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Gottfried Konecny Leibniz University Hannover Germany
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The Situation of Geographic Base Data in Different Parts of the World
Interexpo GeoSiberia Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 17 April , 2014
Presentation by Gottfried Konecny Leibniz University Hannover Germany
Content
1. Historical switch from paper maps (until 1970)to digital data files (from 1970 to 2000)to digital data bases (after 2000)
2. The predominantly graphic approach has introducedthe photogrammetric data acquisition to graphic data fileoperations, while the transition to data base orientationwas rather slow
3. This has led to CAD applications, not suitable for updating due to an abundance of feature codes, while an object orientedapproach in data bases with topological relations is required
4. But various national approaches show, that still not all idealopportunities have been followed in the design of data basesdue to mandate restrictions of the organizations involved inmapping or data base creation
1976Asia AirSurveysTopo Map1:2000
Examples are:
I. CAD Mapping of Kuwait (1980)
II: Urban Mapping in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1990-2010) both I. and II. are difficult to update, new approaches are:
III: ZABAGED of Czech Republic, a hybrid system
IV: The Ordnance Survey Master Mappredominance on topography at large scales (1:1000)excellent for interface with utilities, but no link to cadastre
V: The German AAA-Systempredominance on cadastre (and buildings as part) in 1:1000but weak on topography (scale 1:10 000)
VI: Fast approaches (Google Maps, Bingmaps, Yandex)(Google´s geometry weakness can be overcome by Google Ground Truth Program or by Yandex approach withgeocoding via high resolition satellite imagery)
Reduction of Feature Codes to aid UpdatingI. Kuwait
II. MOMRA, Saudi Arabia
II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia
II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia
II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia
II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia
From CAD to GeodatabaseII. MOMRA Saudi Arabia
1:1,000 Scale Orthophoto with Vector Overlay 1:1,000 Scale Orthophoto with Vector Overlay II. MOMRA Saudi Arabia
III. a hybrid approach:
In the Czech Republic the open access geoportal hasmade it possible to download from the web:
1. topographic vector data2. superimposed orthoimages with cadastral vector data3. CAD data with graphic annotations for cadastral survey
records
III. ZABAGED example of the Czech Republic Topography
III. Web Portal Orthoimagery and Cadastre
III. Cadastral Information superimposed on Orthophoto
III. Cadastral Information
Examples for object oriented systems are from:
IV. The Ordnance Survey of Great Brítain
V. The German State Survey and Cadastral Administrations led by the ADV
IV. Changing models of geographic information in the U.K.
Paper maps
1791-1971
Digital data files
1971-2001
Spatial database
2001-
IV. Geographical Information is going mobile
IV. Digital maps to a geospatial database
Land-Line OS MasterMap
• Digitised maps are insufficient for our customers’ needs today• Connecting information between databases is a key requirement• A referencing framework is needed• 2000-2001: re-engineered Land-Line so that all 230,000 digital maps
were integrated into one vast database of 423 million objects.
Polygonised
IV: Intelligent data
TOIDs
IV. Intelligent data
Rich object attribution
IV. Definitive map database
TITLE: 364TR/23TOID_COUNT: 3TOID: 1652783983768334 TOID: 1652783983768335TOID: 1652783983768336
TITLE: 364TR/23No: 2Street: Bystock CloseTown: Farnborough
TOID: 1652783983768334
TOID: 1652783983768335
TOID: 1652783983768336
Data Association
IV. Definitive map database
IV. Layers of OS MasterMap
Topography
Address
Integrated Transport Network
OS MasterMap Environment
Imagery
1 Million + features
26 Million + features
400 Million + features
Topography
Imagery
IV: OS MasterMap - The Future
Address Now
The Future
ITN
Boundaries
Height
Land Use
Pre Build
V. In the German AAA-System the main emphasis is on the cadastre:
1. It includes not only property boundaries, but also buildings
2. To the cadastre the topography is tied at a smaller scale
3. Urban topographic features at large scale are only includedas a municipal, but not national valiue added option
4. This is a deficit for integration with utility providers
5. But the AAA-System is a strong basis for governmentalagencies involved with cadastre and planning operations
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. on ‘Cadastral Standards’
In Germany
AAA-System
German Automated Integrated System of Control-Net (AFIS),
Cadastre (ALKIS) and Topography (ATKIS)
Working Committee of the Surveying Authorities of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany (AdV)
V. Documentation on the modeling of Geoinformation of official surveying and mapping in Germany
(GeoInfoDok)
V. Motivation
Topographic MapNumerical cadastre Land RegisterCadastral Map
Current Situation (Germany):
• Different data models and databases
• Partly redundant information
Integrated Model for Geoinformation
New Concept:• Integrated data model
• No redundancy
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. Reasons for Development of AAA
• Concept for ALK established during 70ties and 80ties • No harmonization of ALK and ATKIS as far as modeling of the
landscape is concerned• No constant object view• No appropriate description of data model (standards!)• No concept for description and integration of metadata• Missing concept for description of quality aspects
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. The German WayALK
Automated Real Estate Map
Quite a lot of redundant information
ALBAutomated Real Estate Register
Offical Topographic and Cartographic Information System ATKIS Geodetic Reference Points
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKISApplication Schema
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. Paradigm Shift
Since 1997: Concept of AdV for „Modelling of Geoinformation of the Official Surveying and Mapping“
Main topics:• Integrated maintenance of graphic data and descriptive data• Constant object view• Data maintenance without redundancies• User profile according to data protection legislation• Focus on customers• Economy of the concept
• Integration of Cadastre Map and Register (ALK and ALB) • Harmonisation of Cadastre and Topographic Mapping (ALKIS-ATKIS)
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
v. AFIS Official Reference Point Information System
– 2D geodetic control network– Height control network– Gravity control network – Reference positioning (SAPOS)
Spatial Reference System
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. ALKIS
Authoritative cadastral informationsystem• Real estate map• Real estate book• cadastral points
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS 38
V. ATKIS Authoritative Topographic-Cartographic
InformationSystem
– Digital landscape models (DLM)– digital topographic maps (DTK)– digital elevation models (DGM)– digital orthophotos (DOP)
3922.05.2008
V. Authoritative Topographic-Cartographic
Information System
Landscape
DTK
DLM
Orthoimage
DTM
4022.05.2008
V. The ATKIS-Concept
land-scape--------DGK5--------DOP
cartographicprocess
Symbol CatalogueRules for cartographic representation
of the information in the DTM
D DigitalT TopographicK Map
preparationfor output
Map
EDBS
Object CatalogueRules for depiction of topographic
information in the DLM
capturing &modelling
User of digital data
EDBS
D DigitalL LandscapeM Models
UniformDataBase
Interface
4122.05.2008
V. General Structure of the DLM-Object Catalogue (1)
attributes eg: road classification (WDM)
road3.101
path3.102
square3.103
road(complex)3.104
roadcentre line3.105
lane3.106
feature classes
groups of feature classesrailtraffic3.200
airtraffic3.300
shippingtraffic3.400
traffic buildings
3.500
roadtraffic3.100
domains of the feature classesfundamentalpoints1.000
settlement
2.000
transpor-tation3.000
vegetation
4.000
waters
5.000
relief
6.000
districts
7.000
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. Common AFIS/ALKIS/ATKIS- Data Model
non-georefe-renced object
combinedobject
georeferencedobject
identifier georeference
attributes
relationsLifetimeinterval
haslifetime
identified by
has lifetime
has lifetime
has attribute
isrelated to
identified by
is one of georeferencedby
is consisting of
specificobject
AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS
V. Harmonisation of Object CataloguesOnly one hierarchical structure for ALKIS, ATKIS and AFIS
Identical object view for:Land / current land useBuildings and structural facilities
TopographyTopographic names
Determinings in acc. with public lawAdministrative units
89 common objects in ALKIS and ATKIS21 special ATKIS-objects44 special ALKIS-objects
6 special AFIS-objects
4422.05.2008
L92
K31
5
5112
2111
2111
2111
2113
4107/1
4102
4108/1
4101
4101
4103
3101
/
1307
3102 3101/13063
101/1
305.
V. Modelling the landscape to digitize the Base-DLM
r.a.
path
Com
munity
road
crop land
decidious wood
residentialarea
garden-plot
meadow
lake crop land
industrial area
shrubbery
r.a.
state
road
district ro
ad
4522.05.2008
4102
Meadow4102
2114
2114
Area of public use2114
2113
2111
V. Modelling of Area FeaturesV. Modelling of Area Features
2111
Residential area2111
2113
Area of residentialand industrial use
2113
2222
Sports ground2222
4107
Forest4107
example for a value added map
ALK mit Stadttopographie, Delmenhorst
A value added map for street furniture
Stromleitungsdokumentation Stadt Han.-Münden
a value added map for utilities
VI. In countries with poor mapping infrastructure:
1. Maps at large scale (1:1000) are not available; a topo map hasthe scale of 1:50 000.
2. A Google Earth image has better information than a small scale map.
3. Yandex has shown the possibility for rapid and precise urbanmapping using:
a) high resolution satellite images (0.5m GSD)b) RPC data of the satellite image providers for rough geocoding
to better than 10mc) GNSS surveys on the ground for a limited number of control points visible in the satellite imageryd) extraction of identified objects (buildings, roads, rivers) via
with augmented accuracy GNSS surveys (better than 3m accuracy)
Google Earth Image
Conclusion:
1. Due to different administrative structures in the different countriesdifferent data models are used
2. None of the existing systems are ideal systems, which could beprovided by modern technology
3. But the optimization in effort and cost leads to different localimplementations
4. It is important to design geodata systems not only from theviewpoint of an organization in charge, but for the user communityat large
5. The data base design issue is often neglected and not properly discussed