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Current Tourism Growth
“The substantial growth of the tourism activity marks tourism as one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past century.” The number of international arrivals shows an
evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to an estimated 763 million in 2004
This is a growth rate of 6.5% The growth rate has sustained! What are the limits?
The Tourist
TOURISMPROMOTERS
TOURISMSERVICES
SUPPLIERS
EXTERNALENVIRONMENT
TourOperators
TouristBoards
Meeting Planners
TravelAgents
DirectMarketing
Destinations
Attractions/Entertainment
Transportation
Food &Beverage
Accomo-dations
Society &Culture
Politics
Technology
Environ-ment
Economy
Integrated ModelOf Tourism
History of Travel & Tourism - Pre-Historic Travel
Paleolithic Age (32,000 BC - 10,000 BC) Forged Trails = Hunting (was this “tourism”?) Fire/tools (no animals)/shelter
History of Travel & Tourism - Pre-Historic Travel
Neolithic Age Critters & Sailing Vessels (4,000 BC’ish) The Wheel (3,500 BC) (China) Agriculture/stored (communities exchanged) Coins (= light) Religion
- The Empire Era
Egyptian Kingdoms (4850 – 715 B.C.) Government in centralized locations Used Nile (north = current, south = sails)
Greek Empire (900 – 200 B.C.) Use of a common language (Mediterr.) Currency Exchange City-States became attractions
Shopping, eat/drinking, gaming, sports, theater
Empire Era (cont.)
Roman Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 300) Tourism for both middle class and wealthy Good roads (50,000 mile system)!
Appian Way Roman currency universal Common legal system
Safety when travelling Inns (30 miles apart)
Middle Ages and Renaissance
Middle Ages (5th – 14th centuries) Feudal System replaced Roman Rule Fragmented Industry (now unsafe)
Money, language, transportation, etc. travel now difficult and dangerous Catholic Church began to gain power
stable/central force religious holidays
Middle Ages - Crusades
Crusades (1096-1291) attempting to re-
gain the holy land exchange of ideas
ideas, and goods(desire is born!)
afforded less wealthy to travel
Pilgrimages
Pilgrimages (1200 to 1300) religion/health = adventure and learning destinations were born (accom. & food) arrested & beaten if not a “holy” mission
*search for a better way of life
Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1275 – 1295) Mid. East to China 4 Languages Had wealth in gold Had access to transportation vessels
Family involved in the Navy and were merchants Had education Had “important” friends through family marriages
Safety and marketing were assured
1254-1324, from Venice, ItalySilk Road (began journey in 1271)His books detailing “the world” piqued interest in
travel amongst Europe’s elitists
The Renaissance Era
Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries) The “Rebirth of Travel”! Kings & Queens had larger territories
Merchants could travel further (trade routes) Desire to learn and experience other cultures is born!
= The Grand Tour!
Grand Tour Era!
Grand Tour (1500-1820) or (1613-1785)! Wealthy English started, later others (status) England - France – Switzerland – Germany -
Italy Motivations
culture, health, pleasure, curiosity, science, career education, art & scenery
Lasted approximately 40 months (age 22 to 40)
New amenities formed Tribulations = theft, alps, rivers Carriage rentals, 1829 1st all-inclusive Industrial Revolution (1750) started downfall
The Mobility Era (1800 – 1944)
Growing economic prosperity = leisure time! Grand Tour gave way to family vacations spas were huge
Romanticism (1800s)= literature & arts urban bad, nature good (closer to God)
Transportation!! Coach system (mail), needed tie-ups/Inns
abusive (schedules, temp., physical) Water travel preferred (1840 Cunard) Trains (1830 in England), 1903 Wright Brothers Model T mass produced (1914)
Cook’s Tours
Made Group Tour a business (1841)Economics:
Desire+Need+Motivation=$$$Services
Connections, tickets, timetables, currency exchange, travel guides, the tour
Introduced (1850 - 1920) Cook’s Coupons (pre-pay) Circular Notes (travelers’ cheques) Cook made world tourism affordable!
Modern Era – Mass Tourism
2 World Wars = Technology & desire increaseAutomobile
Better Roads post WW1 = bungalow camps Post WW2
Mass produced, gas not rationed & prosperityAirplane
Lindbergh (1927), initially $$ 1958 = jet travel and economy class
Credit card (1950)Individual vs. Organized Mass Tourists
Other Factors
Leisure Time Creation of the weekend (Upton Sinclair’s “The
Jungle) 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act
Oil Crisis (mid 70’s)Tourism Policy
deregulation (1978), USTTA (1981)Technology AdvancesTheme ParksPeace Industry??
Geography of Tourism
Physical Geography (features of earth) Landforms, H20, vegetation, climate, etc.
Human (cultural) Geography Language, religion, dress, food, customs… = cultural norms/expectations
Regional Geography (study one area) Effects of climate, time of year, etc.
ie, Ski areas, wine regions, etc.
Business Perspectives
Marketing (4 P’s) Meeting the needs/desires of visitors Importance of segmentation
Challenges & Opportunities
Can growth & development occur w/o creating environmental problems?
How will technology effect tourism?As tourism grows, where will the
workforce come from?Will tourism change the social structure
of countries/communities?
Definition of Tourism
Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments,
host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.
UNWTO Definition of Tourism
Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.
Classification of Travelers
(1)Tourists in international technical definitions.(2)Excursionists in international technical definitions.(3)Travelers whose trips are shorter than those that qualify for travel and tourism;
e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from home.(4)Students traveling between home and school only -- other travel of students is
within scope of travel and tourism.(5)All persons moving to a new place of residence including all one-way travelers,
such as emigrants, immigrants, refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.
The Tourism Phenomenon:Components of tourism and tourism management
Travel Trade
Sector
AccommodationSector
Even
ts S
ecto
rT
ransportation
Sector
Adventure & Outdoor
Recreation SectorFood Services
Sector
Attractions Sector
Ente
rtain
men
t
Sect
or
Tourism
ServicesWorld & NationalTravel IndustryAssociations
World & NationalGovernmentTourism Offices
State and ProvincialGovernmentTourism Offices
Local & CityGovernmentTourismDepartments
Local & RegionalTourism Associations/Convention & VisitorBureaus
State and ProvincialTravel IndustryAssociations
Tourism Course
Departmentor Discipline
Management of Tourism Organizations
Tourism Studies
Policy Issues
Recreation
Managem
ent
Soci
olog
y of
To
uris
m
Tourism
Education
Transportation
Studies
Host-Guest
Relatio
nship
Tour
ism
Mot
ivat
ion
Eco
nom
ics
of T
ouri
sm
Rural
Tourism
Geography of Tourism
Tourism Law
Mar
ketin
g of
Tour
ism
Tour
ism
Pla
nnin
g an
d D
evel
opm
ent
Soci
olog
y
Parks and R
ecreation
Political
Science
Business
Eco
nom
ics
Anthropology
GeographyA
rchitectureAgriculture
Transportation
Hotel and
Restaurant
Adm
inistration
Education
Law
Mar
ketin
g
Urb
an a
nd
Reg
iona
l Pl
anni
ng
New VentureDevelopmentEntrepreneurship
Heritage and
Environment
Management
Environmental
Studies
History
of Tou
rism
History
CasinoManagement
Gaming
Sports Tourism
and Medicine
Kinesiology
Psyc
holo
gy
Landsca
peDesign
Hospitality
Studies
Source: adapted from Jafar Jafari, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Study of Tourism: Choices of Discipline and Approach.
Disciplinary inputs to the tourism field
38
IntangibilityIntangibility
InseparabilityInseparability
VariabilityVariability
PerishabilityPerishability
Can’t be seen, tasted, felt, heard, or smelled before purchase.
Can’t be separated from service providers.
Quality depends on who provides them and when, where and how.
Can’t be stored for later sale or use.
Characteristics of Service Product