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WORK OF MULTIPLE ORGANIZATIONS TO IMPROVE SEED POTATO HEALTH IN U.S.A.
And an example of change to reduce Potato virus Y in seed lots.
Jonathan Whitworth, USDA‐Agricultural Research ServicePhil Nolte, University of Idaho
9th Triennial African Potato Association Conference, Naivasha, KenyaJune 30 – July 3, 2013
Background
• Managed seed potato certification programs in Colorado and Idaho (10 yrs)
• USDA‐ARS Research Plant Pathologist (10 yrs)– Research focus, Potato virus Y– Located in Southeast Idaho, USA
Jonathan Whitworth
• Idaho grows 30% of USA potatoes (2012 crop)– Idaho total = 56242 ha (138,976 a)– USA total = 184,874 ha (457,610 a)
Seed AreasCommercial Areas
USA Fall Potato Production Areas
50 %28%
5%
NPC, Statistical Yearbook 2009
5% all other areas
Foundation of Certification
• Grower enters eligible seed into program
• Field Inspections• Storage/Harvest Inspection • Post‐harvest inspection• Shipping point inspection
Tissue culture Greenhouse minitubers
Field production of seed
Inspections
Vine desiccation by sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or herbicide (Reglone®, diquat)
Harvest
California Post‐Harvest Test
Shipping Point Inspection
Plant HealthCertificate
NORTH AMERICAN CERTIFIED SEED POTATO HEALTH CERTIFICATE - CROP YEAR 2002
Grower ImporterName Idaho Sunny Seed Inc.City, State/Prov. Seed Town, Idaho
Variety Russet Norkotah Quantity ShippedSize
Lot CertificationCertif ication # 52323551 Lot origination from tissue culture No Yes XSeed Class/Gen G3 Year micropropagated for planting 1998Certifying State Idaho by
Production environment pedigree: Fill 1 column per production year; use different intitials in Greenhouse or Field boxes for different farms(e.g. JSF for John Smith Farms); indicate a tuber-united lot with a '+' after the farm initials; describe o ther footnotes in 'Notes' below.
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year of productionGreenhouse (insect excluding) & sterile soilField (note special measures[e.g. row covers] belo
59448990 50441890 51442390 52323551 Certif ication Number Number of years produced inID ID ID ID Certifying State field soil: 4
Summer Field Readings Field Inspection Post Harvest Readings1st 2nd 3rd Final Visual Location California0 0 0 % Leafroll 0
0.04 0 0 % Mosaic Sample No 4000 0 0 % Varietal 0 Plant Count 380
MixtureELISA test results for latent viruses
Less than 0 % Wilts % PVY 1Less than 0 % Witches Broom % PVX
Other diseases Not known to No. of years since last found on this This year
occur in grower's farm, or NONE ON RECORD apparently free Status
grower's area if free > 5 years by inspection Unknown
Bacterial Ring Rot Late blight
N o tes
T he abo ve info rmat io n is accurate to the best o f o ur kno wledge.
Jonathan Whitworth / Area Manager Program Official / Title
AgencyApproved f or use by t he Cert if icat ion Sect ion of t he Pot at o Associat ion of Amer ica - December 2001
Superior Greenhouses, Inc.
NORX
(208) 529-4358Idaho Crop Improvement Association Fax
11/12/02Date
(208) 522-9198Telephone
Lot info
Inspection results
Non‐quarantine pests
Pedigree
Regulatory
• USDA‐APHIS, Federal “umbrella organization”– Authority to regulate trade
• Between states in the USA• Between countries
– Memorandum of understanding with states• State seed certification authority
– Each state has own seed regulations but they must meet a minimum standard
– Seed certification principles result in similar seed regulations– Must produce quality manual listing procedures, audited by APHIS
• USDA‐APHIS – Animal Plant Health Inspection Service
• USDA‐APHIS‐PPQ– Plant Protection and Quarantine
Federal Plant Protection Organization
Seed certification programs
• Exist in 13 states in USA• Operate under authority of
– State Government• State Dept. of Agriculture
– Organizations that may operate as “agents of the state”» University (land‐grant or agricultural college)» Grower associations
State seed potato regulations
• Developed by Certification Agency• Approved by state authority (state government)
• Proposed changes to regulations in Idaho1. Proposed by growers or scientists2. Approved by grower advisory board3. Approved by scientists (for validity)4. Approved by state government
Political – Grower organization
• National Potato Council– Lobby: influence legislation
• U.S. Potato Board– Trade: promotion to USA and other countries
PVYNTN/N-Wi can cause tobacco necrosis
PVYO strain causes vein burning and leaf drop
PVYNTN&PVYN-Wi
strains can cause internal and external necrosis
Known as: Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot Disease (PTNRD)
Yellow spotting Stem necrosis Veinal necrosis Internal necrosis
Leaf drop Ring spots External necrosis
PVY progression in North America
Prior 1990’s no N strains
1990’s PVYN reported N. America
2000 PVYN reported Pacific Northwest
2000‐2001 PVYN/NTN in US & Canada seed
sources
2004‐2006 USA/Canada surveyO (66%)N (34%)
2009 USA monitoring surveyO (44%)N (56%)
2011 USA monitoring surveyO (22%)N (78%)
2012 USA monitoring surveyO (30%)N (70%)
FUTURE ??Predict problems with
PTNRD
Problem
• PVY N strains were a quarantine pathogen• Canada destroyed many acres in early 1990’s in order to eradicate
• No surveys were considered because of regulatory action
• Difficult to research due to quarantine
Bi‐lateral trade talks
USA: USDA‐APHIS• Involved
– Seed Certification officials– National Potato Council
• Grower organization
– USA Potato Board• Grower organization
– Scientists
Canada: CFIA (Canada Food Inspection Agency)• Involved
– Held talks with “stake holders”
• Grower groups• Trade groups
– Scientists
Developed Potato Virus Management Plan
Official title: Canada/US-Management Plan for Potato Viruses that Cause Tuber Necrosis
Virus Management Plan
• Included an annex that listed research needs– Survey: 3 years all late generation seed lots– PVY: determine symptoms in N. American cultivars– Provide training needs
• Inspection manuals with photos of symptoms
– Periodically review research findings and revise management plan accordingly
For virus management
• Continued interaction between scientists, growers, and seed certification officials– Potato Virus Control meeting held every spring
• Mostly USA researchers and seed certification officials
– Seed Potato Certification Section meeting held every winter
• Canada and USA officials and researchers
• Previous to 2007, 95% of winter test plots visually inspected
• Outbreak of PVY: one “problem” seed source sold to many ware potato growers– Karasev et al. 2008. Identification of Potato virus Y strains associated with tuber damage during a recent virus outbreak in potato in Idaho. Plant Disease. 92:1371.
• CHANGE – ALL SEED LOTS ELISA TESTED STARTING 2008
Change in Idaho to address PVY
ELISA Lab Testing
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012% lots with PVY 27 61 60 61 51 40 50 38% lots >2% PVY 15 30 27 20 16 8 19 14
0102030405060708090100
% PVY in post‐harvest test
100% ELISA tested