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Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization1 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
GHCN-Daily
• Global Daily Data Set derived from multiple sources (10+)
• ~20,000 temperature stations (Tmax and Tmin)
• ~43,000 precipitation stations (Precip)
• Currently > 1 450 000 000 daily observations (Tmax, Tmin, Prcp, Snowfall/Snowdepth)
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization2 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Temperature Stations
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Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization4 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Updates
• All sources are “refreshed” daily or weekly
• Dataset is reassembled each week from original source data
• QC checks are applied to full period of record
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization5 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization6 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization7 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
GCOS Surface Network Data
• GSN Archive available from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/gsn
• The GSN Archive is also integrated from a number of sources via the GHCN-Daily processing system– QC’d as part of GHCN Daily– Updated daily using GTS synoptic data and country specific
sources– Still to be done:– Add “un-quarantined” data from RA I-Africa
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization8 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization9 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Flag Rates
• No check has a false-positive rate of more than 20% (most <10%)—false positive rate for overall system 10% or less
• Total flag rate equal to 0.06% for all temperature values and 0.15% for all precipitation values
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization10 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Undocumented Changepoint Example
Pine River Dam Maximum Temperature Series minus Regional Average
Version 1
Version 2
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization11 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
USHCN V.1 Temperature series near Milan, MN
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization12 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
USHCN V.2 Temperature series near Milan, MN
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization13 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
All Coop Series surrounding Waynesville, NC
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization14 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
All Coop Series surrounding Waynesville, NC
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization15 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Summary of shifts in HCN mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature series. A negative shift indicates that the inhomogeneity led
to a decrease in the mean level of the temperature series relative to preceding values.
-0.851040.93241-0.852310.7352LiG to MMTSChangepoints
-1.6616871.571448-1.5515941.511271Documented
Changepoints
-1.5122101.482509-1.5318361.501786UndocumentedChangepoints
-1.5838971.513957-1.5434301.503057All Changepoints
AverageCountAverageCountAverageCountAverageCount
Negative ShiftsPositive ShiftsNegative ShiftsPositive Shifts
Minimum TemperatureMaximum Temperature
-0.851040.93241-0.852310.7352LiG to MMTSChangepoints
-1.6616871.571448-1.5515941.511271Documented
Changepoints
-1.5122101.482509-1.5318361.501786UndocumentedChangepoints
-1.5838971.513957-1.5434301.503057All Changepoints
AverageCountAverageCountAverageCountAverageCount
Negative ShiftsPositive ShiftsNegative ShiftsPositive Shifts
Minimum TemperatureMaximum Temperature
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization16 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Summary of shifts in HCN mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature series. A negative shift indicates that the inhomogeneity led
to a decrease in the mean level of the temperature series relative to preceding values.
-0.851040.93241-0.852310.7352LiG to MMTSChangepoints
-1.6616871.571448-1.5515941.511271Documented
Changepoints
-1.5122101.482509-1.5318361.501786UndocumentedChangepoints
-1.5838971.513957-1.5434301.503057All Changepoints
AverageCountAverageCountAverageCountAverageCount
Negative ShiftsPositive ShiftsNegative ShiftsPositive Shifts
Minimum TemperatureMaximum Temperature
-0.851040.93241-0.852310.7352LiG to MMTSChangepoints
-1.6616871.571448-1.5515941.511271Documented
Changepoints
-1.5122101.482509-1.5318361.501786UndocumentedChangepoints
-1.5838971.513957-1.5434301.503057All Changepoints
AverageCountAverageCountAverageCountAverageCount
Negative ShiftsPositive ShiftsNegative ShiftsPositive Shifts
Minimum TemperatureMaximum Temperature
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization17 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
The Time of Observation Bias
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization18 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
The Time of Observation Bias
1950s 1960s
1980s
2000-2006
1970s
1990s
• Since the 1950s, observation times have shifted from afternoon/ evening to morning
Hour of observation histograms at bottom of each U.S. decadal map(Figure courtesy of Xioamoa Lin, University of Nebraska)
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization19 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Impact of Time of Observation Changes
Average year by year difference over the conterminous United States between the Time of Observation Bias (TOB)-adjusted data and the unadjusted (raw) data.
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization20 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization21 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization22 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization23 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization24 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization25 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization26 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization27 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to
Climate Data Homogenization28 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center
