Third Party Auth in WOJoe Little and Daniel Beatty

• Storing passwords in your DB (Model)

• Authenticating against LDAP services

• LDAP via your Model and hybrid solutions

• Kerberos/SSO and hybrid redux

• WebAuth and gateway solutions

• Shibboleth and the future

Authentication Methods

Auth in DB

• The default approach

• With little database security, the hash must be secure

• SHA-1 (160) or SHA-2 (256) and friends

• Sample code...

SHA-2 in the Database

qual = UserAccount.USERNAME.eq(username).and(UserAccount.PASSWORD.eq(digestedString(password)));

....

public String digestedString(String aString) { String digestedString; try { MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256"); md.reset(); digestedString = new sun.misc.BASE64Encoder().encode (md.digest(aString.getBytes("UTF-8"))); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { throw new NSForwardException(e); } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e){ throw new NSForwardException(e); } return digestedString;}

LDAP

• JNDI can be used for EOs, but NOT for passwords!

• Generally restricted by sites LDAP configuration

• Standard method is to try a “simple bind” against LDAP

• LDAPS:// - Port 636 if possible (SSL), DIGEST otherwise

• StartTLS is not an option

• http://java.sun.com/products/jndi/tutorial/ldap/security/ssl.html

Java LDAP Authentication

if (LDAPAuth.LDAPAuthenticate(username, password))

...

public class LDAPAuth { public static final boolean LDAPAuthenticate (String userid, String password) { Hashtable env = new Hashtable(); env.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory"); env.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, "ldap://172.16.113.129:389/dc=example,dc=com");

env.put(Context.SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, "DIGEST-MD5"); // or “simple” env.put(Context.SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, "uid=" + userid + ", ou=People, dc=example, dc=com"); env.put(Context.SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, password);

// Create the initial context try { DirContext ctx = new InitialDirContext(env); } catch (NamingException e) { return false; // Failed to auth //e.printStackTrace(); } return true;

}}

LDAP via EOModel

• WebObjects lets you access LDAP via JNDI

• Insecure

• SSL supposedly should work

• Not good for authentication, but other info is there

• Great for the “hybrid” approach to authentication

The Hybrid Approach

• Define user attributes in your DB-based EOs

• Authenticate user that is also in LDAP tree

• 1st time auth: use JNDI EO

• Must have matching name between auth and LDAP

• Use JNDI EO in read-only fashion to get user attributes

• Store in your DB user EOs for future use

• Considerations for future JNDI updates

LDAP EOModel

LDAP Connection Dictionary

All LDAP Hybrid Approach

if (LDAPAuth.LDAPAuthenticate(username, password)) { qual = UserAccount.USERNAME.eq(username); NSLog.out.appendln("LDAP authenticated: " + username); } if (qual != null) try { user = UserAccount.fetchRequiredUserAccount(ERXEC.newEditingContext(), qual); } catch (NoSuchElementException e) { // Make a new user from LDAP qual = PosixAccount.UID.eq(username); EOEditingContext ec = ERXEC.newEditingContext(); PosixAccount ldapAccount = PosixAccount.fetchPosixAccount(ec, qual); user = UserAccount.createUserAccount(ec, ldapAccount.gecos(), username); ec.saveChanges(); }

...

public static UserAccount createUserAccount(EOEditingContext editingContext, String fullName, String username) { UserAccount eo = (UserAccount) EOUtilities.createAndInsertInstance(editingContext, _UserAccount.ENTITY_NAME); eo.setFullName(fullName); eo.setUsername(username); return eo; }

SSO: Kerberos

• Many Single-Sign On (SSO) solutions

• Kerberos / Active Directory are most common today

• AD and OpenDirectory marry LDAP w/ Kerberos: hybrid!

• Heavily tied into Java Crypto APIs, so Frustration-By-Design

• Remember to set classes.include.patternset in woproject to have “**/*.conf”

• Best seen by example... (Thanks Mike!)

Kerberos Methods

public class KerberosAuth {

static final String krbPath = "/Library/Preferences/edu.mit.Kerberos"; public static final boolean KerberosAuthenticate (String userid, char[] password) { System.setProperty("java.security.krb5.conf", krbPath); System.setProperty("java.security.auth.login.config", KerberosAuth.class.getResource("/kerberos.conf").toExternalForm()); try { LoginContext lc = new LoginContext("primaryLoginContext", new UserNamePasswordCallbackHandler(userid, password)); lc.login(); } catch (LoginException e) { // e.printStackTrace(); return false; // Consider all failures as equal } return true; }

Kerberos Method Part 2

public static class UserNamePasswordCallbackHandler implements CallbackHandler { private String _userName; private char[] _password; public UserNamePasswordCallbackHandler(String userName, char[] password) { _userName = userName; _password = password; } public void handle(Callback[] callbacks) throws IOException, UnsupportedCallbackException { for (Callback callback : callbacks) { if (callback instanceof NameCallback && _userName != null) { ((NameCallback) callback).setName(_userName); } else if (callback instanceof PasswordCallback && _password != null) { ((PasswordCallback) callback).setPassword(_password); } } } }

Kerberos.conf in Sources folder

primaryLoginContext {

com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required client=true useTicketCache=false;

};

Kerberos Authenticationif (KerberosAuth.KerberosAuthenticate(username, password.toCharArray()))

{ qual = UserAccount.USERNAME.eq(username); NSLog.out.appendln("Kerberos authenticated: " + username); }

...

UserAccount user = UserAccount.fetchRequiredUserAccount(ERXEC.newEditingContext(), qual);((Session)session()).setCurrentUser(user);if (((Session)session()).currentUser() != null){ nextPage = D2W.factory().defaultPage(session());}

Demo and Review

WebAuth

• External authentication handled in Apache

• More involved site setup

• Must trust the Gateway (Apache) for security

• Deceptively simple

• Interesting solutions:

• Multiple authentications

• Trust-to-Set applications

Gateway Approach Considerations

• Does make Developer Mode a bit more interesting

• Mixing up DirectAction logins w/ gateway header request check

• DirectConnect can be good here.. (Thanks Chuck!)

• Best practices:

• Put values you want into your session object

• make sure your session is SSL-enabled!

• useExternalAuth boolean in User-type entity?

WebAuth Methodpublic class WebauthAuth {

public static final String WebauthAuthenticate (WOContext context) { // If unauthenticated, this will be blank // assumes that web location is WebAuth protected to restrict this setting return context.request().headerForKey("webauth_user"); }}

Which brings us too...

“Gilead then cut Ephraim off from the fords of the Jordan, and whenever Ephraimite fugitives said, 'Let me cross,' the men of Gilead would ask, 'Are you an Ephraimite?' If he said, 'No,' they then said, 'Very well, say "Shibboleth" (שיבולת).' If anyone said, "Sibboleth" (סיבולת), because he could not pronounce it, then they would seize him and kill him by the fords of the Jordan. Forty-two thousand Ephraimites fell on this occasion.”

Shibboleth Topics

• Shibboleth Authentication Point of View

• Federated Frameworks

• How is IdP put together

• General Shibboleth Service Provision Scenario

• Classic Computer Security

The Shibboleth Point of View

• Stone Age: Application maintains unique credential and identity information for each user.

• Bronze Age: Credentials are centralized but applications maintain all user identity information

• Iron Age: Credentials and core identity information are centralized and application maintains only app-specific user data.

Fallacies of Distributed Computing

1.The Network is reliable2.Latency is Zero3.Bandwidth is infinite4.The network is secure5.Topology doesn’t change6.There is one administrator7.Transportation cost is zero8.The network is homogeneous

Peter Deutsch, James Gosling

Computer Security Subjects 101

(Boolean) canRead(Boolean) canUpdate(Boolean) canDelete

owner: Userpermissions: allowedOperationscreationTimemodificationTime

Resource

subject: Subject

Subject Allowed Operation

No Attributes

General Operations Allowed

canRead: BooleancanUpdate: BooleancanDelete: Booleanentity: Resource

AllowedOperations operations: Array<Allowed Operations>name: String

Subject

members(): Array<Subject>owner: Subject

Group

members(): Array<Subject>provider(): Provider

no attributesUser

givenName: StringsurName: StringcommonName: StringtelephoneNumber: Stringaddress: String organization: StringjobTitle: Stringpassword: String

Local User

Fallacies of Distributed Computing

1.The network is reliable2.Latency is zero3.Bandwidth is infinite4.The network is secure 5.Topology doesn’t change 6.There is one administrator7.Transportation cost is zero8.The network is homogeneous

Computer Security Subjects 101

operations: Array<Allowed Operations>name: String

Subject

members(): Array<Subject>owner: Subject

Group

members(): Array<Subject>provider(): Provider

no attributesUser

(Boolean) canRead(Boolean) canUpdate(Boolean) canDelete

owner: Userpermissions: allowedOperationscreationTimemodificationTime

Resource

subject: Subject

Subject Allowed Operation

No Attributes

General Operations Allowed

canRead: BooleancanUpdate: BooleancanDelete: Booleanentity: Resource

AllowedOperations

givenName: StringsurName: StringcommonName: StringtelephoneNumber: Stringaddress: String organization: StringjobTitle: Stringpassword: String

Local User▼! ❑!Classic Subjects Problems:! •! ❑!Group Information

Compromise! •! ❑!User info compromise

Computer Security Subjects with Shibboleth

operations: Array<Allowed Operations>name: Stringticket: Shibboleth Assertion

Subject

no attributeGroup

no attributesUser

(Boolean) canRead(Boolean) canUpdate(Boolean) canDelete

owner: Userpermissions: allowedOperationscreationTimemodificationTime

Resource

subject: Subject

Subject Allowed Operation

No Attributes

General Operations Allowed

canRead: BooleancanUpdate: BooleancanDelete: Booleanentity: Resource

AllowedOperations

Federated Identity Frameworks

• Shibboleth (http://shibboleth.internet2.edu/)

• OpenID (http://openid.net)

Concept of a Shibboleth Type Federation

User

Service Provider

DiscoveryService

Identity Provider

Shibboleth Identity Provider Architecture

ShibbolethIdP

CASSSO

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Commercial Providers

• Test Shibboleth Two (https://www.testshib.org)

• Protect Network (http://www.protectnetwork.org/)

• NJ Trust (http://njtrust.net/)

• SWITCH (http://www.switch.ch/uni/security/) (Switzerland)

• UK Federation (http://www.ukfederation.org.uk/content/Documents/Setup2IdP)

Service Provider

mod_shib mod_php mod_jk

PHPApplicationsshibd

cgi-binAdaptor

• ! Runs on: Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Windows

• ! Protects Web Applications• ! The Shibboleth Daemon processes attributes▼! Can authorize users with

•! Apache directives •! Shibboleth XML Access rules

• !Provides attributes to applications

General Play-by-Play Scenario

User

Service Provider

1. Access Service URL

2. SAML2 Discovery Request

DiscoveryService2.1 Discovery Request

3. Select Home Organization

Identity Provider

4. SAML2 Authn Request

5. Authenticate

6. Authenticate w/ Assertion

6a. AssertionConfirmation

7. Provide Content

Installation on Mac OS X

• IdP: Note do not have IdP compete with Teams/ Podcast Producer

• MacPorts SP Install: Note, install curl +ssl first. (https://spaces.internet2.edu/display/SHIB2/NativeSPMacPortInstallation)

• Do the registry steps with IdP/SP and federation.

• Demo:

Q&A

Shibboleth in Production

Stanford Shibboleth Example

• “Cached Credentials” approach for mobile devices: Browser local storage

• Using your User EO for credential storage and remote wiping

• RESTful interfaces and authentication approaches

• Issues with “gateway” authentication with unknown site authenticators: Split Authentication

Mobility Trends