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Presentation for the Internet and Society Conference, School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University, Beijing, 20 May 2011.
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The New Internet World:Global Perspectives on
Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust and Security
William H. Dutton
Oxford Internet Institute (OII) University of Oxford
www.ox.ac.uk
Presentation for the Internet and Society Conference, School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University, Beijing, 20 May 2011.
North America and Western Europe
Academic Innovation in Networking
Marginal to Everyday Life and Work
Utopian and Dystopian Visions
Direct Democracy
Surveillance Society
Politically Irrelevant to Real Politics
The Old Internet World
The New World
• Significance to Everyday Life and Work (Oxford Internet Surveys and WIP)
• Global Diffusion
• Role in Reconfiguring Access
• Illustrations of its Political Significance
• The Rise of a Fifth Estate
Percentage of Internet Users Across Regions of the World
Role in Reconfiguring Access
Networked Institutions v Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate
Arenas: Networked Institutions
Networked Individuals
News Online journalism, BBC Online, Live Micro-Blogging
Citizen Journalists, Bloggers, Netizens Posting Videos
Democracy E-Democracy, E-Consultation, e-Voting
Obama campaign, Networking the Pro-Democracy Protests
Education Online Learning, Multimedia Classrooms
Backchannels, informal learning
Health and Medical NHS Direct, e-mailing safety alerts
Going to the Internet for health information, Sermo
Press since the 18th Century - the ‘Fourth Estate’
Internet in the 21st - enabling a Fifth Estate
−−
Enabling people to network with other individuals and with information, services and technical resources in ways that support social accountability in business and industry, government, politics, and the media.
The Fourth and Fifth Estates
Networked Institutions: greater ubiquity, universal access
Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate: require only a critical mass of users
Networked Institutions v Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate
The Fifth Estate: A Sensitizing Concept
National Efforts to Control and Regulate
Internet Governance Forum
Technologies of Disconnection: Filtering
Rise of National Values and Attitudes?
Responses to the New World
Meta-Analysis of Internet Filtering:
• Countries with high ratings (heaviest filtering) include: China, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
• Countries with medium levels of filtering include: Australia, Bahrain, Egypt, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Russia, Turkey.
• Countries filtering, but at comparatively low levels: Azerbaijan, Brazil, Estonia, Italy, Morocco, Singapore, United Kingdom.
Source: W. H. Dutton, A. Dopatka, M. Hills, G. Law, and V. Nash (2011), Freedom of Connection – Freedom of Expression: The Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Internet. Paris: UNESCO.
Raising New Research Questions:
• How are government policies and practices experienced by the public?
• Are public attitudes and values reflecting national political-administrative and cultural traditions?
• Are national cultures and political-administrative traditions reshaping the core values underpinning the Internet and Web?
• Collaboration of OII, INSEAD, and comScore for the World Economic Forum (WEF)
• Online Global Survey • Completed by 5,400 Adult Internet Users • Conducted from Oct-Nov 2010• 13 countries: Australia/New Zealand, Brazil,
Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom
The Global Internet Values Project*
*Dutta, S., Dutton, W. H. and Law, G. (2011), The New Internet World: A Global Perspective on Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust and Security Online. New York: The World Economic Forum, April. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1810005
1. New online nations are becoming the dominant nations in the Internet world;
2. Users are developing a global Internet culture: sharing similar concerns, values and attitudes toward expression, privacy, trust, and security;
3. Newly adopting countries are as liberal, if not more so, in their attitudes, such as support for freedom of expression;
4. Users in the newly adopting nations are more innovative in their patterns of use, e.g., social networking.
Four General Themes and Findings
Regions as Percentage of the Worldwide Population of Users
Sou
th A
frica
India
Mex
ico USBra
zil
Spa
in
Aus
tralia
/New
Zea
land
Italy
Chin
aUK
Can
ada
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
68% 67%
61%
58% 58% 58%55%
52% 51%49%
48%
43%
37%
Figure 10. Percentage of Respondents who are Concerned about "Being Misled by Inaccurate In-formation on the Internet" or by "People on the Internet lying about who they really are".
Percentage of respondents who are concerned or ex -tremely concerned about the following issues related to on-line trust:
-Being misled by inaccurate information on the Internet.-People on the Internet lying about who they really are.
Shared Global Concerns over Trust and Authenticity
South
Afri
ca US
Can
ada
Austra
lia/N
ew Z
ealan
d
Bra
zil
India
Mex
ico
Chin
a U
K
Fra
nce
Italy
Ger
man
y
Spa
in
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
65%63%
60%59%
56%55% 55%
54%52% 52%
49% 49%47%
Figure 8. Percentage of Respondents who support Online Privacy.
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions related to online privacy:
-"People who go on the Internet put their privacy at risk."-"Personal information about myself, that was gathered over the Internet, is stored somewhere for purposes I do not know. "-"Organizations and agencies ask me to give too much personal information over the Internet."-"I do not like to provide personal information on the Internet."
_x0007_ Mexico
_x0007_ Brazil
_x000d_ South Africa
_x0006_ Italy
_x0003_ UK
_x0008_ Germany
_x0016_ Australia/New Zealand
_x0002_US
_x0006_ India
_x0006_ Spain
_x0007_ Canada
_x0007_ France
_x0005_China
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4%
4%
3%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
4%
6%
3%
8%
12%
14%
15%
19%
20%
27%
22%
23%
17%
26%
22%
23%
20%
37%
31%
41%
36%
37%
26%
41%
38%
46%
32%
40%
37%
43%
45%
44%
40%
38%
37%
36%
33%
32%
31%
31%
30%
30%
21%
Figure 1. "Access to the Internet should be a fundamental right for all people."
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither agree or disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
IND MEX ZAF UK USA AUS/NZ
USA BRA CHN ITA CAN ESP FRA GER0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
67% 67%
63%
58%56% 56% 56% 55% 55% 54%
52%
47% 46%44%
Figure 6. Percentage of Respondents who Support Freedom of Expression Online
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions related to freedom of ex -pression:
-"It is ok for people to express their ideas on the Inter-net, even if they are extreme."- "People should be able to express their opinion an-onymously on the Internet."- "I feel that I can express myself freely online.-"People should be free to criticize their government on the Internet."
IND ZAF MEX CHN BRA ITA ESP FRA US CAN GER UK AUS/NZ
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
7%11%
27%
32%
38%
52%
63%
69%
77% 78% 79%83% 83%
67%63%
67%
55% 55% 54%
47% 46%
56%52%
44%
58%56%
Figure 7. Support for Freedom of Expression According to In-ternet Diffusion
% of population online (2010)
Percentage of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the following questions re-lated to online freedom of expression:
Countries in order of Internet Diffusion
-"It is ok for people to express their ideas on the Internet, even if they are extreme."- "People should be able to express their opinion an-onymously on the Internet."- "I feel that I can express myself freely online.-"People should be free to criticize their government on the Internet."
China
Bra
zil
India
Italy
Mex
ico
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Sou
th A
frica
Ger
man
yUS
Can
ada
UK
Aus
tralia
/New
Zea
land
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
45%
35%
32%
28%27%
25%
16%15% 15%
12% 12%
8% 7%
Figure 14. Percentage of Respondents who Produce Online Content Daily or Weekly
Percentage of respondents who produce the following content online content daily or weekly:
-"Update or create a profile on a social networking site."-"Post pictures or photos on the Internet."-"Post messages on discussion forums or message boards.""-Use a distribution list for e-mail."-"Write a (web) blog."-"Maintain a personal website."-"Post a podcast online."-"Post a video blog online."
Bra
zil
Mex
ico In
dia
China
Italy
Sou
th A
frica
Ger
man
y
Aus
tralia
/New
Zea
land
UK
Can
ada
US
Spa
in
Fra
nce
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%94%
93% 93%
90%
88%
87%87%
86%85%
84%84%
82%82%
Figure 22. Percentage of Respondents who use the Internet Daily or Weekly for Communication Purposes
Percentage of respondents who use the Internet daily or weekly for the following communication and information purposes:
-"Check e-mail"-"Surf or browse on the Web"-"Check the news"
Pattern of Findings Supporting Conception of a ‘New Internet World’: Many Limitations
The New Internet World:Global Perspectives on
Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust and Security
William H. Dutton
Oxford Internet Institute (OII) University of Oxford
www.ox.ac.uk
Presentation for the Internet and Society Conference, School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University, Beijing, 20 May 2011.