Nanotechnology Progess And Pitfalls

Nanotechnology: Progress, Potential and PitfallsPeter HackettExecutive Professor, School of Business, University of Alberta Fellow, National Institute for [email protected]

Synthesis, Structure, and Dynamics

Borzonyi et al., …Giant Molar Ellipticity, JACS, 132 (2010) 15136

Synthesis

Structure Dynamics

The “wow” of nanotechnology

Rejecting Without Review, ACS Nano, 4, (2010) 4964

That almost indescribable “wow” factor• A subject or theme that sheds light on and gives insight

into a perplexing problem or fundamental issue, for example, a new way of looking at a material (such as a new set of properties or mechanistic understanding)

• Or an intriguing new application based on nanomaterials. • The nanomaterials and their properties must be the star

of the show.Novelty• Perhaps one of the most overused words in science, but I

will use it nonetheless. If a paper passes the “wow” test, then it is on to careful consideration of how original the work is.

NANOTECHNOLOGYPROGRESS

CANDU Nuclear Reactor

• Natural Uranium Fuel

• Heavy Water Moderator

• Internal Construction from Zirconium

Radiation Creep• CANDU fuel are 10 meters long• 30 years irradiation causes tubes to lengthen by 30cm• Since tubes are horizontal, they sag under gravity• This causes internal parts to contact and corrode• Zirconium has a low neutron absorption cross section• Five isotopes (90, 91, 92, 94, 96)• Zirconium-91 has the highest neutron cross section

SOLUTION: Remove the zirconium-91

Isotope shifts in atomic spectra

• Nuclear mass effect decreases with increasing mass

• Nuclear volume effect increases with increasing mass

• Zirconium lies in the middle of the periodic table, Atomic Number 40, and has a minimal isotope shift

QUESTION: Can hyperfine effects help?

Hyperfine coupling effects

• Zirconium 90, 92, 94, 96 have even numbers of neutrons

• All even-even isotopes have zero nuclear magnetic moment

• Only zirconium-91 will have a hyperfine shift due to the interaction of the electron spin at the nucleus

• Therefore zirconium-91 can be preferentially excited even though isotope shift is very small

SOLUTION: Use hyperfine shifts in spectra

Pulsed laser metal cluster beams

• BP Zirconium 4409 C• Smalley source for

metal cluster beams• Pulsed laser

vaporization• Supersonic cooling

LIF of Zirconium Atom Beams

Bourne et al., Opt. Comm., 56 (1986) 403

RED 16296.62 cm-1 BLUE

LIS of Zirconium Atom Beams

Humphries et al, Chem. Phy. Letters, 118, (1985) 134Mass Spectrum m/e

Excita

tion

Wav

elen

gth

Molecular Surface Science

R.E. Smalley

Comparison of Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry With Experiment: State of the Art

R.J. Bartlett (Ed.) Reidel, New York, 1985

Nanofilaments: thermionic emission

Amrein et al., J. Chem. Phys., 95 (1991) 1781

Reactivity of metal clusters…

Mitchell et al., J. Chem. Phys., 103 (1995) 5539

Molecular surface science…

Mitchell et al., J. Chem. Phys., 103 (1995) 5539

PFI-ZEKE Spectroscopy

Yang et al., J. Electron. Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom.. 106 (2000) 153

ZEKE spectroscopy of Nb clusters


ZEKE spectroscopy of Nb clusters



Collings et al., J. Chem. Phys., 101 (1994) 3510

UV of AunXe and AunXe+


Rayner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74 (1995) 2070

IRMPD of Ag2NH3


Gruene et al.. Science, 321 (2010) 675

FIRMPD of Au7Kr


Gruene et al.. Science, 321 (2010) 675

FIRMPD of Au19 and Au20

Digital etching of nanostructures I

Bourne et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 11(1993) 556

Digital etching of nanostructures II

Bourne et al., App. Phys A, 99 (1994) 295ETCH RATE: 0.9 monolayers per pulse

NINT: Building ($40M)

NRC/UofASharedNanotechFacility

($40M)

NRC

• ResearchPrograms

• Innovation Program

• Incubator

Adjuncts

University AlignedNanotechResearchPrograms

NRC Fellows

$2M

/a

$40M

$40M

$12

M/a

$20M

InterdisciplinaryGlobal Scale

$?M

/a

$20M

National Institute for Nanotechnology

DESIGN: Hackett and Church, early 1999

NINT announcement 2001

Nature, 412 (2001) 846

I believe so much in this model that I’ve picked an area of research I believe is fertile for Canada – quantum information theory and quantum computing – and have invested heavily in it. It’s a fresh, green valley just waiting for us to claim. I have put $133 million so far into the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and the Institute for Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo.

Mike LazaridisCEO, Research in Motion

“

NINT and IQCSIMS NINT IQC

Established 1991 2001 2002

Age 19 9 8

Papers 3130 525 415

Citations 64945 5223 2890

Cites/paper 20.7 10 7

h-index 100 35 25

Thompson-Reuters Web-of-Science, November 2010

Growth of Institutes and Centres

Thompson Reuters Web of Science

INSTITUTE OR CENTRE COUNTRY FIRST PAPER

TOTAL PAPERS

TOTAL CITATIONS

h-index citations per paper

Glasgow Univ Nanoelectr Res Centre UK 1988 220 2683 23 12.2University of Cicinnati Nanoelectonics Lab USA 1990 48 1003 16 20.9Cornell Univ Natl Nanofab Facility USA 1990 224 4342 34 19.4Agr Univ Vienna Inst Mol Nanotechnol AUSTRIA 1991 133 3887 36 29.2Taiwan Natl Nanodevice Lab TAIWAN 1992 441 3827 30 8.7Paul Scherrer Institute Lab Micro and Nano SWITZERLAND 1993 431 7683 43 17.8Chalmers Univ Technology SWEDEN 1993 639 7364 38 11.5University of Birmingham UK 1995 316 3757 32 11.9Rice University Nano Ctr and Smalley Inst USA 1995 895 64393 116 71.9Smalley Institute USA 2005 260 3247 29 12.5University of Cambridge UK 1997 286 4948 34 17.3Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GERMANY 1999 1490 29206 73 19.6All CAS INSTITUTES and CENTRES CHINA 2000 1363 10917 45 8.0All CNRS INSTITUTES and CENTRES FRANCE 2001 3431 34026 64 9.9University of Twente HOLLAND 2001 1285 13343 49 10.4MESA Inst Nanotechnol HOLLAND 2003 1006 9713 43 9.7NIAIST Nanotechnol Res Inst JAPAN 2001 1222 9662 41 7.9California Nanosystems Institute USA 2002 867 21165 72 24.4Purdue University Birck Nanotechnol Centre USA 2003 744 6895 36 9.3NINT CANADA 2003 539 5381 36 10.0ALL NANO INSTITUTES LISTED ABOVE 15840 247442 15.6

NANOTECHNOLOGY POTENTIAL

Institute for Quantum Computing

Institute for Quantum Computing

Three slit experiment

Sinha at al., Science, 329 (2010) 418

Nanotechnology and nanoscienceRadical Engineering• 40 nm features • Phase shifting masks• Multiple exposure lithography• Immersion optics• Short wavelength lasers• Chemically amplified resists• Chemical-mechanical polishing

George M. Whitesides, Preface, MESA+ Annual Report (2009) 6

Nanoscience• Nanostructures in the cell• Nanomaterials• Quantum materialsApplications• Nanobiomedicine• Quantum computing• Single-molecule transistors• Membranes with designed pores• Heterogeneous catalysts• Aerosols and nanoparticles

Single tungsten atom STM tip…

Rezeq, Pitters and Wolkow, J.Chem. Phys., 124 (2006) 204716

In-line holographic electron microscopy in presence of magnetic fields

Livadru, Mutus and Wolkow, Ultramicroscopy, 108, (2008) 472

… enables atom-resolving holographic microscope

D. Gabor, Nature, 161 (1948) 777

Molecular electronics

Piva et al., Nature, 435 (2005) 658

Molecular Transistor

•One electron on one atom can act as valve

•Electrons flow through one molecule

Significance

•A very low energy event (single charged atom) can control circuit flow of small number of electrons

• less energy, less heat

Needs engineering solutions

Still not portable devices…

Wolkow Group, NRC National Institute for Nanotechnology

…but neither was the transistor in the beginning

A new concept for computing

Controlled Coupling and Occupation of Silicon Atomic Quantum Dots

M. Baseer Haider, J ason L Pitters, Gino A. DiLabio, Lucian Livadaru, J osh Y Mutus, Robert A. Wolkow

At room temperature

May 19, 2010 41

Wolkow Group, NRC-NINT

A taxonomy for nano-information processing technologies

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2009

Charge qubit quantum computing

Livadaru et al., New J. Phys., 12 (2010) 083018

“…extremely high tunneling rate, 1014s-1, greatly exceeds expected decoherence rates for a silicon-based system, thereby overcoming a critical obstacle of charge qubit quantum computing.”

5 – 10 nanometre silver particles grown by new, proprietary,

economical technique

Crystalline atomic planes visible under extreme

magnification

Electron diffraction proves planes are crystalline

metallic silver

Kuznicki et al. Microporous Mesoporous Mat, 103 (2007) 309

Low cost crystalline nanosilver

Silver ion-exchanged sedimentary chabazite annealed at 400 oC

Synthetic platy chabazites

Kuznicki et al, Clay and Clay Minerals, 56 (2008) 655

(a) Synthetic chabazite analog (b) Mineral chabazite

.

Alberta NanometalsApplications• wound management• anti-microbial paints & coatings • air & water filtration• rare gas capture/production• conductive inks• water purification • catalytic applications• mercury capture from flue gas

of coal fired power plants

PolyBAIT technology platform

Kitov et al., PNAS, 105 (2008) 16837

Toxin

Template Drug

Applications of PolyBAIT technology

• Eliminating bacterial toxins• Nanotech devices for targeting cancer and infections• Research tools for intracellular delivery of antibodies and

other multivalent proteins• Analytical and diagnostic tools.• Immobilization of drugs for detection using nanotechnology

Starfish inhibitor for Shiga toxins

Kitov et al, Nature, 403 (2000) 669

Shiga toxin(Stx)

Serum amyloid P component(SAP)

OO

OHO

HOOH

OHO

OH

OH

OOHHO

HOHO

OHO

OMe

O OH

HO

Ligand:Pk-trisaccharide

Ligand:1,3-glycerol pyruvate

Inhibitors for Shiga toxin

Polymeric hetero-bifunctional ligands

Kitov et al., PNAS, 105 (2008) 16837

Inter-operative MRI

Sutherland et al., IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, (2008) 65

Inter-operative MRI and Neuroarm

Sutherland et al., IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, (2008) 65

Core-shell nano-particles

Ma et al., Chem. Mater., 18 (2006) 1923

FexOy@SiO2

Paramagnetic cores with fluorescent shells

Ma et al., Chem. Mater., 18 (2006) 1923

FexOy@SiO2@SiO-Rubpy

Zhang et al., Physica B, 404(2009) 3666

Gold coated paramagnetic particles

The possibility of single cell surgery

• Immune targeting using nanoparticles• Inter-operative MRI (IMRIS)• Magnetic visualization and activation• Fluorescent visualization and activation• Robotic intervention (Neuroarm)• Precision surgery approaching single cell

Chimigen® Platform Technology

A New Concept in Vaccine DevelopmentDendritic cell receptor-targeted vaccines

Why Target Dendritic Cells?Dendritic cells play a central role in generating immune responses

Rajan George, CTO, Paladin Biosciences

58

S-S

S-S

S

S

Antigen

Peptide Linker

Portion of CH1

Hinge Region

Xenotypic(Murine) Fc

CHOCH2

IRD

TBD

6xHis

CH2

CHO

CH3

CH2

Antigen

6xHis

CH3

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Peptide

CHOCHO

Chimigen® Platform Technology• Characteristics of both antigen and antibody• Xenotypic antibody fragment makes whole molecule

“foreign” and more immunogenic• Adaptable platform can incorporate any antigen • Designed to generate broad immune responses both

cellular and humoral • Potential uses for prophylactic & therapeutic

vaccines


59

Chimigen® Platform TechnologyNanoparticle properties • RNAi platform, delivery, gene silencing • No added adjuvant, effective at low doses (µg)• Targets different cell types• Targets multiple receptors on antigen presenting cells

especially dendritic cells (Fcγ, Lectin Receptors)Production in Insect Cells • Imparts non-mammalian glycosylation• Binding and uptake through lectin receptors• Highly immunogenic


60

S-S

S-S

S

S

Antigen

Peptide Linker

Portion of CH1

Hinge Region


CHOCH2

IRD

TBD

6xHis

CH2

CHO

CH3

CH2

Antigen

6xHis

CH3

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

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Peptide

CHOCHO

Malaria Vaccine AntigensCircumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) • Liver stage antigen • Major surface antigen of sporozoites• Involved in hepatocyte invasion

Liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1)• Liver stage antigen• Protein secreted by sporozoites in

the parasitophorous vacuole • Protective during maturation

Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1)• Blood stage antigen• Merozoite surface protein • Binds to erythrocytes and orients

the parasite for invasion

Merozoite surface protein (MSP-1) • Blood stage antigen• Merozoite surface protein cleaved

into several fragments by PfSUB 1 and 2 enzymes

61


Chimigen® Malaria Vaccine


62

S-S

S-S

S

S

Malaria antigens(CSP/AMA-1/LSA-120 repeats/MSP-142)

HBV Core

Peptide LinkerPortion of CH1

Hinge Region

Xenotypic(Murine)Fc

CHOCH2

IRD

6xHis

CH2

CH3

CH2

6xHis

CH3

S

S

S

S

S

S

Peptide

CHO

CHO CHO

Malaria antigens(CSP/AMA-1/LSA-120 repeats/MSP-142)

HBV Core

TBD

Multi-antigen vaccine

Targets parasite at various stages of the infection

Two prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine candidates

Chimigen® Malaria Three Antigen Vaccine– Completed laboratory pre-clinical studies

Chimigen® Malaria Four Antigen Vaccine– Currently in pre-clinical studies– Proposed for further development


63

S-S

S-S

S

S

Antigen

Peptide Linker

Portion of CH1

Hinge Region


CHOCH2

IRD

TBD

6xHis

CH2

CHO

CH3

CH2

Antigen

6xHis

CH3

S

S

S

S

S

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Peptide

CHOCHO

TECHNOLOGY TO MARKET

Commercialization pathways

Commercialization pathwaysResearch Commercialization Pathway Comment

Low cost nanosilver ALBERTA NANOMETALS UofA Spin off

Single atom electron source MNE co-development NRC-NINT

Automated cellular automata Venture Capital Sought NRC-NINT

Silicon charge qubit

Inter-operative MRI IMRIS INC (TSE) UofC NRC Spin Off

Robotic surgery NEUROARM INC UofC Spin Off

PolyBAIT THERACARB UofA Spin Off

Chimgen nanoparticles PALADIN BIOSCIENCES UofA Spin Off

I have mentioned that we should be looking at greater change, research of greater global relevance, and I have used my words carefully… I urge each of us to work together to make this possible in its true form where this institute not only files major numbers of patents compared to what it did before, not only pursues technical excitement, but actually contributes to a new way of life both in India but also elsewhere.

Ratan TataPresident, IISc CourtIndian Institute of Science

“

MESA+ must remind industry of the cruel and conveniently overlooked fact that when it focuses on the comfortingly familiar activities of cash management, engineering improvement of existing ideas and commoditization of its products, it loses proprietary advantage , cost advantage, margin, and ultimately the business itself. Universities and industry must cooperate – to mutual advantage – around nano to keep fresh ideas and fresh minds coming.

George M. WhitesidesHarvard UniversityMESA+ Scientific Advisory Board

“

… the students as graduates will commercialize everything they learn – whether discovered in Canada or discovered somewhere else. They will form the society of our future based on the education they’ve experienced.


“

In the 20-year history of Research In Motion, I have licensed exactly two technologies from university research teams. Over that same period I have hired more than 5,000 students as co-ops, interns, and full time employees. I’ve even hired some of their professors. When I decided to build radios and introduce CAD into our engineering processes, I didn’t go looking for patents. I went looking for great people and found them in our universities.


“

NANOTECHNOLOGYPITFALLS

Popular Press

Lori Sheremeta: National Institute for Nanotechnology

Early days of nano-agriculture• Research opportunities

identified• Environmental processing• Plant/animal production• Bio processing

foods/industrial products• Biosensors (biosecurity)• Sustainable agriculture


Anticipated applications in NA…


• Attempt to identify and catalogue research projects and associated products

• Aims to lay groundwork for orderly entry of NT into the marketplace

• Searchable db available online at: http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/agrifood/

…and Europe


• NT has the potential to dramatically impact the agrifood sector

• Food safety is the primary concern; NT has role in sensing applications, antimicrobial coatings etc.

• NPs in food raise particular concerns; pre-market safety must be assured

But…


Viruses are nanotechnology

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBIZI4s5NiE

AcknowledgementsNRC National Institute for Nanotechnology•Jilian Buriak•Hicham Feniri•Nils Petersen•Lori Sherameta•Robert WolkowUniversity of Alberta•David Bundle•Steve KuznickiPaladin Biosciences•Rajan George

NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences•David Rayner•Steven Mitchell•Benoit Simard•Orson BourneNRC Industrial Materials Institute•Teodor VeresUniversity of Calgary•Garnette SutherlandUniversity of Waterloo IQC•Ray Laflamme

The beauty of nanotechnology

Come to Canada

Nanotechnology: Progress, Potential and PitfallsPeter HackettExecutive Professor, School of Business, University of Alberta Fellow, National Institute for Nanotechnology

[email protected]

LINKED IN CONNECTIONS WELCOMED

Many men easily do without truth but none is strong enough to do without illusions.

Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931)French social psychologist

“

Technology Development Strength

Nan

ote

chn

olo

gy

Act

ivit

yRating Nations on Nanotechology

David Hwang, Lux Research, August 2010

Emergence of China


Emergence of India


By 2004 quality is uniformly highCOUNTRY PAPERS PUBLISHED

IN 2004CITATIONS RECEIVED

CITATIONS PER PAPER

h-index

USA 8163 226804 27.8 174

CHINA 4293 76727 17.9 94

JAPAN 3253 60696 18.7 87

GERMANY 2399 50621 21.1 92

FRANCE 1603 34432 21.5 72

S KOREA 1489 25437 17.1 69

INDIA 805 14668 18.2 51

Thompson Reuters, Web of Science