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Chapter FourChapter Four
Government
Chapter 4 Slide 1
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. What is ‘government’?
2. What were the systems of government in ancient India, China and Southeast Asia?
3. What were the strengths and/or weaknesses of each system?
Chapter 4 Slide 2
Chapter 4 Slide 3
The photograph above was taken in front ofthe Singapore Istana on 12 August 2004.
Why do you think this was a special day in Singapore’s history?
What Is ‘Government’?What Is ‘Government’? Has two meanings:
1. Group of people responsible for ruling a country
2. System of ruling
Many different systems of ruling
Monarchy is the system of government headed by a king or a queen (monarch).
What, in your opinion, are the qualities of good government?
Chapter 4 Slide 4
Government in India Government in India
Border Zones: The king’s power overlapped with those of other kings. People had a choice of which king they wanted to be loyal to.
Border Zones
Chapter 4 Slide 5
Outer Provinces: King’s power was weaker here. The governors had to share power with local kings, who still acknowledged that the king in the capital city was more powerful.
Outer Provinces
Inner Provinces: These areas were closest to the capital. In each province, a governor who reported directly to the king was in charge.Inner Provinces
Capital City: King’s palace was located here. He was surrounded by nobles and ministers, or mantri.
Capital city
Concentric circles model of government
In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great invaded the Indus region.The chaos and disorder that resulted allowed Chandragupta Maurya to overthrow the Magadha dynasty, the most powerful kingdom then.
The Mauryan Period (c. 322–185 BCE)
The Mauryan Period (c. 322–185 BCE)
Chapter 4 Slide 6
When Alexander left, Chandragupta Maurya was able to expand his power from Magadha into the Indus region and form the Mauryan empire and
dynasty (c. 322–185 BCE).
Chapter 4 Slide 7
Chandragupta Maurya’s System of GovernmentChandragupta Maurya’s System of Government
Highly organised with Pataliputra as the capital city, but empire was divided into provinces, each ruled by trusted officials
Each city ruled by committees that took charge of certain main areas, e.g. public works or trade
All committees, however, ultimately reported to Chandragupta Maurya
Chapter 4 Slide 8
You Be the Judge!!You Be the Judge!!
United most of the northern part of India
Set up centralised government, everyone had to report to him
Built roads for easy travel, e.g. the Great Royal Highway to connect Pataliputra to northwest of empire
Set up a War Office and kept a large army to expand and control his empire
Listened to people’s requests even while having his daily massage
Thieves and tax evaders had their ears or noses cut off
Maintained irrigation systems to ensure steady supply of water to fields
REPORT CARDNAME: Chandragupta Maurya
Grade
Chapter 4 Slide 9
Government in ChinaGovernment in China
Feudalism
Practised by Shang (1523–1027 BCE) and Zhou (1027–771 BCE) rulers
A system in which some people were given lands and limited ruling powers by a ruler in return for their loyalty
and support
Chapter 4 Slide 10
allowed shi to rule his lands
allowed farmers to farm and protected them
built roads, provided food and other services
gave tribute
farmer
shi
king
Chapter 4 Slide 11
You Be the Judge!!You Be the Judge!!
1. How effective was feudalism?
2. What were the conditions necessary for it to work well?
Chapter 4 Slide 12
Unitary System of Government
Unitary System of Government
Period of the Warring States saw fighting between the different shi and their army.
In 221 BCE, Qin Shihuang defeated the shi to unify China for the first
time
He abolished feudalism and set up a centralised government — unitary system of government
Chapter 4 Slide 13
Qin Shihuang’s System of Government
Qin Shihuang’s System of Government
Chapter 4 Slide 14
Each managed by an inspector, a military governor and a civilian governor. All reported directly to the emperor.
Provinces
Capital city Emperor
United most of the northern part of China
Set up centralised government, abolished feudalism
Introduced standardised script, currency, weight and measure
Enforced strict laws, criminals and their families were executed
Forced people to work on the Great Wall of China, thousands died
Banned books that did not support his rule, mostly Confucian texts
Captured and buried alive scholars who opposed his rule
NAME: Qin Shihuang Grade
You Be the Judge!!You Be the Judge!!
Chapter 4 Slide 15
Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Belief that heaven was kind and wanted people to be governed wisely and justly
Emperor - Son Of Heaven
Chapter 4 Slide 16
The temple of Heaven was built during the Ming dynasty for the Emperor to
offer sacrifice to Heaven.
Strong emperor peace and good harvest
Chapter 4 Slide 17
Natural disasters lead to poor harvests weak emperor
Natural disasters — signs from heaven that the people had right to revolt
Dynastic CycleDynastic CyclePower / stability / peace
Time / successive emperors
risedeclin
e
end of dynasty
new dynast
y
Peak
Pea
k
rise
new dynast
y
Strong ruler
Weak ruler
declin
e
end of dynasty
Weak ruler
Strong ruler
Chapter 4 Slide 18
The Chinese Civil Service
The Chinese Civil Service
‘Civil service’ refers to the government
departments and the people who work in them
Chapter 4 Slide 19
Before Han Wudi (140–87 BCE) became emperor, the civil service was made up of members of rich and powerful families
Chapter 4 Slide 20
Han Wudi introduced the Civil Service Examination system to attract the best talents (‘brains’)
124 BCE — Imperial University was set up to teach subjects for Civil Service Examinations, such as law and history
Han Wudi and his royal aides
Government in Southeast AsiaGovernment in Southeast Asia
There was never a single emperor who ruled the whole of Southeast Asia
Several kings ruled over
different sizes of kingdoms
Chapter 4 Slide 21
A map of Southeast Asia
Divine KingshipDivine Kingship
Kings in mainland Southeast Asia saw themselves as divine rulers and the middlemen between the gods and the ordinary people.
Chapter 4 Slide 22
In Khmer kingdom,the palaces represented the home
of the gods and they became temples after the king’s death.
A sculpture of the Khmer king, Jayavarman VII
Cultural AdaptationCultural Adaptation
Borrowing foreign practices that are useful and rejecting those that are not useful to suit one’s environment.
Chapter 4 Slide 23
For example, kings in island Southeast Asia, used Indian emblems of kingship
to represent their authority, e.g. the sacred royal umbrella. However, the kings did not see themselves as gods
after converting to Islam.
ParameswaraParameswara Founded Melaka in 1403
Encouraged trade and made Melaka a safe place for trader
Cultivated friendship with China
Converted to Islam, which attracted Muslim traders from Arabia and India
Chapter 4 Slide 24
The Melaka SultanateThe Melaka Sultanate
Chapter 4 Slide 25
Vassal states
These areas were independent but paid tribute to the sultan. They were ruled by the sultan’s relatives.
Provinces
These were ruled by governors appointed by the sultan. The provinces provided Melaka Sultanate with manpower, fish, rice and vegetables.
Capital
Ruled directly by the sultan, who was assisted by four ministers: chief minister, finance minister, chief of police and commander of the navy and army.
The model of the system of government in the Melaka Sultanate
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
Chapter 4 Slide 26
1. Government is …
2. Ancient India was ruled by … Ancient China was ruled by… Ancient Southeast Asia was ruled by…
3. The strengths and/or weaknesses of each system are…