“What is History?”by Joseph Moro

Journey of Man

Cutting edge technology to the past (a time machine).

Blood embodies the past, a story of a journey forour species, to learn about distant ancestors.

Everyone today is related, through genetics we can retrace the journey, to our beginnings.

Years ago our ancestors came from a single continentAfrica. This was the birthplace for everyone.

The past is like a tree trunk, which branches out. The base is the original tribes, with the branches representing future generations.

DNA is the manual for life, a ladder of linked molecules.

Chromosomes - organized structure of DNAand protein found in cells

Mutations - organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells

Markers – a map, tell our history.

Y-chromosome, passed on from father to son.

Mitochondria is transferred from mother to daughter.

Migration – the physical movement by humans from one area to another.

Oldest known tribe is the bushmen from Africa.

Waves of migration through coastline of Asia, and settlingin Australia.

Catastrophe Global Climate Catastrophe

A.D. 535 to 536

Massive volcanic eruption

Famine

PlaguesPlagues

Floods

Droughts

Old World died, and A Modern World emerged.

The fall of the Roman Empire

Entrenchment of Buddhism in Japan

Rise of Islam

Flowering Anasazi Culture

Triumph of Anglo-Saxons over the Celts

New government structures in various SE Asian states

Rise of the first pan-Peruvian empire

The abandonment of Arianism

Dendrochronology – dating by tree rings

The development of the study of glacial ice cores, andvariations in carbon isotopes over time, among othermethods explain these events.

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Differences in Environments

Continental differences in the wild plant and animal species

Rates of diffusion and migration

Diffusion between continents

Continental differences in area or total population size

Number of wild candidate species for domestication varied among continents

Diffusion and migration within a continent contribute importantlyto the development of its societies.

Movements of crops and livestock depends strongly on climate, and the latitude.

Diffusion was varied , as some continents were more isolated than others.

A larger area or population means more potential inventors, more competing societies, more innovations available to adopt-and more pressure to adopt and retain innovations, because societiesfailing to do so will tend to be eliminated by competing societies.

The Columbian Exchange Widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (Old World and New World.

Greatly affected almost every society on Earth.

Most significant event concerning ecology, agriculture and culture in all of human history.

Contact between the two areas circulated a wide varietyof new crops and livestock which supported increasesin population in both hemispheres.

One of the first European exports was the horse.

Coffee from Africa, and sugar cane from Asia.

Before Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida,no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no tomatoes inItaly, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, nodonkeys In Mexico, no cattle in Texas, and no chocolate in Switzerland.

Infections brought to the New World from the Old were the worst afflictions, among them small pox, malaria, yellow fever, measles, cholera, typhoid, and bubonic plague.