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Haft Tepe ("seven hills" - in fact fourteen) is a large Elamite archeological site in Ḵūzestān province, in the southwestern alluvial plains of Persia, about 10 km southeast of Susa. The archaeological complex of Haft Tepe contains fourteen major visible mounds, the largest rising about 17 m above the surrounding plain which, with its related extensions, cover an area about 1500 m long and 800 m wide. This is a single level site with almost no evidence of occupation before the major constructional period and very minimal evidence afterwards. The massive sun-dried and baked brick buildings of Haft Tepe, perhaps of a religious or some other public function, were built during a single period, lasting for one or at the most two centuries during the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E., at which time Haft Tepe was a major Elamite city.

Haft Tepe („şapte coline" - în fapt, paisprezece) este un sit arheologic elamit în provincia Ḵūzestān, în sud-vestul câmpiilor aluvionare din Persia, la aproximativ 10 km sud-est de Susa. Complexul arheologic (format din paisprezece movile vizibile, cea mai mare cu o înălţime de 17 m) acoperă o suprafaţă de aproximativ 1500 m lungime şi 800 m lăţime. Nu s-au găsit dovezi că terenul ar fi fost locuit înainte de construirea acestui complex (religios sau cu altă destinaţie publică) în timpul unei singure perioade, cu o durată de una sau de la cele două sute de ani, la jumătatea celui de al doilea mileniu î.Hr, pe când Haft Tepe era un oraş elamit mare.

The site is around 1.5 km by 800 meters made up of 14 mounds with the highest being 17 meters high. Haft Tepe was first surveyed by the French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan in 1908. The site was excavated in the period from 1965 to 1979 by a team from the University of Tehran, led by the Iranian archaeologist Ezat Negahban. Since 2003 excavations have been carried out by a team of German-Iranian archaeologists, including the University of Mainz, University of Kiel and the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, headed by Behzad Mofidi in four seasons through 2008. In the 2006 season a number of cuneiform administrative tablets were recovered and are now being translated. Funding has now been made avail to continue the work there.

Situl arheologic Haft Tepe (Tappeh) a fost condus de arheologul francez Jacques de Morgan în 1908. Site-ul a fost excavat în perioada 1965 - 1979 de o echipa de la Universitatea din Teheran, condusă de arheologul iranian Ezat Negahban.

Din anul 2003, săpăturile au fost efectuate de o echipa mixtă de arheologi iranieni şi germani, împreună cu Universitatea din Mainz, Universitatea din Kiel şi Organizaţia iranienă a patrimoniului cultural, condusă de Behzad Mofidi. În sezonul 2006, un număr de tablete cuneiforme administrative au fost recuperate şi sunt acum traduse. Este vorba înainte de toate de documente de contabilitate, mărturii ale unei civilizaţii foarte elaborate.

Engraved bronze plaque, elamite gods

The museum at Haft Tepe, suffered heavily during the Gulf War (1980-1988). Many objects can now be seen in the lovely Museum of Susa

Muzeul de la Haft Tepe, a suferit foarte mult în timpul războiului din Golf (1980-1988) dar multe obiecte pot fi văzute acum în Muzeul arheologic de la Susa,

bronze plaque, elamite gods

The project of conservation of Chongha Zanbil. Model of Chogha Zanbil Ziqqurat . Date of construction 2000

There were burials on the site, sometimes in urns, sometimes in sarcophagi,

S-au găsit şi multe morminte, uneori conţinând urne, alteori sarcofage,

funeral masks from the Royal Tomb at Haft Tepe; today, they can be seen in the museum of nearby Susa.

Măşti funerare din mormintele regale de le Haft Tepe, aflate acum la Muzeul din Susa

Some centuries later another city was built at the nearby site of Choqa Zanbil.

După câteva secole s-a construit un nou oraş în apropiere, la Chogha Zanbil

Excavations at Haft Tepe revealed a large temple founded by Tepti-Ahar where the god Kirwashir was worshiped. Beneath the temple lay a subterranean funerary complex intended for the king and his family. Skeletal remains were found in the tomb, though it is not certain they belong to royalty. Another large structure found at the site was perhaps the foundations of a ziggurat, along with courtyards and suites of rooms. The temple complex was decorated with bronze plates and wall paintings. Administrative texts belonging to the reigns of Tepti-Ahar and Inshushinak-zunkir-nappipir were also found at the site. Recently some clay statuettes of fertility goddesses have been unearthed at the site.

Săpăturile de la Haft Tepe au relevat un templu mare fondat de Tepti-Ahar, dedicat zeului Kirwashir. Sub acest templu exista un complex funerar subteran destinat regelui şi familiei sale, în care au fost găsite şi schelete. O altă structură mare descoperită se crede că a fost, probabil, baza unui zigurat, împreună cu reşedinţa regală. Complexul Templului era decorat cu plăci de bronz şi picturi murale. Recent au fost descoperite unele statuete de lut ale zeiţelor fertilităţii.  

Studies in Haft Tapeh show the arch of the tomb of Tepti-Ahar, the Ilamite King, as the oldest arch in Iran.Archeologists so far believed that Ctesiphon (Kisra) arch, belonging to the Sasanid era, is the oldest arch in Iran, but more research on the old arches of the country has proved them wrong, determining the arch of Tepti-Ahar’s tomb as the oldest.

Studiile efectuate la Haft Tapeh arată că arcul de la mormântul lui Tepti-Ahar, regele Elamit, este cel mai vechi arc din Iran.Anterior arheologii credeau că arcul de la Ctesiphon (Kisra), aparţinând epocii sasanide, este cel mai vechi arc în Iran, dar studiile recente au demonstrat că Arcul de la mormântul lui Tepti-Ahar este de fapt cel mai vechi.

According to head of the archeology team of Haft Tapeh, Hamid Fadai, no such important arch has ever been discovered in other parts of Iran. The arch lacks specific techniques and has a simple primitive form in comparison to other arches in Chogha Zanbil area that enjoy more detailed works, however, they are built 150 years after the Tepti-Ahar’s.

Conform celor spuse de şeful echipei de arheologie de la Haft Tapeh, Hamid Fadai, nici un arc atât de important ca acesta nu a mai fost descoperit în altă parte a Iranului. Arcul nu are tehnici specifice, şi are o formă simplă primitivă, în comparaţie cu alte arce (ex.Chogha Zanbil, care însă a fost construit la 150 de ani după mormântul lui Tepti-Ahar). 

Text : Internet

Pictures: Sanda Foişoreanu

Nicoleta Leu

Internet

Copyright: All the images belong to their authors

Arangement: Sanda Foişoreanu

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Khuzestan province is an archeology paradise,

The museum at Haft Tepe, suffered heavily during the Gulf War (1980-1988).

Khuzestan is the Iranian province ranging between Shatt-El-Arab and western Zagros piedmonts. This area is historically Elam and it was a hinge between Mesopotamia and Persia. It was the stake of the Iran-Iraq War. The strategic and economic interest was great for Iraq, to obtain an outlet on the sea bigger than Al-Faw and to increase its oil riches. The cities of Ahvaz, Abadan and the harbour of Khoram Shahr were the theatre of violent battles during the War.

During the Muslim Caliphate Era, a large number of Arabs settled in this region. It was restored to Persian rule centuries later, but rulers of Iraq would frequently attempt to pry it away from the Persians, including the Ottoman Empire and the British. The region maintained a substantial Arab constituency after Iraq became independent in 1958. By the 1970s, Iraq actively encouraged Arabs in the oil-rich Khuzestan to revolt against Iran, joining fellow Arab-Sunni Muslims as part of Iraq.

Further Understanding of Iran-Iraq War Aftermath of the Iran-Iraq War:

Status Quo: At the end of the war, both sides agreed to pre-war boundaries. No war reparations were demanded by either side.

Economic Devastation: The all-important oil industries for both Iraq and Iran were badly crippled from extensive bombing, as oil facilities were targeted by both sides. Production capacity for Iran and Iraq has never fully recovered. Iran Galvanized: The new Islamic Republic of Iran was struggling to consolidate rule by the start of the war. The war had a galvanizing effect, fostering loyalty and devotion to the new nation-state built upon a somewhat radicalized ideology. Decline of Iraq: Before the war, Iraq had risen to unprecedented heights in terms of economic strength (largely based upon a strong oil industry), regional influence. security and stability. The war so thoroughly degraded Iraq economically, it was forced to take out enormous loans from Kuwait. The overwhelming indebtedness to Kuwait would serve as a factor to its 1990 invasion of the country, inviting contempt and hostility from the international community that would lead to suffocating sanctions and the eventual removal of Saddam Hussein from power in 2003.

Foreign Contributions to Iraq: Soviet Union: Officially neutral, but was Iraq's largest supplier of military equipment. Provided a smaller level of support to Iran. France: Iraq's second-largest supplier of military equipment. Saudi Arabia: Provided $20 billion in financial aid. United States: Publicly supported Iraq. Provided large amounts of financial aid and sophisticated military equipment including chemical weapons. Also engaged Iran directly on occasion in the Persian Gulf. Italy: Provided substantial economic aid and military equipment. United Kingdom: Publicly supported Iraq, sold equipment to both sides. Spain: Supplied chemical weapons to Iraq.

Foreign Contributions to Iran: North Korea: Sold military equipment in exchange for US currency, to enable it to procure material for its emerging nuclear program. Soviet Union: Provided a small level of support to Iran. United States: Secretly provided weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of hostages by Iran-proxy Hezbollah in Lebanon. (Iran-Contra Affair) Israel: Sold military equipment to Iran, fearing a strengthened Saddam-led Iraq.

Estimated Casualties: Iraq: 250,000 - 500,000 soldiers and civilians killed or wounded Iran: 500,000 - 800,000 soldiers and civilians killed or wounded