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System Software
Overall Syllabus Discussion
System Software
•The subject introduced the design and implementation of system software
•System software consists of a variety of programs that support the operation of a computer
•operating system, compiler, assembler, macro processor, loader or linker, debugger, text editor, database management systems, software engineering tools, ….
We Discussed On…Machine Architecture
Assemblers
Loaders and Linkers
Editors and Debugging Systems
Macro Processor
Compilers
Lex and Yacc
Machine Architecture
This Chapter Gave you…
•System Software & Machine Architecture•The Simplified Instructional Computer SIC and SIC/XE•Traditional (CISC) MachinesComplex Instruction Set Computers•RISC MachinesReduced Instruction Set Computers
System Software & Machine Architecture
•Machine Dependent
•Machine Independent
SIC Machine Architecture
Space for 2 inch x 2 inch
size Picture
Space for 2 inch x 2 inch
size Picture
•Memory and Registers
•Data Formats
•Instruction Formats
•Addressing Modes
•Instruction Set
•Input and Output
SIC/XE Machine Architecture•Memory and Registers
•Data Formats
•Instruction Formats
•Addressing Modes
•Instruction Set
•Input and Output
Example Programs SIC
Example Programs (SIC/XE)
Different Architectures•Traditional (CISC) machines
- VAX Architecture
- Pentium Pro Architecture
•RISC machines
- UltraSPARC Architecture
- Cray T3E Architecture
Traditional (CISC) Machines
•Complex Instruction Set Computers
•Has relatively large and complex instruction set
•Different instruction formats, different lengths, different addressing modes
•Implementation of hardware is complex
• VAX and Intel x86 processors are examples
RISC Machines•Reduced Instruction Set Computers
•Intended to simplify the design of processors. Greater reliability, faster execution and less expensive processors
•Standard and fixed instruction length
•Number of machine instructions, instruction formats, and addressing modes relatively small
Comparison of these•Memory
•Registers
•Data Formats
•Instruction Formats
•Addressing Modes
•Instruction Set
•Input and Output
Assemblers
This Chapter Gave you…
-Assembler Definition- Assembler Features
- Machine dependent and machine independent features
- Design of various assemblers- One-pass- Multi-pass
Assemblers• Translating source code written in assembly
language to object code.
• Assigning machine address to symbolic labels.
Assembler Design
• Assembler Design can be done in:– Single pass– Two pass
• Single Pass Assembler:– Does everything in single pass– Cannot resolve the forward referencing
• Multi pass assembler:– Does the work in two pass– Resolves the forward references
• First pass:– Scans the code– Validates the tokens– Creates a symbol table
• Second Pass:– Solves forward references– Converts the code to the machine code
Machine-Dependent Assembler Features
In Machine Specific Instructions we have:Instruction Format and Addressing modes
How to handle program relocation
Machine independent features
Literals Symbol defining statementsExpressionsProgram blocksControl Sections and program linkings
Types of Assemblers
One-pass assembler
Multi-pass assembler
Two-pass assembler with overlay
Loaders and Linkers
This Chapter Gave you…
- Basic Loader Functions - Machine-Dependent Loader Features - Machine-Independent Loader Features - Loader Design Options - Implementation Examples
Role of Loader
Source
ProgramTranslator
Object
ProgramLoader
Object program ready for execution
Memory
Translator – Assembler/Compiler
Role of Loader
Source
ProgramAssembler
Object
ProgramLoader
Object program ready for execution
Memory
Role of Loader and Linker
Source
ProgramAssembler
Object
ProgramLinker
Executable Code
Loader
Object program ready for execution
Memory
Role of Absolute Loader
Object
Program
AbsoluteLoader
Object program ready for execution
Memory
1000
2000
Machine-Dependent Loader Features
Absolute Loader – Simple and efficient
Disadvantage is – programmer has to specify the starting address
One program to run – no problem – not for several
Difficult to use subroutine libraries efficiently
Program Linking• Goal - Resolve the problems with EXTREF and EXTDEF from different control sections (Sec 2.3.5)• Example - Program in Fig. 3.8 and object code in Fig. 3.9
• Use modification records for both relocation and linking
- address constant - external reference
Machine-independent Loader Features
Features that are not directly related to machine architecture and design
- Automatic Library Search
- Loader Options
Linking Loaders
Library
Object Program(s)
Linking loader
Memory
Processing of an Object program using LL
The source program is first assembled or compiled, producing an object program. A linking loader performs all linking and loading operations, and loads the program into memory for execution
Linkage Editors
Library
Object Program(s)
Linkage editor
MemoryProcessing of an Object program using LE
Linked program
Relocating loader
Implementation examples…
•Brief description of loaders and linkers for actual computers
•They are
MS-DOS Linker - Pentium architecture
SunOS Linkers - SPARC architecture
Cray MPP Linkers – T3E architecture
Editors and Debugging Systems
This Chapter Gave you…
- Text editors- Interactive Debugging Systems
Text Editors
An Interactive text editor has become an important part of almost any computing environment
Text editor acts as a primary interface to the computer for all type of “knowledge workers” as they compose, organize, study, and manipulate computer-based information
Editing component
Traveling component
Viewing component
Command language processor
Editing buffer
Editing filter
Viewing filterViewing
buffer
Main memory
File system
Display component
Output devices
input
Typical editor structure
Editors function in three basic types of computing environments:
Time sharing
Stand-alone
Distributed
Each type of environment imposes some constraints on the design of an editor
Interactive Debugging Systems
An interactive debugging system provides programmers with facilities that aid in testing and debugging of programs
Many such systems are available during these days
Our discussion was broad in scope, giving the overview of interactive debugging systems – not specific to any particular existing system
We Discussed
Important functions and capabilities of IDS
Relationship of IDS to other parts of the system
The nature of the user interface for IDS
Macro Processor
This Chapter Gave you…- Basic Macro Processor Functions- Algorithms- Nested macros-Comparison of different macro design- Machine-Independent macro features- Implementation of conditional macros
Macros•A macro instruction (Macro) is a notational convenience for the programmer
•Allows the programmer to write short hand programs (modular programming).
•The macro processor replaces each macro instruction with its equivalent block of instructions.•The macro processor is not concerned with the meaning of the involved statements during expansion.•The design of the macro processor is generally machine independent.
Macro Expansion
Macro Invocation
Two-Pass Macro ProcessorDesign of two-pass macro processor
Pass 1: Process all macro definitions
Pass 2: Expand all macro invocation statements
One-Pass Macro Processor•A one-pass macro processor that alternate between macro definition and macro expansion in a recursive way is able to handle recursive macro definition
Data Structure for One-Pass Macro Processor
- DEFTAB (definition table)
- NAMTAB
- ARGTAB
-Machine-Independent Macro Processor Features
-Concatenation of Macro Parameters
-Generating Unique Labels
-Macro-time Looping
-Conditional Macro expansion
-Keyword macro parameters
-Recursive Macros-Line-by-Line Macros-Integrated Macros
Compilers Introduction
Basic Compiler Function
Lexical Analysis,
Syntactic Analysis
Operator-Precedence Parsing
Shift Reduce Parsing
Recusive Descent Parsing
Phases of Compilers
Target Program
Lexical analysis
Source Program
Syntax analysis
Intermediate Code generation
Code Optimization
Code Generation
Table Management
Error Handling
Code Generation
Machine - Dependent Code Optimization
Machine Independent Compiler Features
Machine - Independent Code Optimization
MACHINE - DEPENDENT CODE OPTIMIZATION There are several different possibilities for performing machine-dependent code optimization .
Assignment and use of registers
Divide the problem into basic blocks.
Rearrangement of machine instruction to improve efficiency of execution
•Machine Independent Compiler Features•Storage Allocation •Block Structured Languages •Compiler Design Options – Division Into Passes •Interpreters •P-Code Compilers •Compiler-Compilers
Lex and Yacc
-LEX is a program generator designed for lexical processing of character input streams.
-Yacc provides a general tool for describing the input to a computer program
LEX (LEXical Analyzer Generator)
Features
Creating a Lexical Analyzer with LEX
LEX Source
LEX Regular Expressions
Functions
YACC –Yet Another Compiler-Compiler
YACC Basic Specification
How does the Parser Works?
Ambiguity and Conflicts
YACC Programs
simple expression with +, - , /, and *.
recognize an valid variable.
Lex and Yacc
Notes for all the topics are available @
http://forum.vtu.ac.in