Renewable energy in Japan

(c) 2013 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (6th edition) August 27, 20131

6th Edition, August 27, 2013

by Gerhard Fasol, PhD, Eurotechnology Japan KKhttp://www.eurotechnology.com/

[email protected]

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RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN

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RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN

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REPORTS ON JAPAN’S ENERGY SECTOR

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•Japan’s energy landscape•approx. 277 pages, 94 Figures, 55 tables, frequent updates•information:

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•approx. 188 pages, 94 Figures, 32 tables, frequent updates•information:

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•http://store.eSellerate.net/s.asp?s=STR0576176470&Cmd=BUY&SKURefnum=SKU30316666940 •Solid state lighting, GaN LEDs and lasers

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN

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Before the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Japan had settled on a traditional top-down national energy architecture including about 30% electricity from nuclear power, to be increased to 50%, where electricity is produced by large centralized power stations and then distributed down to customers. Renewable energy - except for water power - was kept below 1%. The March 11, 2011 disaster caused a total review of this architecture, and opened opportunities for a new approach in Japan to renewable energies, and a liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets.

Japan has substantial installed hydropower capacity, however only about 50% of possible capacity has been developed. Geo-Thermal, wind power, and bio-mass are all at the early stage of development in Japan. Especially geo-thermal and wind power have very excellent development potential in Japan, however lead times are long, both because of the necessary technology development and planning, and also because of the current legal and regulatory restrictions, and because of the necessity to reach cooperation of stake holders such as onsen resort operators and fishermen in the case of wind. Solar energy is quickest to deploy, and has been emphasized because of the perceived advantage of Japan’s electronics industry, however capacity long-term is limited compared to wind and other renewable energies.

The report gives detailed statistics of installed generation capacity, and produced power, and development scenarios, as well as information on important market participants.




AGENDA - LIST OF CONTENTS

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•Executive summary: Renewable energy in Japan•Japan’s renewable energy situation, summary•Japan’s national energy strategy plan: The “innovative energy and environmental strategy” of Sept 14, 2012•Japan’s primary energy supply and self-sufficiency, •Electricity generation: installed generation capacity, electricity generated, renewable energy contributions•Japan’s present electrical architecture•The 10 regional electrical operators and J-Power, renewable energy contributions•The grid, The 50Hz/60Hz issue•JEPX - Japan Electrical Power Exchange Tokyo•Impact of the Fukushima disaster•Renewable energy

•Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) for renewable energy•Water power•Geo-thermal •Solar energy•Wind power, on-shore, off-shore, installed capacity, off-shore wind map•Bio-mass power•Ocean power•Renewable energy investment funds

•Glossary•Summary




JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY SITUATION

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JAPAN’S NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY PLAN:

“INNOVATIVE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY”

OF SEPTEMBER 14, 2012(CABINET OFFICE)

9




1.Realizing a nuclear free society “one day earlier than possible1.1.three principles1.2.five policies

2.Implementing the green energy revolution2.1.Reduce electricity and energy consumption2.2.Large scale introduction of renewable energy

3.Guaranteeing a stable energy supply4.Electrical power system reform5.Realization of global warming counter measures6.Adjusted by Cabinet Decision (“Kakugikettei of Sept 19, 2012)

JAPAN’S NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY PLAN - OUTLINE




Because of cost and instability, and lack of necessary infrastructure, renewable energy has not been introduced on a large scale yet in Japan.

Depending on each citizens situation, every citizen will need to move from a passive consumer of electricity to a distributed producer of energy, and to a smart saver of power.

As solar plants, storage batteries and fuel cells spread as a matter of course, homes and regions will move from regular payments for electricity bills to receiving money for electricity sold.

In a similar way as the IT revolution in the second half of the 1990s, the green energy revolution will be driven by the whole population

two components:1.reduce electricity/energy consumption2.renewable energy

2. IMPLEMENTING THE GREEN ENERGY REVOLUTION




•reduce annual electricity consumption from 1100 TeraWatt h in 2010, by 110 TeraWatt h or more in 2030.

•in addition, with smart-meters, home energy management systems (HEMS), business energy management systems (BEMS), demand/response and via other methods strongly reduce peak electricity (kWatt) demand

•reduce energy consumption from 390 kiloLiter Oil in 2010 by 72 million kiloLiter Oil in 2030.

these cases assume 1.1% economic growth during 2010-2020, and 0.8% growth in 2020-2030.in the case of stronger growth (1.8% during 2010-2020, and 1.2% growth during 2020-2030, the reduction of electricity consumption will be smaller (10 TeraWatt h), and the energy consumption reduction will be 46 million kiloLiter Oil in 2030.

2.1. REDUCE ELECTRICITY/ENERGY CONSUMPTION




1.Sophisticated use of fossil power generation•LNG for electricity generation•Coal for electricity generation•Suitable electricity source structure•Environmental impact

2.Sophisticated use of cogeneration and other heat3.Next generation energy technology

•R&D to develop next generation energy technologies, including Methan-Hydrate, Hydrogen networks, CCS

4.Assure and supply fossil fuel at stable prices•Based on the “Raw material provision strategy”, develop and strengthen bilateral agreements, stabilize markets, strengthen negotiation power to ensure price stability and supply stability•Invest in national pipelines and other infrastructure for the developing shift to natural gas•Strengthen the supply chain, and disaster resistance for oil and LP gas.

3. GUARANTEEING A STABLE ENERGY SUPPLY




PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY

23




PRIMARY ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY RATIOS

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Japan has one of the lowest primary energy self-sufficiency ratios globally: •Japan has to import about 82% of primary energy, if nuclear energy is included.•however, at present with two exceptions, all nuclear power stations out of service, so that 96% of Japan’s primary energy needs to be imported.

Countries with self-sufficiency ratios larger than 100% export primary energy including electricity, while countries with self-sufficiency ratios lower than 100% need to import primary energy and electricity

Italy Japan S!Korea Germany France US India UK China Canada Russia0

20

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200En

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Energy self sufficiencyratio !IEA, OECD, 2006!2007"

15"

!15""18"

!4""19"

!2""41"

!30""

51"

!8""

71"

!62""

76"

!75""

83"

!76""

92"

!91""

153"

!144""

183"incl. nuclear

!177""!excl. nuclear"

!c"2012

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION- INSTALLED CAPACITY

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION- GENERATED ELECTRICAL

POWER

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JAPAN’S PRESENT ELECTRICAL ARCHITECTURE

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STRUCTURE OF JAPAN’S ELECTRICITY LANDSCAPE

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The Figure on the following page shows the structure of Japan’s electricity markets, which has been liberalized to a very small degree, compared to the far more advanced liberalization in the US and most European countries.

Japan’s electricity markets are dominated by 10 regional electricity operating monopoly companies, which operate:•generation, •transmission/grid and •distribution/retail. There is no unbundling.

In addition there are different types of independent electricity producers, which are practically of two types:•internal electricity production, e.g. in large office buildings, or in factories, for immediate local use. As an example the famous Mori-Roppongi-Hills Tower has its own electricity plant in the basement of the building.•independent commercial production of electricity. Such independent electricity producers have essentially no other choice than to sell to the single local and extremely powerful monopoly operator.

Electricity sales can be direct under contract to the local monopoly operator, or via the JEPX exchange. However, the JEPX exchange only handles about 0.5% of all electrical power.




STRUCTURE OF JAPAN’S ELECTRICITY LANDSCAPE

53

Structure of Japan’s electricity landscape. 10 regional monopoly operators, each combine generation, transmission and grid, and distribution in their local monopoly region and dominate Japan’s electricity industry.Currently only about 0.5% of Japan’s electricity is traded via the JEPX electricity exchange.

10 regional monopoly electricity operators

generation

distribution/retailtransmission/grid

householdsSMEs

regional monopolylarge size customersfactories

JEPX (0.5% of electricity volume)

specified power producers(1.7%)

PPS(1.8%)

in-housegeneration(10.6%)

renewable energyproducers

FITFIT




THE 10 REGIONAL ELECTRICITY COMPANIES

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THE 10 REGIONAL ELECTRICAL POWER COMPANIES

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Initially 9 regional electrical power companies were created on May 1, 1951, as a consequence of US GHQ ordering the dissolution of the previous Nihon Hassouden monopoly company (in addition there is a 10th regional electricity operator in Okinawa).

The ten regional electrical monopoly company have enormous power - some say that they have more power than Japan’s Government! Why? Because they have stronger power to collect their income than Japan’s Government: they have much stronger power to collect the electricity bills than the Government has to collect tax income. The electricity companies switch off the electricity supply, when bills are overdue for a few weeks, while Japan’s tax authorities have weaker tools to collect outstanding taxes.

The regional electrical companies also call the shots in their regions: as an example, it is often said that the dominating decision makers in the Nagoya (Chubu) regions are the “influential companies”:•the railway company Meitetsu•the department store company Matsuzakaya•the Chubu Electric Power Company Chuden•the gas company Toho Gas•and Toyota Motors.

With the clean-up costs of the Fukushima nuclear power accident estimated at US$ 235 Billion (not counting reimbursements for evacuees, other damage costs, increased fuel costs etc), Japan’s largest electrical power company Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) was for all practical purposes insolvent. However, there was a political decision not to let TEPCO go through bankruptcy proceedings, but TEPCO was forced to accept Government finance on a large scale, and with this decision came completely under Government control.As a consequence, all other Japanese electrical power companies also lost influence substantially, but are still remaining powerful through their social influence in the Japan.

Until recently Japan’s electricity monopolies kept renewable energies below 1% as a matter of principle. However with the Fukushima nuclear power accident, their resistance to accept renewable energies could not be maintained.




J-POWER

(ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT

CORPORATION EDPC)

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THE GRID

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REGIONAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND GRID CONNECTIONS BETWEEN OPERATORS

64

Japan’s electricity infrastructure consists of ten regional monopolies (installed electricity generation capacity is shown as the area of circles, and written in GigaWatt (GW)).

The width of link lines between the power monopolies show the capacity of lines connecting the regional monopolies. Japan has no true national grid, but two essentially disconnected regional grids, and relatively weak links between local power monopolies.

Several proposals for national grids are under discussion, potentially competing with each other.

(note that the generation capacities shown above are those of the regional electrical monopolies. Actual regional generation capacities are actually about 30%-40% higher, because of in-house production of electricity of manufacturing companies and building companies, and because of independent electricity producers).

Hokkaidogenerating capacity=

7 GigaWatt

Tohoku17 GW

Hokuriku8 GW

Chugoku12 GW

Shikoku7 GW

Kyushu20 GW

Okinawa2 GigaWatt

Tokyo 65 GW

Kansai35 GW

Chubu33 GW

Japan’s total electricygeneration capacity = approx. 250 GW

600MWDC line

6310MWAC line

5570MW

5570MW

5570MWAC line

2400MW

16600MW

1000MWDC line

1400MW

300MW

(c) 2012 Eurotechnology Japan KKwww.eurotechnology.com




GRID LIMITS RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Japan’s electricity grids have been designed by the regional monopoly companies to transport electricity from large central power plants, nuclear power stations to the networks supplying end customers.

Renewable energy plants, such as mega solar plants, wind farms, geothermal plants, and water power stations, and biomass based generators, tend to be smaller and distributed over larger areas, for which the current grid has not been designed.

It will be necessary to invest and expand Japan’s electricity grid to accommodate new decentralized renewable and smaller energy plants.




THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE

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THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE

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Electrification of Japan started on March 25, 1878 at the Institute of Technology in Tokyo/Toranomon, and in 1886 the Tokyo Electric Light Company was founded.

Electrification started independently in Tokyo and in Osaka:

•Tokyo Electric Light Company imported equipment from German AEG with the German 50Hz frequency standard, •Osaka Electric Lamp Company imported equipment from General Electric (USA) with the 60Hz frequency standard.

Until today Western Japan uses 60Hz, while Eastern Japan used 50Hz. Only three frequency converter facilities (FCF) connect the western 60Hz area with the easter 50Hz area:•Shin-Shinano FCF (600MWatt)•Sakuma Dam FCF (300MWatt)•Higashi Shimizu FCF (135MWatt, from Autumn 2014: 300MWatt)

It is not practically possible to change one of the areas’ frequency standard, so this 50Hz/60Hz split of Japan’s electricity system is likely to continue forever. However, in the future true national grids are likely to be built. At the moment there is no true national grid in Japan, only relatively weak connections between the regional monopoly operators, and other local links.




THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE

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Only three frequency converter facilities (FCF) connect the western 60Hz area with the easter 50Hz area:

•Shin-Shinano FCF (600MWatt)•Sakuma Dam FCF (300MWatt)•Higashi Shimizu FCF (135MWatt, from Autumn 2014: 300MWatt)

50Hz(historically German AEG

supplied Tokyo Electric Light Co)

60Hz(historically US General Electric

supplied Osaka Electric Lamp Co.) Shin-Shinano FCF 600MWSakuma Dam FCF 300MW

Higashi-Shimizu FCF(=Frequency Converter Facility)135MW (from Autumn 2014: 300MW)

(c) 2012 Eurotechnology Japan KKwww.eurotechnology.com




JEPXJAPAN ELECTRIC POWER

EXCHANGE TOKYO

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IMPACT OF THE FUKUSHIMA DISASTER

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IMPACT OF THE FUKUSHIMA DISASTER (1)

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All 50 Nuclear nuclear power stations have been switched off according to their 13 months maintenance cycle, and only a two nuclear power stations in Oi (Kansai Electrical Power) has been restarted after maintenance, and intensive discussions about safety by Government, local agencies, and the public. There is much resistance to restart further nuclear power stations. Since one nuclear power reactor corresponds to an installed power of about 1 GigaWatt, about 50 GigaWatt have been removed from Japan’s electricity generation capacity, ie about 25%.

The sudden unplanned removal of about 25% of Japan’s electricity generation capacity has been compensated as follows:

•planned, forced and voluntary electricity savings: large scale users have been forced by Government regulation to reduce electricity consumption, and smaller scale users are reducing consumption voluntarily. This summer the following targets have been announced:

•all customers (households and businesses) in the regions of 6 monopoly utilities in Western Japan are asked to cut electricity usage voluntarily by 5-15% during summer 2012 compared to summer 2010, and 7% in Hokkaido

•restart of retired thermal power plants using natural gas, coal and oil, resulting in very large added imported primary energy costs•planned black-outs: electricity was switched off for certain periods (e.g. 4 hours / day) in selected areas outside the center of Tokyo. Similar black-outs could also happen this summer 2012. Black-outs cause great disruption and financial damage to the economy, and in some cases deadly accidents. Some planned black-outs have not been implemented however, due to unexpectedly high voluntary electricity savings.




THE ROLE OF JAPAN’S TRADING COMPANIES

IN THE ENERGY DOMAIN

78




THE ROLE OF JAPAN’S TRADING COMPANIES IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

79

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

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FEED IN TARIFFS (FIT) FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

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LEGAL BASIS FOR JAPAN’S FEED-IN TARIFFS

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Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) were introduced to Japan first for private residential customers who can sell surplus renewable energy back to electricity operators.

On July 1, 2012 a law with a second set of regulations came into force which establishes feed-in tariffs (FITs) for renewable energy from large scale, non-residential plants:

•“Special Measures Concerning Renewable Energy Electric Procurement by Operators of Electric Utilities Law”




APPROVAL BY METI IS NECESSARY

85

It is a condition that the operator of the power plant needs to obtain approval of the installation from METI.

Requirements include:

•the power plant must generate electricity stably and reliably during the fixed period, and the operator needs to ensure sufficient maintenance•electricity supplied can be measured reliably•the specifications of the plant are described in detail (e.g. manufacturer data, manufacturer’s model number etc)•Approved plants will remain under supervision by METI officials, and can be inspected.

Electricity operators must purchase electricity, but under certain conditions:

•The Act requires electricity operators to allow renewable energy operators to connect their equipment to the Operator’s grid, and requires the Operators to purchase the electricity at the FIT prices, however, the electricity operators are allowed to refuse purchasing under certain conditions, for example if the grid is overloaded with electricity.




FEED-IN TARIFFS

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The FIT purchase prices are determined by METI while considering the advice of a “Procurement Price Calculation Committee “ (the “PPC Committee”).

The FIT purchase prices take into consideration:

•price needed by the renewable electricity producers to produce electricity•the expected quantity produced•the overall situation of renewable energy development in Japan•the profitability of renewable energy producers•particular importance is placed on profitability during the first three years (2012-2015), so that first-movers are encouraged to invest in renewable energy plants.




FEED-IN TARIFFS ARE PASSED ON TO CONSUMERS VIA THE ELECTRICITY BILLS

89

The increased costs paid by utilities for purchasing renewable energy under the FIT tariff scheme are passed on to electricity consumers, and will be collected by the utilities from electricity customers via the normal electricity bills.

The estimated bill increases are approx. 87 yen for a household with a typical 7000 yen bill, ie an increase of about 1%.

There are exceptions to these surcharges for victims of the Tohoku and Fukushima disasters, and also for certain types of industrial users.




JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY MIX

98

Before Feed-in-Tariffs:Japan’s renewable energy mix up until 2012 has been predominantly large scale (> 1 MegaWatt) water power stations

Out[1195]=

Japan's Renewable energy mix before 2012

res. solar !9.5!"non"residential solar !84.3!"wind !4.8!"water # 1MW !0.2!"water $ 1M !.004!"Biomass !1.1!"Geo !.03!"!c" 2013 Eurotechnology.com

Out[1184]=

Renewable energy projects approved up to February 28, 2013

res. solar !9.5!"non"residential solar !84.3!"wind !4.8!"water # 1MW !0.2!"water $ 1M !.004!"Biomass !1.1!"Geo !.03!"!c" 2013 Eurotechnology.com

Approved under Feed-in-Tariffs up until February 2013:applications approved under the feed-in-tariff program have been 93.8% for solar power plants, of which 84.3% were non-residential/industrial solar plants.




WATER POWER

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WATER POWER IN JAPAN

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Approx. 1900 hydropower station represent about 20% of Japan’s installed electric power generation capacity, and deliver about 10% of Japan’s electrical power.

In addition to pure generation hydropower plants, pump-storage plants operate as gigantic batteries, where off-peak-electricity pumps water up into elevated reservoirs, and electricity is generated at peak times.

Sites suitable for electric power generation have been surveyed on several occasions during the 20th century, and most large sites have been developed. Currently about 1900 hydropower stations are in operation, and 2700 sites remain undeveloped.

Estimated total capacity is approximately 47 GigaWatt, of which approx. 38 GigaWatt (80%) have been developed and are in operation.




PUMP STORAGE POWER STATIONS

112




The first pump storage water power plant was built in Japan in 1934.

Pump storage water power plants work as giant batteries using off-peak base electricity generated by nuclear power stations or thermal power plants to pump water up-hill to reservoirs, and by generating electricity by operating the system in the reverse direction at peak times.

Japan’s pump storage water power stations were planned in combination with nuclear power, to store off-peak nuclear electricity, and generate electricity at peak times. With nuclear power stations currently almost all or all switched off, this system has lost its meaning, and pump power stations might be less effective for Japan’s electricity supply.

JAPAN’S PUMP STORAGE WATER POWER




PUMP STORAGE POWER STATIONS

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PUMP-STORAGE GENERATION CAPACITY

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Note that METI publishes in the water power report, that in 2010, pump-storage power capacity is 27,200 MegaWatt, while the data above show 35,000 MegaWatt. We are researching this discrepancy at the moment.




WORLD’S FIRST SEA WATER PUMP STORAGE POWER

STATIONS

116




GEO-THERMAL

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GEO-THERMAL POWER FIT APPROVALS

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Left hand side: total installed geo-thermal power generation capacity: both capacity installed prior to July 2012 is shown as well as FIT approved capacity after July 2012. FIT approved capacity is approx. 0.7% of total capacity, and therefore barely visible in this figure

Right hand side: FIT approved geo-thermal electric power capacity. Shown is accumulated total approved capacity (approved, and including already operating, as well as capacity still in preparation). New capacity under the FIT program is about 0.7% of total water generation capacity.FIT applications are possible in the categories below 15,000 kW and above 15,000 kW. Sofar all applications have been for geo-thermal power stations less then 15,000 kW.

Apr 2012 Jul 2012 Aug 2012 Sep 2012 Oct 2012 Nov 2012 Dec 2012 Jan 2013 Feb 2013 Mar 2013 Apr 2013 May 20130

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Japan's geo!thermal installed renewableelectric generation capacity !MegaWatt"

Geothermal !pre July 2012"

Geothermal !FIT approvals"

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Geo!Thermal !" 15,000 kW"

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SOLAR ENERGY

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SOLAR ENERGY

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Until the introduction on July 1, 2012 of feed-in tariffs (FIT) and compulsory renewable electricity purchases by the regional monopoly operators, Japan’s solar industry was almost exclusively focused on the residential market, where the purchasing of excess electricity by operators was introduced earlier.

Industrial scale, “mega solar plants” only started to develop with the announcement of feed-in tariffs in 2011, and the introduction of FIT on July 1, 2012. Therefore the solar industry development in Japan changed dramatically from July 1, 2012

Currently, total installed generation capacity is on the order of 10 GigaWatt.

During 2012, solar power contributed up to 0.01% of total electricity generation.




SOLAR IRRADIATION IN JAPAN

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129

Japan’s solar radiation is similar to most areas in the USA

Location Average solar irradiation kWh/(m2 day)

Average solar irradiationMegaJoule/(m2 day)

Sapporo

Tokyo

Osaka

Fukuoka

Okinawa

3.33 12.0

3.30 11.9

3.51 12.6

3.66 13.2

3.89 14.0





130

•Japan’s solar irradiation is in the range 11...14.5 MegaJoule/(square meter day), and of course varies with weather conditions.

•Of course solar irradiation is zero during the night

•Japan’s solar irradiation is similar to most areas in the USA

13....14.5 MegaJoule/(m day)2

11....13 MegaJoule/(m day)2

Okinawa




SOLAR ENERGY

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SOLAR PANEL SHIPMENTS

141




MEGA-SOLAR ENERGY COMPANIES

143




PANASONIC (FORMERLY SANYO) SOLAR ARC

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•Panasonic (formerly Sanyo) Solar Ark has 5046 single crystal solar cell battery panels, achieves up to 630kW of solar power output and delivers about 530 MegaWh of electricity per year. The Solar Ark is about 315m long and weighs 3000 tons.•Corresponds to a CO2 reduction of 95 tons-CO2/year•You can see Panasonic (formerly Sanyo) Solar Ark from the Tokaido-Shinkansen line, if you are seated on the right hand side of the train between Kyoto and Nagoya station, when taking the Tokaido Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka (or left hand side seat when traveling from Osaka to Tokyo).




WIND POWER

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EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS CORPORATION

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JAPAN WIND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

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BIO-MASS POWER

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MARINE RENEWABLE POWER RESOURCES

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OSMOTIC POWER(SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)

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OSMOTIC POWER

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WAVE POWER

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WAVE POWER

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This section will be included and updated in future versions of this report.Subscribe to this report, and we will regularly send you the latest versions.










RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT FUNDS

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RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT FUNDS

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Japans infrastructure ministry, the Financial Services Agency, the Forestry Agency, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange have announced that they are cooperating to create the regulatory framework for investment funds for renewable energy investments, analogous to real estate investment trusts (REITs).

Income from renewable energy funds is expected to be stable, as a consequence of the guaranteed feed-in tariffs (FIT), and could be more stable than REITs, since energy demand will be less dependent on market conditions than office rents for example.




GLOSSARY

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GLOSSARY

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Mega-solar

1 Joule

1 Watt

1 GW = 1 Giga-Watt

Solar plants larger than 1 MegaWatt capacity, corresponding to the electricity needs of about 300 family homes

SI-Unit for Energy.

3,600,000 Joule = 1 kilo Watt hour (= 1 kWh)1 Joule = 2.778 x 10-7 kWh

SI-Unit for Power.

Measures energy transfer or energy conversion.1 Watt = 1 Joule / second

1 GW = 1 Billion Watt = 109 Watt

The power generation capacity of a nuclear power station is typically on the order of 1 GW




SUMMARY

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SUMMARY:RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN

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The March 11, 2011 disaster created the need to review Japan’s energy architecture. We believe that it will take about 10 years for Japan to fully decide on a new energy and electricity architecture, and it will take about 3 years to reach decisions on the future of Japan’s nuclear power generation.

Japan has taken a careful approach towards the development of renewable power, and renewable power - except for hydropower - is substantially lower than in most other advanced countries.

Japan’s potential for renewable energy is very high, especially wind and geo-thermal power, and will required substantial changes in laws and regulations, and a decentralized and democratic approach to grid management. Necessary liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets is in preparation, and we will see a rapid development of renewable energy.

This report reviews the current situation and the future potential of renewable electrical power in Japan.




EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KK

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EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KKFOUNDED: FEBRUARY 1997 IN TOKYO

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Services and products - focus areas are high-technology, telecommunications, software, middle-ware, environmental technology and medical equipment:

- Market entry to Japan for European and US high-tech companies, turn-round, reshaping, planning and building of distribution networks

- European business development and strategy for Japanese companies- M&A (European and US companies acquiring Japanese companies, Japanese companies acquiring or

investing in Europe)- Turn-round preparations and management of foreign business in Japan- Market research and strategy- Due diligence of high-tech companies, environmental due-diligence- Advisory services for investment fund managers and investors in technology fields

- we publish a series of market reports for about 10 years, which are purchased world-wide, distributed direct and via distribution partners: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/



http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/



EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KK

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- Leading high-technology business development boutique in Tokyo, working globally- Founded in 1996/1997 - 14 years experience, relationships, cooperations and success record.- CEO works with Japan’s high-tech / telecom sector since 1984 - 27 years experience, resources,

cooperations.- Wide network of cooperations in Governments, Embassies, trading companies, distributors,

finance, VCs, traditional corporations, venture start-ups, industry associations- Experience: market-entry, restructuring, M&A, acquisitions, due-diligence

Customers include:- More than 100 investment fund managers- Industrial customers:

- NTT-Communications, SIEMENS, Deutsche Telekom, Cubic, Unaxis (now: Oerlikon), CITI Group, CLSA Asian Markets, Genscape, Google, IKEA, Isabellenhuette, Landis+Gyr, National Instruments, Swisscom, TechnoCom,

- Government- New York Police Department, European Union, TEKES (Technology Research funding

organization of the Government of Finland)

Deep Japanese technology market knowledge - we publish a series of market reports for about 10 years, which are purchased world-wide. You can purchase our reports on Bloomberg: https://www.bmart.com/search?&nuts%5B%5D=WIRE%3AEUT, and via eSellerate: http://store.eSellerate.net/s.aspx?s=STR0576176470 and from http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/



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GERHARD FASOLPROFILE: HTTP://WWW.FASOL.COM/PROFILE/

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- Worked successfully with Japan’s high-tech sector since 1984 - 27 years. Came first to Japan in 1984 to help build NTT’s first international R&D cooperation on semiconductor lasers

- Entrepreneur in Tokyo since 1996, Eurotechnology Japan KK worked with many large corporate groups (e.g. SIEMENS, NTT, Deutsche Telekom, Asahi Glass...), more than 100 investment fund managers

- Assoc. Professor of Electrical Engineering at Tokyo University. Record of Fasol-Laboratory at Tokyo University: http://www.fasol.com/tokyo_university/

- Elite “Sakigake” (Pioneer) R&D project on Spin-Electronics of Japanese Government Science and Technology Agency. This work was evaluated by US National Science Foundation and US Department of Trade: http://www.wtec.org/loyola/erato/ch7_5.htm

- Co-initiator of spin-electronics device research in Japan, one of the first to start work on spin-electronics in Japan in 1991

- Tenured Faculty member at Cavendish Laboratory/University of Cambridge. - Assoc. Professor of Electrical Engineering at Tokyo University- PhD in Solid-State Physics (Cambridge University, Trinity College, UK)- Diplom-Physiker, Ruhr-University Bochum (Diplom-Thesis on Superconductivity)- Publication list (Books, patents and publications, several publications are specifially concerning

electron-spin and spin-electronics): http://www.fasol.com/profile/publications.shtml - Languages: English, German (native), French, Japanese, and some Swedish



http://www.fasol.com/profile/

http://www.fasol.com/profile/

http://www.fasol.com/tokyo_university/

http://www.fasol.com/tokyo_university/

http://www.wtec.org/loyola/erato/ch7_5.htm

http://www.wtec.org/loyola/erato/ch7_5.htm

http://www.fasol.com/profile/publications.shtml

http://www.fasol.com/profile/publications.shtml


GERHARD FASOL WITH TETSUZO MATSUMOTO, EXEC VP OF SOFTBANK MOBILE CORPORATION

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“POST GALAPAGOS STUDY GROUP”25 JAPANESE LEADERS + 1 FOREIGNER (GERHARD FASOL) WORKING FOR ONE YEAR ON CONCEPTS TO OVERCOME JAPAN’S “GALAPAGOS EFFECT”

200

see: http://accjjournal.com/the-galapagos-effect/



http://accjjournal.com/the-galapagos-effect/



“POST GALAPAGOS STUDY GROUP”25 JAPANESE LEADERS + 1 FOREIGNER (GERHARD FASOL) WORKING FOR ONE YEAR ON CONCEPTS TO OVERCOME JAPAN’S “GALAPAGOS EFFECT”

201

see: http://accjjournal.com/the-galapagos-effect/






CONTACT AND MORE INFORMATION

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Contact•Gerhard Fasol PhD•Eurotechnology Japan KK, Tokyo, Japan•http://www.eurotechnology.com/ •Mobile +81-90-8594-6291•[email protected]•[email protected]

More information:•reports:http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/•twitter : http://twitter.com/gfasol/ •website: http://www.eurotechnology.com/ •personal site: http://fasol.com









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