Water filtration by using of glass plastic and aluminum filings as a filter media

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –

6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 80-98 © IAEME

80

WATER FILTRATION BY USING OF GLASS, PLASTIC

AND ALUMINUM FILINGS AS A FILTER MEDIA

Prof. Dr. Mohammad Abid Muslim Al-Tufaily

Babylon University – College of Engineering – Professor in Environmental Engineering

Dheyaa Mudher Abdul-Mahdi Zwayen

Babylon University – College of Engineering- B.Sc. in Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to find an economical and environmentally efficient way for

reuse industrial solid wastes like glass, plastic and aluminum (which caused problems in filling

spaces and large volumes being non-biodegradable automatically and resulted in the nuisance and

harm such as smells and insects as a result of accumulation over time and the lack of effective waste

management) as substitute for sand filter media to remove turbidity from aqueous solutions. So

necessitated set up pilot filtration unit included mainly on four columns transparent plastic, the

specifications of each column were 5.7 cm of inner diameter, 240 cm of height and 50 cm of filter

material above 10 cm of gravel.

The solid wastes for this study were collected from different sources and treated by washing,

crushing and sieving according to sand (as a reference in the evaluation of results) sizes of (0.6-1)

mm, (1-1.4) mm and (1.4-2) mm.

Examination the ability of solid waste filings in filtration process was done by change three

different parameters which were change the gradation and its depth (for medium) in first stage with

fixing the filtration rate (ʋF) at 5 m/hr and influent turbidity (Ci) at average 17 NTU, change ʋF from

5 to 6, 7.5, 8.5 and 10 m/hr in second stage but fixing the gradation with its depth besides the Ci at

average 17 NTU and finally change the Ci from 17 to 20, 24.5, 27 and 30 NTU with fixing the

gradation and its depth as well ʋF at 5 m/hr. The 52 runs were made in pilot filtration unit to

achievement these three phases. Each run time was stopped at effluent turbidity (C) / Ci ≥ 0.7.

Generally (except some cases), whenever the operating time was longer, the average of

effluent turbidity was less at same run. Thus more efficient media.

When the inlet turbidity was increased, the average of removed turbidity was increased but

run time decreased.

In the first stage, the glass, plastic and aluminum media had run time longer than it for sand

media by (10.7- 16.6) %, (21.4- 29.16) % and (22.7- 29.16) % respectively, so the aluminum was

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81

best medium comparison with sand in terms of run time when the gradation and its depth were

changed.

In the second stage, the glass, plastic and aluminum media had run time longer than it for

sand media by (9.1- 17.6) %, (19.2- 31.5) % and (19.2- 29.4) % respectively, so the plastic was the

best medium comparison with sand medium in terms of run time when the filtration velocity was

increased.

In the last stage, the glass, plastic and aluminum media had run time longer than it for sand

media by (10.7- 15.7) %, (19.2- 26.3) % and (15.3- 25) %, so the plastic was best medium

comparison with sand medium in terms of run time when the Ci was increased.

The backwashing for sand media needed amount of water less than the amount of water for

glass, plastic and aluminum filings. This difference coincides with that the reserved turbidity in sand

media was less than it in solid wastes filings, so it was needed less amount of water to cleaning sand

medium.

INTRODUCTION

One of the major goals of sustainable solid wastes management was to aggrandizement the

capacity of its reusing and recycling. Reusing is a reasonable option for materials not adequate for

compositing.

In water filtration there are many types of mechanisms which are rapid sand filter (RSF),

slow sand filter (SSF), roughing, multistage filtration, pressure filter and diatoms earth filter. The

most common factors influencing the selection of filter media were the effective size (ES) or (D10)

and uniformity coefficient (UC) as well as other factors like density, grain size, shape, and porosity

The flow rate in a conventional rapid filter is in the range of (5 – 15) m3/m

2hr through sand filter

media in height of (60-70) cm, D10 from 0.4 mm until 1.4 mm and UC ≤ 1.5.

Hudson, (1959) and (1981) showed that rounded particles produce purer water than angular

particles because of angular media had greater porosity. Trussell et al., (1980) pointed out that

angular media results in an improved performance from each side. As well as Kawamura, (1999)

announced that angular grains usually perform better than rounded.

Rutledge and Gagnon, (2002) examined the use of crushed glass rather than silica sand in

dual-media filtration. One filter was composed of pulverized recycled glass and anthracite layers

while the other filter contained silica sand and anthracite. Both filters contained a 60 cm deep layer

of anthracite over 40 cm of either glass or silica sand. Filtration rate was 5 m/h.

Nasser, (2010) studied the performance of crushed glass solid wastes as filter media through

pilot filtration unit. The filter column had 10 cm in diameter, depth of media was 70cm, height of

column was 180cm, and flow rate was (5- 15)m/hr. Different depths and different grain sizes of

crushed glass were used as mono and dual media with sand and porcelaniate in the filtration process.

Sundarakumar, (1996) examined four combinations of filter media in pilot filtration unit. The

column of filtration was 40 cm of inner diameter, 225 cm of height, and 100cm of media depth.

Conventional rapid sand filter(D10 = 1 mm with depth 100 cm), combined sand of (D10 = 1 mm with

depth 57 cm depth) and polypropylene media of (D10 =3.66 mm with 43 cm), ,combined coarse sand

of (D10 = 2.5 mm with 57 cm depth) and polypropylene media filter (D10 = 3.66mm with 43 cm

depth), and synthetic floating dual media comprises polypropylene of (D10 = 2.57 mm with 55 cm

depth) and polystyrene of (D10 = 1.1 mm with 45 cm depth)

Alwared and Zeki, (2014) studied the ability of using aluminum filings which is locally solid

waste as a mono media in gravi6ty rapid filter. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of

variation of influent water turbidity (10, 20 and 30 NTU), flow rate (30, 40, and 60 l/hr).



82

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

1- Filter Media

Sand and Gravel The sand and gravel for this study were brought from the local market, the gradations for

sand were (0.6- 1) mm, (1- 1.4) mm and (1.4- 2) mm. The gradation for gravel (the supporting and

drainage system layer for sand, glass, plastic and aluminum media in filtration columns) was

(2.5- 6.5) mm, (Ministry of Interior, 1992) and (Central Organization for Standardization and Quality

Control, 2000).

The sieving, chemical and physical analysis for sand size of (0.6-1) mm and its granular

distribution showed in table (1) and figure (1).

Table (1): the sieving, chemical and physical analysis for sand size of (0.6-1) mm

Weight of original sand sample (g) = 1250

Iraqi Specification

No. 1555 in year

2000 and its

modifications

Sieve size (mm) Accumulated

retained weight (g) Accumulated

retained %

Accumulated

passing % Passing percent from

sieve below 5%

Retained percent on

sieve up 5%

1.18 0 0.0 100

1 20 1.6 98.4

0.85 152.5 12.2 87.8

0.71 571.25 45.7 54.3

0.60 1131.25 90.5 9.5

0.5 1200 96 4

D10 = 0.6 (0.6-0.65)mm

UC = 1.21 1.5 maximum

Granule density = 2577 (2500-2670) kgm/m3

Silica = 92.9 Not less than 90%

Shape = semi spherical, rounded

D10 = 0.6 mm, UC = D60/D10 = 0.73/0.6 = 1.21

Figure (1): the granular distribution for sand size of (0.6-1) mm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0.1 1 10

Acc

um

ula

ted

pas

sin

g %

Sieve size (mm)

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976

6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp.

Glass

The sources of glass wastes were shops selling glass (as discarded) and broken glass bottles.

After that, glass wastes were crushed by electric grind

and sieved into three sizes (0.6-1) mm, (1

sieving, chemical and physical analysis for glass size of (0.6

showed in table (2) and figure (2).

Plate (1): glass crushing by electric

grinder machine

Table (2): the sieving and physical analysis for glass size of (0.6

Weight of original glass sample (g) = 500

Sieve size (mm/10) Accumulated

retained weight (g)

1.18 0

1 20

0.85 140

0.71 334

0.60 457

0.5 498 D

UC = 1.28

Granule density = 2426

Shape = Polygonal or angularity


e), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 80-98 © IAEME

83

glass wastes were shops selling glass (as discarded) and broken glass bottles.

After that, glass wastes were crushed by electric grinder machine as shown in plate (

1) mm, (1-1.4) mm and (1.4-2) mm as shown in plate (

sieving, chemical and physical analysis for glass size of (0.6-1) mm and its granular distribution

by electric Plate (2): sieving process for glass

grinder machine

the sieving and physical analysis for glass size of (0.6-1) mm

Weight of original glass sample (g) = 500

Iraqi Specification

fo


retained %

Accumulated

passing % Passing percent from

Retained percent on

0.0 100

4 96

28 72

66.8 33.2

91.4 8.6

99.6 0.4

D10 = 0.625

UC = 1.28

Granule density = 2426 (2500

Shape = Polygonal or angularity


© IAEME

glass wastes were shops selling glass (as discarded) and broken glass bottles.

er machine as shown in plate (1), then washed

2) mm as shown in plate (2).The

1) mm and its granular distribution

sieving process for glass

1) mm Iraqi Specification

No. 1555 in year

2000 and its

modifications

for sand size (0.6-1)

mm

Passing percent from

sieve below 5%

Retained percent on

sieve up 5%

(0.6-0.65) mm

1.5 maximum

(2500-2670) kgm/m3



84

D10 = 0.625 mm, UC = D60/ D10 = 0.8/0.625 = 1.28

Figure (2): the granular distribution for glass size of (0.6-1) mm

Plastic The plastic wastes were collected from plastic manufacturing plants which resulted as

discarded. These wastes were washed, crushed by the electric grinder machine and sieved into three

gradations (0.6-1) mm, (1-1.4) mm and (1.4- 2) mm.The sieving, chemical and physical analysis for

plastic size of (0.6-1) mm and its granular distribution showed in table (3) and figure (3).

Table (3): the sieving and physical analysis for plastic size of(0.6-1) mm

Weight of original plastic sample (g) = 296

Iraqi

Specification No.

1555 in year 2000

and its

modifications

for sand size

(0.6-1) mm

Sieve size

(mm/10)

Accumulated

retained weight

(g)

Accumulated

retained %

Accumulated

passing % Passing percent

from sieve below

5%

Retained percent

on sieve up 5%

1.18 0 0.0 100

1 3.552 1.2 98.8

0.85 79.92 27 73

0.71 207.2 70 30

0.60 269.36 91 9

0.5 285.344 96.4 3.6

D10 = 0.62 (0.6-0.65) mm


Granule density = 942 (2500-2670)

kgm/m3

Shape = angularity and fusiform

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.1 1 10

Acc

um

ula

ted

pas

sin

g %

Sieve size (mm)



85

D10 = 0.62 mm, UC = D60/ D10 = 0.8/0.62= 1.29

Figure (3): the granular distribution for plastic size of (0.6-1) mm

Aluminum The sources of aluminum wastes were the local manufacturing plants for windows and

aluminum counters in addition to turnery shops for wheel car frame which discarded as wastes. The

wastes form second source were crushed by electric grinder machine, then put in HCl acid 10% to

remove the color from waste’s surface which causes additional turbidity. After removing color, the

wastes washed by distilled water until the pH value for washing water became normal.

The wastes form first source were in the form of filings and did not cause a color therefore it

washed by distilled water, mixed with filings from second source and sieved into three gradations

(0.6-1) mm, (1-1.4) mm and (1.4-2) mm. The sieving, chemical and physical analysis for aluminum

size of (0.6-1) mm and its granular distribution showed in table (4) and figure (4).

Table (4): sieving and physical analysis for aluminum size of(0.6-1) mm

Weight of original aluminum sample (g) = 488

Iraqi Specification

No. 1555 in year

2000 and its

modifications

for sand size (0.6-

1) mm

Sieve size

(mm/10) Accumulated


retained %

Accumulated

passing % Passing percent

from sieve below

5%

Retained percent

on sieve up 5%

1.18 0 0.0 100

1 13.664 2.8 97.2

0.85 107.36 22 78

0.71 334.28 68.5 31.5

0.60 440.17 90.19 9.8

0.5 475.312 97.4 2.6

D10 = 0.6 (0.6-0.65) mm


Granule density = 950.8 (2500-2670)

kgm/m3

Shape = thin sheets rectangular, square, triangular and fusiform

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.1 1 10

Acc

um

ula

ted

pas

sin

g %

Sieve size (mm)



86

D10 = 0.6 mm, UC = D60/ D10 = 0.8/0.6=1.33

Figure (4): the granular distribution for aluminum size of (0.6-1) mm

2- Pilot Filtration Unit A pilot filtration unit was set to examine the glass, plastic and aluminum filings waste

materials as filter media comparison with sand filter media to remove turbidity from synthetic

polluted water. Figure (5) showed a schematic diagram of pilot filtration unit and plate (3) showed

pictures for the pilot filtration unit.

Figure (5): schematic diagram of pilot filtration unit

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.1 1 10

Acc

um

ula

ted

pas

sin

g %

Sieve size (mm)



87

Plate (3): the pilot filtration unit: (a) Front view (b) Side view

Filtration Columns Four columns of transparent plastic were designed and set to run in parallel with down flow

direction. Each column was 5.7 cm in diameter according to Kawamura (2000), indicated “the size of

the filter column should be (100) times the ES of the filter medium”. The length of the column was

240 cm.

Above the media in each column was a stainless steel mesh 0.3 mm in size to prevent media

like plastic and aluminum from float, under media was stainless steel mesh 0.3mm in size to support

the media and to prevent exit the small granules.

3- Preparation of Turbid Water For making synthetic polluted water by turbidity, the pure clay like bentonite was passed

through sieve size of 200µm and used. It was found when putting 0.1g of this bentonite in 1L of tap

water and mixed for (30-45) min the resulted turbidity was (29-32) NTU.

4- Experimental Runs

Samples of effluent were collected and tested at certain time interval (each 30 min) during the

run time. The filtration run continued until the C/Ci ≥ 0.7, where the C is the effluent concentration

and Ci is the influent concentration. The summary of experimental runs was given in table (5).



88

Table (5): the summary of experimental runs

No. of run Media / No. of column / size D10

(mm) UC

Layer

depth

(cm)

ʋF

(m/hr)

Ci

(NTU)

(average)

1

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 5 17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 5 17

Plastic / 3/

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 5 17

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 5 17

2

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Sand / 1 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.6

+

1

1.21

+

1.17

35

+

15

5

17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Glass / 2 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.625

+

1

1.28

+

1.2

35

+

15

5

17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Plastic / 3 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.62

+

1

1.29

+

1.2

35

+

15

5

17

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Aluminum / 4 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.6

+

1

1.33

+

1.24

35

+

15

5

17

3

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Sand / 1 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.6

+

1

1.21

+

1.17

25

+

25

5

17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Glass / 2 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.625

+

1

1.28

+

1.2

25

+

25

5

17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Plastic / 3 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.62

+

1

1.29

+

1.2

25

+

25

5

17

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Aluminum / 4 /

(1-1.4) mm

0.6

+

1

1.33

+

1.24

25

+

25

5

17



89

4

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Sand / 1 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.6

+

1.48

1.21

+

1.114

35

+

15

5

17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Glass / 2 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.625

+

1.46

1.28

+

1.14

35

+

15

5

17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Plastic / 3 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.62

+

1.45

1.29

+

1.17

35

+

15

5

17

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Aluminum / 4 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.6

+

1.5

1.33

+

1.18

35

+

15

5

17

5

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Sand / 1 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.6

+

1.48

1.21

+

1.114

25

+

25

5

17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Glass / 2 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.625

+

1.46

1.28

+

1.14

25

+

25

5

17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Plastic / 3 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.62

+

1.45

1.29

+

1.17

25

+

25

5

17

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm

+

Aluminum / 4 /

(1.4-2) mm

0.6

+

1.5

1.33

+

1.18

25

+

25

5 17

6

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 6 17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 6 17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 6 17

Aluminum / 4 / (0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 6 17

7

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 7.5 17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 7.5 17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 7.5 17

Aluminum / 4 / (0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 7.5 17

8 Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 8.5 17



90

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 8.5 17

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 8.5 17

Aluminum / 4 / (0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 8.5 17

9

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 10 17

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 10 17

Plastic / 3

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 10 17

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 10 17

10

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 5 20

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 5 20

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 5 20

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm

0.6 1.33 50 5 20

11

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 5 24.5

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 5 24.5

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 5 24.5

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 5 24.5

12

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 5 27

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 5 27

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 5 27

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 5 27

13

Sand / 1 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.21 50 5 30

Glass / 2 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.625 1.28 50 5 30

Plastic / 3 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.62 1.29 50 5 30

Aluminum / 4 /

(0.6-1) mm 0.6 1.33 50 5 30

5- Backwashing

The filter media from run No. 6 to run No. 13 were backwashed by distilled water at velocity

calculated form equation (A), (Qasim, et al., 2000). The duration for each backwashing was

(average) 15 min. The details of backwashing showed in table (6).

Ub = D60 ……….……. (A)

Where: Ub = back wash rate, m/min



Table (

media Ub = d60

(m/min) (mm)

Sand 0.73

Glass 0.8

Plastic 0.8

Aluminum 0.8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction Examine the ability of solid waste as filter media was done by change three parameters. At

first, the ʋF and Ci were fixed but the

five runs. After the fifth run, the longest run was chosen, the thickness of media gradation and C

were fixed but ʋF was changed until five runs, this was done in second stage. At third stage, the C

was changed to five runs but the thickness of gradation

medium was stopped at C/Ci ≥ 0.7.

The results of each stage were analyzed by ratio of effluent turbidity with running time as

well as recording some parameters like pH and temperature.

The Results

1. Run No. 1

The results for run No. 1

Figure (6): ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 1 within group No. 1 at

2. Run No. 2


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i

Column No.1 Column No.2




91

Table (6): details of backwashing

60 (0.6-1)

(m/min) (mm)

Volume of

water (m3 )

Discharge

(m3/min)

0.73 0.0279 1.86*10-3

0.8 0.0306 2.04*10-3

0.8 0.0306 2.04*10-3

8 0.0306 2.04*10-3

Examine the ability of solid waste as filter media was done by change three parameters. At

were fixed but the size and its height of media were changed every rune time until

ive runs. After the fifth run, the longest run was chosen, the thickness of media gradation and C

was changed until five runs, this was done in second stage. At third stage, the C

was changed to five runs but the thickness of gradation and ʋF were fixed. The run time for each


well as recording some parameters like pH and temperature.

run No. 1 were shown in figure (6).

ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 1 within group No. 1 at

and Ci (average) = 17 NTU

The results for run No. 2 were shown in figure (7).

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4


© IAEME

Expansion

bed (%)

30

30

50

50

Examine the ability of solid waste as filter media was done by change three parameters. At

size and its height of media were changed every rune time until

ive runs. After the fifth run, the longest run was chosen, the thickness of media gradation and Ci

was changed until five runs, this was done in second stage. At third stage, the Ci

were fixed. The run time for each


ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 1 within group No. 1 at ʋF = 5 m/hr

1000 1100 1200




3. Run No. 3

The results for run No. 3 were shown in figure (

Figure (8): ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 3 within group

4. Run No. 4



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

iColumn No.1 Column No.2


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 100 200 300

C/C

i

Column No.1

Column No.2

Column No.3

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i





92

of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 2 within group No. 2 at


n No. 3 were shown in figure (8).



The results for run No. 4 were shown in figure (9).



400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Running Time (min)

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4


© IAEME

of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 2 within group No. 2 at ʋF = 5 m/hr

No. 3 at ʋF = 5 m/hr


1000 1100 1200

1100 1200

1100 1200



5. Run No. 5



6. Run No. 6

The results for No. 6 were shown in figure (


7. Run No. 7


Figure (12): ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 7 within gro

m/hr and C

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i

Column No.1

Column No.2

0

0.2

0.4

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0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i

Column No.1

Column No.2



93




r No. 6 were shown in figure (11).

o of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 6 within group No. 1 at




m/hr and Ci (average) = 17 NTU

400 500 600 700 800 900Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)


© IAEME


o of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 6 within group No. 1 at ʋF = 6 m/hr

up No. 1 at ʋF = 7.5

1000 1100 1200

1100 1200

1100 1200



8. Run No. 8



m/hr and C

9. Run No. 9



10. Run No. 10



0

0.2

0.4

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0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 100 200 300

C/C

i

Column No.1

Column No.2



94

No. 8 were shown in figure (13).


m/hr and Ci (average) = 17 NTU

n No. 9 were shown in figure (14)



No. 10 were shown in figure (15)


and Ci (average) =20 NTU

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Running Time (min)


© IAEME

ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for run No. 8 within group No. 1 at ʋF = 8.5



1100 1200

1000 1100 1200

1000 1100 1200



11. Run No. 11


Figure (16): ratio of effluent turbidity with run time for r

12. Run No. 12



13. Run No. 13



0

0.2

0.4

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1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i



0

0.2

0.4

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0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i



0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

C/C

i

Column No.1

Column No.2



95

No. 11 were shown in figure (16).


and Ci (average) =24.5 NTU



and Ci (average) =27 NTU




400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Running Time (min)

Column No.2

Column No.4

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Running Time (min)


© IAEME

un No. 11 within group No. 1 at ʋF = 5 m/hr



1000 1100 1200

1000 1100 1200

1100 1200



96

Discussion It was discussed and compared the results of run times between the sand medium and solid

wastes filings. From the experimental data, it can be noticed that the crushed of glass, plastic and

aluminum solid wastes were best rather than sand media filter in terms of run time (i.e. the run time

for media is a function of turbidity removal efficiency)

Assessment the ability of solid wastes in filtration process were done due to the following

physical parameters:

1. Effect of Change the Gradation and its Depth for Media Five different groups of media were used in this study, look to the section (4-3). The best

result for all media (longest run time) was done in first run (group No.1) within Ci (average) = 17

NTU and ʋF = 5 m/hr where the media consisted from just size (0.6-1) mm. This result is in good

unison with (Degremont, 1991) who showed that more straining occur in the fine media. Where the

aluminum media had longest run time (1050 min) but close from run time for plastic media (1020

min) and both of it had longest run time than glass (930 min) and sand media (840 min).

When depth of the size (0.6-1) mm was reduced and offset the decrease of media by

size of (1-1.4) mm or (1.4-2) mm , the porosity of media increased (UC decreased), so the run time

was decreased within fixed the ʋF and Ci, look to the table (5-14) run No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. This

behavior indicates that turbidity removal happens at all height of filter medium. But the effect of size

(1.4-2) mm on run time was more significant from size (1-1.4) mm within fixed the depth both layers

due to UC for the first was smaller than the second, and D10 for the first was bigger than the second.

This result is in good agreement with (Kang and Shah, 1997) who showed that when the porosity of

media increased, the filtration efficiency decreased.

In the first stage, the run time for sand reduced by 3.5 %, 14.2 %, 7.14 % and 21.4 % in

run No. 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively with average of 11.56 %, the run time for glass reduced by 3.22%,

9.67 %, 6.45 % and 19.35% in run No. 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively with average of 9.67 %, the run

time for plastic reduced by 2.94 %, 8.82 %, 5.88 % and 17.64 % in run No. 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively

with average of 8.82 % and the run time for aluminum reduced by 2.85%, 11.42 %, 8.57 % and

22.85 % in run No. 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively with average of 11.42 %. So the sand media was more

influenced by change the depth and gradation.

In this stage, the glass media had run time longer than it for sand media by (10.7- 16.6)

%, the plastic media had run time longer than it for sand media by (21.4- 29.16) % and aluminum

media had run time longer than it for sand media by (22.7- 29.16) %, so the aluminum was best

medium comparison with sand in terms of run time when the depth and gradation were changed.

2. Effect of Increase the Filtration Velocity

Five different velocities were tested in this study within group No. 1 and Ci (average) = 17

NTU at run No. 1, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

As seen from these runs, the low filtration velocity (5m/h) had longest run time (i.e.lowest

average effluent turbidity) and this upshot is in a good matching with (Degremont, 1991) who

reported that employing low filtration velocities result in more attachment by adhesion on filter

media.

When the filtration velocity was increased, the average effluent water turbidity was also

increased but run time was decreased. When filtration velocity was increased, the shear off for

particles was also increased, i.e. the particles have an inclination to egress with the effluent water,

and this result is in good compatibility with (Tobiason et al., 2011) whom said that using of higher

filtration rates shortens the filter cycle.

In this stage, the glass media had run time longer than it for sand media by (9.1- 17.6) %, the

plastic media had run time longer than it for sand media by (19.2- 31.5) % and aluminum media had



97

run time longer than it for sand media by (19.2- 29.4) %. So the plastic was the best medium

comparison with sand medium in terms of run time when the filtration velocity was increased.

3. Effect of Increase the Influent Turbidity Five different influent turbidities were tested in this study within group No. 1 and ʋF = 5 m/hr

at run No. 1, 10, 11, 12 and 13. The longest run time was at Ci = 17 NTU.

It was observed that the filter run time was decreased with increase of Ci for all media. When

influent turbidity was increased, the deposition of particles through the filter medium was also

increased which leads to increase secession, where the detained particles can became partially

detached and be driven deeper into the medium and carried off in the filtrate. The results in this study

is in good consistency with (Moran et al., 1993) and (Crittenden et al., 2012) whom showed that

detachment is highly dependent on specific deposit, particle removal in granular filters is not an

irreversible process and detachment of particles may occur during the filtration cycle. Detachment

occurs when shearing forces (flow) are greater than the adhesive forces that holding the particle.

When influent turbidity was increased from 17 to 20 NTU, the average of effluent turbidity

was decreased at run No. 10 but increased in run No. 11, 12 and 13 with decrease of run time at these

runs, while the average of removed turbidity was increased by increase the influent turbidity.

In this stage, the glass media had run time longer than it for sand media by (10.7- 15.7) %,

the plastic media had run time longer than it for sand media by (19.2- 26.3) % and aluminum media

had run time longer than it for sand media by (15.3- 25) %. So the plastic was best medium

comparison with sand medium in terms of run time when the Ci was increased.

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