can be controlled by the Stiffness & Mass of the CLT Floor Panel
• Span & Slab Depth Dependent
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERFire Design
CLT Charring Rate~ 0.82mm/min
• CLT is NOT Timber Framed Construction• Fire Plasterboard Solutions Available
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERFire & Acoustic Performance
FRL – 90/90/90Rw – 57Thickness – 284mm
FRL – 90/90/90Rw – 60Thickness – 290mm
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERFire & Acoustic Construction
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERFire & Acoustic Construction
Acoustic Layer
Plasterboard Ceiling
Ceiling Insulation
5 Layer CLT
2 x Layers Fire Check
70mm Concrete Topping
Wooden Floor Covering
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERTermite Control
Termite Management is dealt with in accordance with AS3660.1 – 2000
CLT PROPERTIES & PERFORMANCEVariation Between Manufacturers
• CLT Design & Material Properties Predetermined and Provided by CLT Manufactures
• CLT Products Differ in Material Properties and Design Performance
• Importance of Obtaining Specific CLT Information from Local Australian Suppliers
• Importance of Early Involvement from Suppliers
CLT DESIGN RESOURCES• Supplier Specific Material Properties• Spanning & Pre-dimensioning Tables• Preliminary Design Software (EURO & AUS Codes)
• CADE Systems Engineering Design Software– New CLT Modeling Component– Based on the AUS Standards– Flexible CLT Sectional Analysis– Design Coordination with other Construction Materials
BALANCING ACT
Strength & Serviceability Vs. Fire & Acoustics Construction Depth Vs. Floor to Ceiling Height
Wall Height Vs. Importation CostPanel Optimisation Vs. Construction Time
EARLY CLT SUPPLIER INVOLVEMENT IS VERY IMPORTANT
CLT DESIGN & CONSTRUCTIONWhat Governs the Design?
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBERImportation Professionals
• Importation Capacity for Manufacture, Storage & Delivery• Importation Distance & Lead Time Management• Risk Management & Contingency Plans
What is SMARTSTRUCT?
Design – Fabrication – Supply – Construction
Design Tender Construct
COLLABORATION COLLABORATION COLLABORATION
SMARTSTRUCT CLT PROPOSAL SERVICE
Concept Design
Preliminary CLT Design
CLT Panel Optimisation
CLT Supply Cost
CLT Construction Cost
CLIENT
– Architectural Layout
– Material Wastage
– Transport Cost
– Construction Cost
CLT DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CLT Delivery to SmartStruc
CLT Manufacture
Shop Drawing Approval
CLT Shop Drawings
CLT Delivery to Site & Install
PROJECT DESIGN
FINISH CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT TENDER
START CONSTRUCTION
Fire Engineered Solution
PCA
Acoustic Consultant
OCCUPATION CERTIFICATE
Building Inspections
SmartStruct Engineer
Architect Services
CLIENT
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