Organelles and Cytoplasm

Basic Cell

Cytoplasm

• Cytoplasm is the substance of a cell other then that of the nucleus.

• Cytoplasm is made up of three major elements; cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

• Most cellular activities happen in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm can be thought of as the “factory area” of the cell.

Cytoskeleton

• Cytoskeleton is an elaborate network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm.

• The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules, filaments and microfilaments.

• The cytoskeleton acts as the cells “bones and muscles”.

Cilia

• Cilia is tiny, hair-like projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner.

• Cilia in the respiratory system lining move mucus up and away from the lungs.

Flagella

• Long, whiplike extensions of the cell membrane of some bacteria and sperm.

• They serve to propel the cell.

Microvilli

• Microvilli are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cells surface.

• They increase the cells surface.

• The have a core of actin filaments.

Centrioles

• Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell composed of microtubule.

• Active in cell division.

• Organells that originate from the golgi apparatus.• Contains strong digestive enzymes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The membrane network in cytoplasm that is composed of tubules or cisternae.

• Some membranes carry ribosomes on their surfaces while others are smooth.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• All materials for the cell membrane are made in the RER.

• “cell factory”• Studded with

rhibosomes.

• Ribosomes are made of proteins and a type of RNA called rhibosomal RNA.

• They produce proteins in cytoplasm.• They float free in cytoplasm.

Mitochondria

• The mitochondria is responsible for ATP generation.

• “Mighty Mitochondria”

Golgi Apparatus

• The golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins close to the nucleus.

• Vesicles are small membranous sacs • Packaging • They migrate to the plasma membrane, fuses

with it, and then ruptures, spilling the sac contents out of the cell.

• The control station or “headquarters”.

• The center of the nucleus. • The prominent structure of the nucleus.• It produces ribosomes.

Mitosis

• Mitosis results in the formation of two daughter cells. When the nucleus divides, each daughter cell ends up with exactly the same genetic information as the mother cell.

• Interphaseearly prophaselate prophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophasedaughter cell.