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Analyzing the Cambodian Land Accessibility and Suitability for agricultural purposes
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Land Dynamics and Access to Land in Rural Cambodia
Suitability – Accessibility – SustainabilityVortrag auf der AK-SOA (DGfG) Jahrestagung 2006
Dr. Jan-Peter Mund(CIM/gtz Integrated Expert)
Royal University of AgriculturePhnom Penh, Cambodia
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 2
Suitability – Accessibility –Sustainability
Content:Status Quo Analysis
Trends and dynamics in the Cambodian land sectorLand as the crucial factor for agrarian transitionAccessibility of land in rural Cambodia
Solution approachSocial Land concessions for Agricultural DevelopmentSuitability analysis for sustainable productionDisparities in land suitability for agricultural purposes
Discussion: The inevitable Land Reform ?
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 3
Land issues in Cambodia
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 4
The Vision of Land
Land or secure access to land is next to water one of the most crucial factors for sustainable livelihood in developing countries.
Land is among the important resources in subsistence economic strategies, especially for rural population as well as urban poor.
Land and land tenure security in post conflict as well as post socialistic countries are considered of high priority for political an economic reforms in these countries
International development organizations like World Bank, ADB, gtz and other follow a vision of secure land tenure systems in favor for the poor.
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 5
Trends and dynamics in the Cambodian land sector
Status Quo AnalysisHigh population density and population growth in rice growing lowland areas
Continuous migration of young farmers into upland areas and agricultural concession areas
Intensive agrarian transition into cash crop production
High pressure on natural resources
Large scale land claims by the administration and by powerful elites
Distribution of land use rights to large scale agro-industrial investors
Uncertain land use planning measures on province and district level
Uncertain land possession rights for recently occupied plots
Continuous political intervention of the state into land regulations
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 6
High population growth and density in rice growing lowland areas
Around 50% of the Cambodian population is under 25 years oldAnnual rate of population growth declined from 2.49 to 1.81 %/a (1998-2004)75% - 85% of the population is employed in the primary sector (NIS, 2004)65% does simply rice farming (MAFF, 2004)90% of Cambodia’s poor citizen lives in rural areas (World Bank, 2005)84 % of all Cambodians still live in rural areas (Nat. Inst. of Statistics, 2004)
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 7
High percentage of rural population in Cambodia
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 8
Migration into upland areas and agricultural concession areas
Figures of Landlessness:15-17 % urban population3-12 % rural population25-30% rural populationunder 25y
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 9
Continuous migration into upland and agricultural concession areas
Categories of MigrationRural to urban
Urban to urban
Rural to rural
Chain migration
Forced migration due to evictions
Temporary labor migration
Contract migration into concessions
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 10
Migration into upland areas and agricultural concession areas
District of in-migrationDistrict of in – and out-migrationDistrict of out-migration
Source:Migration Study 2004K. Augustat
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 11
Intensive agrarian transition into cash crop production
Possession Rights in cultivated land
plots of lessthan 5 ha
Concession Rights in plantation land
plots biggerthan 5 ha and less than
10.000 ha
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 12
High pressure on natural resources
Cambodia had a rich forest cover of around 73% of total area in 1962 (Tichit, 1981)
Rates of forest cover decline
to 69% in 1976
to 56% in 2002
Flooded forests around the TonleSap Lake were reduced to 15 %
Most mangroves of the upper Mekong Delta have been cleared
High level logging has been a major agent of forest degradation
Increase of scrublands results from human and fire induced biological succession
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 13
Large scale land claims by the administration and by powerful elites
Concessions types applied in CambodiaForest concessionsFormer logging concessionsEconomic concessions for agricultural developmentEconomic concessionsfor Development and InfrastructureSocial land concessionsFishing concessionsMining concessionsLand controlled by the Military
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 14
Uncertain Legal Categories of Land in Cambodia in 2005
Uncertain land possession rights, especially for recently, cleared or occupied plots.
Secure Tenure rights according the Land Law of 2001:
Receipts
Certificates
Land occupationand land usealready sincefive years
Draft: Cooper,G. & Mund,J.-P.
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 15
Accessibility of land in rural Cambodia Interim conclusion
Forest and agricultural Land in Cambodia is either:Protected as Natural Reserves or National ParksOccupied by Farmers or large scale ConcessionairesClaimed by Administrative or other powerful political elitesOnly partly titled (300.000 out of 7-9 Mio. expected titles issued until now)Not available on a transparent land marketNot yet comprehensively mapped and marked as:
State public lands (Infrastructure, Rivers, Lakes, Parks, etc)State private land (Areas of unoccupied land that are not under private ownership and do not fit the definition of State Public Land)Collective Property (religious property, land of indigenous minorities)Private land (legally approved private property)
Access to Land is under permanently rising threat
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 16
Social Land concessions for Agricultural Development
Solution Approach (Draft):LASED – Land Allocation for Social and Economic DevelopmentCommune Based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation
Land use planning: support to communes to prepare land use plans that take into consideration the needs to identify areas for expansion / allocation to needy householdsLand identification: a participative and technically sound process to identify, map, and register state private land for distribution as Social Land ConcessionsLand recipient selection: a community managed process to identify and select eligible land recipient and provide them with adequate land for their livelihoodLand allocation: ensuring the access of eligible recipients to sufficient and suitable residential and farming land
Rural Development Services and InvestmentIntegrated rural development: a process to identify community needs in terms of social and economic support services complementary to land distribution and to provide required services and infrastructure to beneficiary communities in a sustainable way
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 17
LASED procedures
Collection of secondary data regarding land management from public institutions
Training and Planning
Workshop for DWG
Awareness raising and provision of
information in relevant
commune(s)
Preliminary Land Resource
Assessment (conducting first level of
land suitability assessment
State Land Mapping and Identification
Public Display of map with
proposed state private land
(Adjudication Area)
Collection of complaints
and submission
to DWG
Selection of state private land suitable
for SLC
Submission to PLUAC/PSLMC and approval on provincial
level
Detailed Land Resource
Assessment (LRA 2)
(second level suitability analysis)
Approval from
MLMUPC and registration
as state private land
Public Awareness
and pre-identification
State Land Identification
Selection of land for SLC
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 18
LASED - Soil and Land Suitability assessment model
Topographic Model in 0.5’ grid
Soil properties database
Climate database in 0.5’ grid
Climate change models
Crop meteorological requirements
Climate model
InfrastructureConcessions
Protected areasForest cover
HydrologySlope model
Elevation model Soils types
Crop physical Soil requirements
Description and land use
classification
Crop catalogue of adapted crops
Land with optimal crop suitability
Land with sub- optimal crop suitability
Unsuitable land
Biomass and crop yield calculation model
Precipitation and soil moisture limitations
Agro-climatic decisions: Rainfed or permanent crops
Agro-climatic limitations for rainfed agriculture
Soil and Terrain based degradation model
Land suitability for sustainable agro-ecological production
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 19
Soil surveying and mapping situation in rural Cambodia
Existing soil surveys and soil maps: Crocker Soil Map 1963, 1: 1MioVietnamese–French soil map of Cambodian lowlands (1985),1: 500.000Rice soil map (IRRI–CARDIAUSAID, 2000)1:800.000Mekong river commission soil map 1:1Mio.MAFF and int. researchershave done some small scale soil surveys at regional level1: 50.000 -1:100.000
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 20
LASED - Soil resource results on province level
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 21
LASED - Soil resource results on district and commune level
Soil analysis based FAO – ISRIC auger and profile sample field requirements as well as Soil laboratory analysis of physical and chemical properties. Data reclassification and Soil types categorization following the revised WRB –Legend and SOTER system.
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 22
LASED -Precipitation model of Cambodia
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 23
LASED 1st draft Soil fertility map
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 24
Conclusion - Land dynamics in Rural Cambodia
Cambodian LandApproximately 18.1 Million km²
Cambodian LandApproximately 18.1 Million km²
Protected AreasNational Park
2001
Private Land with Legal Basisand Religious Properties
State Land:Illegally claimed or occupied
Economic Concessions for Forest and Agricultural
Development
Economic Concessions for Development a. Infrastructure
Military concessions
Social Land Concessions(not yet implemented)
Indigenous Land Common Properties (not yet approved)
Fishing concessionsCostal zone areas
Forest land Forest reserve
Forest Concessions Private Land with Legal Basis
and Religious Properties
State Land:Illegally claimed or occupied
Economic Concessions for Forest and Agricultural
Development
Economic Concessions for Development a. Infrastructure
Military concessions
Social Land Concessions (not yet implemented)
Protected AreasNational Park
Indigenous Land Common Properties (not yet approved)
Fishing concessionsCostal zone areas
Forest land Forest reserve
Forest Concessions
2006
24-25 June 2006Integrated Expert: Jan-Peter Mund (PhD Geographer) AK-SOA - Jahrestagung 2006 25
DiscussionThe inevitable Land Reform ?
Access to land is not biased in CambodiaMore than 60 % of Cambodian land is declared as state landState land is managed by single line ministries and subsequent administrative bodies, onlyState land is still fairly mapped and inadequately managedLarge scale land concessions are not distributed, transparently20-30% of all land concessions could be for speculative reasonContracted framing on land concessions is abundantSporadic titling of mostly urban land is still dominantAround 10-15 % of poor urban and rural dweller are landlessLASED- Concessions could serve as a first promising attempt towards a more comprehensive land reform to avoid further land disputes and a high percentage of rural landless people.
Thank you for your attention